Abstract: The in-plane rigidity of light frame diaphragms has been investigated by researchers due to the importance of this subsystem regarding lateral force distribution between the lateral force resisting system (LFRS). Where research has lacked is in evaluating the impact of out-of-plane raigidity of the diaphragm on the deflection of shear walls. This study aims at investigating the effect of the diaphragm on the behavior of wood light-frame shear walls, in particular its out-of-plane rigidity was simulated by modeling the floors as beam. The out of plane stiffness of the diaphragm was investigated for idealized (infinitely stiff or flexible) as well as “realistic”. The results showed reductions in the shear wall deflection in the magnitude of approximately 80% considering the out of plane rigidity of the diaphragm. It was also concluded that considering conservative estimates of out-of-plane stiffness might lead to a very significant reduction in deflection and that assuming the floor diaphragm to be infinitely rigid out of plan seems to be reasonable. For diaphragms supported on multiple panels, further reduction in the deflection was observed. More work, particularly at the experimental level, is needed to verify the finding obtained in the numerical investigation related to the effect of out of plane diaphragm stiffness.
Abstract: Intercropping is one of the sustainable agricultural
factors. The SPAD meter can be used to predict nitrogen index
reliably, it may also be a useful tool for assessing the relative impact
of weeds on crops. In order to study the effect of weeds on SPAD in
corn (Zea mays L.), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and borage
(Borago officinalis L.) in intercropping system, a factorial experiment
was conducted in three replications in 2011. Experimental factors
were included intercropping of corn with sweet basil and borage in
different ratios (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 corn: borage or
sweet basil) and weed infestation (weed control and weed
interference). The results showed that intercropping of corn with
sweet basil and borage increased the SPAD value of corn compare to
monoculture in weed interference condition. Sweet basil SPAD value
in weed control treatments (43.66) was more than weed interference
treatments (40.17). Corn could increase the borage SPAD value
compare to monoculture in weed interference treatments.
Abstract: In the present paper, the three-dimensional
temperature field of tool is determined during the machining and
compared with experimental work on C45 workpiece using carbide
cutting tool inserts. During the metal cutting operations, high
temperature is generated in the tool cutting edge which influence on
the rate of tool wear. Temperature is most important characteristic of
machining processes; since many parameters such as cutting speed,
surface quality and cutting forces depend on the temperature and high
temperatures can cause high mechanical stresses which lead to early
tool wear and reduce tool life. Therefore, considerable attention is
paid to determine tool temperatures. The experiments are carried out
for dry and orthogonal machining condition. The results show that
the increase of tool temperature depends on depth of cut and
especially cutting speed in high range of cutting conditions.
Abstract: Reliable information about tool temperature
distribution is of central importance in metal cutting. In this study,
tool-chip interface temperature was determined in cutting of ST37
steel workpiece by applying HSS as the cutting tool in dry turning.
Two different approaches were implemented for temperature
measuring: an embedded thermocouple (RTD) in to the cutting tool
and infrared (IR) camera. Comparisons are made between
experimental data and results of MSC.SuperForm and FLUENT
software.
An investigation of heat generation in cutting tool was performed
by varying cutting parameters at the stable cutting tool geometry and
results were saved in a computer; then the diagrams of tool
temperature vs. various cutting parameters were obtained. The
experimental results reveal that the main factors of the increasing
cutting temperature are cutting speed (V ), feed rate ( S ) and depth
of cut ( h ), respectively. It was also determined that simultaneously
change in cutting speed and feed rate has the maximum effect on
increasing cutting temperature.