Deformability of the Rare Earth Metal Modified Metastable-β Alloy Ti-15Mo
Due to reduced stiffness, research on second
generation titanium alloys for implant applications, like the
metastable β-titanium alloy Ti-15Mo, become more and more
important in the recent years. The machinability of these alloys is
generally poor leading to problems during implant production and
comparably large production costs. Therefore, in the present study,
Ti-15Mo was alloyed with 0.8 wt.-% of the rare earth metals
lanthanum (Ti-15Mo+0.8La) and neodymium (Ti-15Mo+0.8Nd) to
improve its machinability. Their microstructure consisted of a
titanium matrix and micrometer-size particles of the rare earth metals
and two of their oxides. The particles stabilized the microstructure as
grain growth was minimized. As especially the ductility might be
affected by the precipitates, the behavior of Ti-15Mo+0.8La and Ti-
15Mo+0.8Nd was investigated during static and dynamic
deformation at elevated temperature to develop a processing route.
The resulting mechanical properties (static strength and ductility)
were similar in all investigated alloys.
[1] M. Peters, C. Leyens, Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Wiley-VCH, Germany, 2002.
[2] M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, A.K. Gogia, Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A Review, Prog. Mater. Sci. 54, 2009, pp. 397-425.
[3] A.G. Robling, A.B. Castillo, C.H. Turner, Biochemical and Molecular
Regulation of Bone Remodeling, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2006, Vol. 8
(2006), pp. 455-498.
[4] A.W. Bowen, Strength enhancement in a metastable β-titanium alloy: Ti-15Mo, Journal of Mat. Sci 12, 1977, pp. 1355-1360.
[5] W. Ho, Effect of Omega Phase on Mechanical Properties of Ti-Mo
Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Journal of Med. and Bio. Eng.,
28(1): pp. 47-51.
[6] G. Lütjering, Titanium, second ed., Springer Verlag, Germany, 2007.
[7] J. Donarchie, Titanium – A Technical Guide, ASM International, USA,
1988.
[8] M. Bäker, Finite Element Investigation of the Flow Stress Dependence
of Chip Formation, J.Mater. Proc. Technol. 167, (2005),pp. 1-13.
[9] G. Sutter, G. List, Very high speed cutting of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy –
change in morphology and mechanism of chip formation, Int. J. of
Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 66, 2013, pp. 37-43.
[10] M. Cotterell, G. Byrne, Dynamics of chip formation during orthogonal
cutting of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, CIRP Annals – Manufacturing
Techn., Vol. 57, 2008, pp. 93-96.
[11] C. Siemers, P. Jencus, M. Bäker, J. Rösler, F. Feyerabend, A new free
machining Titaniumalloy containing Lanthanum, in: Proc. 11th World
Conference in Ti, Kyoto, Japan (2007), pp. 709-712.
[12] C. Siemers, F. Brunke, J. Laukart, M.S. Hussain, J. Rösler, K. Saksl, B.
Zahra, Rare EarthMetals in Titanium Alloys – A Systematic Study, in:
Proc. COM2012, Section Rare Earth Metals 2012, Niagara Falls,
Canada, 2012, pp. 281-292.
[13] J. Laukart, C. Siemers, J. Rösler, Microstructure Evolution in Ti-Al-Mo-
Fe-Mn-Cr-Cu Alloyscontaining Rare-Earth Metals, in: Proc. 12th World
Conference on Ti, Beijing, China (2011), pp. 459-463.
[14] J. Laukart, C. Siemers, J. Rösler, Development of a castable, free-
maching titanium alloy,Mater. Sci. Forum 690, (2011), pp. 3-6.
[15] F. Brunke, E. Meyer-Kornblum, C. Siemers, Influence of Iron on the
Size and Distribution of Metallic LanthanumParticles in Free-machining
Titanium Alloys Ti 6Al 7Nb xFe 0.9La, Mater. Sci. Forum 765, (2013),
pp. 42-46
[16] N. Schell, A. King, F. Beckmann, H.U. Ruhnau, R. Kirchhof, R. Kiehn,
M. Mueller, A. Schreyer, The High Energy Materials Science Beamline
(HEMS) at PETRA III, Proceedings of the 10th International
Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Melbourne,
Australia, September 27th – October 2nd , 2009, pp. 391 - 394.
[17] A.P. Hammersley, S.O. Svensson, M. Hanfland, A.N. Fitch, D.
Häusermann, Two dimensional detector software: from real detector to
idealised image or two theta scan, High Pressure Research 14 (4-5)
(1996), pp. 235–248.
[18] B. H. Toby, "CMPR - a powder diffraction toolkit," Journal of Applied
Crystallography 38, (2005), pp. 1040-1041.
[19] C. Siemers, F. Brunke, M. Stache, J. Laukart, B. Zahra, J. Rösler, P.
Rockicki, K. Saksl, Advanced Titanium Alloys containing Micrometer-
Size Particles, in: Proc. 12th World Conference on Ti, Beijing, China
(2011), pp. 883-887.
[1] M. Peters, C. Leyens, Titanium and Titanium Alloys, Wiley-VCH, Germany, 2002.
[2] M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, A.K. Gogia, Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A Review, Prog. Mater. Sci. 54, 2009, pp. 397-425.
[3] A.G. Robling, A.B. Castillo, C.H. Turner, Biochemical and Molecular
Regulation of Bone Remodeling, Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2006, Vol. 8
(2006), pp. 455-498.
[4] A.W. Bowen, Strength enhancement in a metastable β-titanium alloy: Ti-15Mo, Journal of Mat. Sci 12, 1977, pp. 1355-1360.
[5] W. Ho, Effect of Omega Phase on Mechanical Properties of Ti-Mo
Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Journal of Med. and Bio. Eng.,
28(1): pp. 47-51.
[6] G. Lütjering, Titanium, second ed., Springer Verlag, Germany, 2007.
[7] J. Donarchie, Titanium – A Technical Guide, ASM International, USA,
1988.
[8] M. Bäker, Finite Element Investigation of the Flow Stress Dependence
of Chip Formation, J.Mater. Proc. Technol. 167, (2005),pp. 1-13.
[9] G. Sutter, G. List, Very high speed cutting of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy –
change in morphology and mechanism of chip formation, Int. J. of
Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 66, 2013, pp. 37-43.
[10] M. Cotterell, G. Byrne, Dynamics of chip formation during orthogonal
cutting of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V, CIRP Annals – Manufacturing
Techn., Vol. 57, 2008, pp. 93-96.
[11] C. Siemers, P. Jencus, M. Bäker, J. Rösler, F. Feyerabend, A new free
machining Titaniumalloy containing Lanthanum, in: Proc. 11th World
Conference in Ti, Kyoto, Japan (2007), pp. 709-712.
[12] C. Siemers, F. Brunke, J. Laukart, M.S. Hussain, J. Rösler, K. Saksl, B.
Zahra, Rare EarthMetals in Titanium Alloys – A Systematic Study, in:
Proc. COM2012, Section Rare Earth Metals 2012, Niagara Falls,
Canada, 2012, pp. 281-292.
[13] J. Laukart, C. Siemers, J. Rösler, Microstructure Evolution in Ti-Al-Mo-
Fe-Mn-Cr-Cu Alloyscontaining Rare-Earth Metals, in: Proc. 12th World
Conference on Ti, Beijing, China (2011), pp. 459-463.
[14] J. Laukart, C. Siemers, J. Rösler, Development of a castable, free-
maching titanium alloy,Mater. Sci. Forum 690, (2011), pp. 3-6.
[15] F. Brunke, E. Meyer-Kornblum, C. Siemers, Influence of Iron on the
Size and Distribution of Metallic LanthanumParticles in Free-machining
Titanium Alloys Ti 6Al 7Nb xFe 0.9La, Mater. Sci. Forum 765, (2013),
pp. 42-46
[16] N. Schell, A. King, F. Beckmann, H.U. Ruhnau, R. Kirchhof, R. Kiehn,
M. Mueller, A. Schreyer, The High Energy Materials Science Beamline
(HEMS) at PETRA III, Proceedings of the 10th International
Conference on Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation, Melbourne,
Australia, September 27th – October 2nd , 2009, pp. 391 - 394.
[17] A.P. Hammersley, S.O. Svensson, M. Hanfland, A.N. Fitch, D.
Häusermann, Two dimensional detector software: from real detector to
idealised image or two theta scan, High Pressure Research 14 (4-5)
(1996), pp. 235–248.
[18] B. H. Toby, "CMPR - a powder diffraction toolkit," Journal of Applied
Crystallography 38, (2005), pp. 1040-1041.
[19] C. Siemers, F. Brunke, M. Stache, J. Laukart, B. Zahra, J. Rösler, P.
Rockicki, K. Saksl, Advanced Titanium Alloys containing Micrometer-
Size Particles, in: Proc. 12th World Conference on Ti, Beijing, China
(2011), pp. 883-887.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:68241", author = "F. Brunke and L. Waalkes and C. Siemers", title = "Deformability of the Rare Earth Metal Modified Metastable-β Alloy Ti-15Mo", abstract = "Due to reduced stiffness, research on second
generation titanium alloys for implant applications, like the
metastable β-titanium alloy Ti-15Mo, become more and more
important in the recent years. The machinability of these alloys is
generally poor leading to problems during implant production and
comparably large production costs. Therefore, in the present study,
Ti-15Mo was alloyed with 0.8 wt.-% of the rare earth metals
lanthanum (Ti-15Mo+0.8La) and neodymium (Ti-15Mo+0.8Nd) to
improve its machinability. Their microstructure consisted of a
titanium matrix and micrometer-size particles of the rare earth metals
and two of their oxides. The particles stabilized the microstructure as
grain growth was minimized. As especially the ductility might be
affected by the precipitates, the behavior of Ti-15Mo+0.8La and Ti-
15Mo+0.8Nd was investigated during static and dynamic
deformation at elevated temperature to develop a processing route.
The resulting mechanical properties (static strength and ductility)
were similar in all investigated alloys.
", keywords = "Ti-15Mo, Titanium alloys, Rare earth metals,
Free-machining alloy.", volume = "8", number = "11", pages = "1205-5", }
