Charaterisation of Salmonella Isolated from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) along Lake Victoria Beaches in Western Kenya
Foodborne Salmonella infections have become a
major problem world wide. Salmonellosis transmitted from fish are
quite common. Established quality control measures exist for export
oriented fish, none exists for fish consumed locally. This study aimed
at characterization of Salmonella isolated from Nile tilapia . The
study was carried out in selected beaches along L. Victoria in
Western Kenya between March and June 2007. One hundred and
twenty fish specimens were collected. Salmonella isolates were
confirmed using serotyping, biochemical testing in addition to malic
acid dehydrogenase (mdh) and fliC gene sequencing. Twenty
Salmonella isolates were confirmed by mdh gene sequencing. Nine
(9) were S. enterica serotype typhimurium, four (4) were S. enterica
Serotype, enteritidis and seven (7) were S. enterica serotype typhi.
Nile tilapia have a role in transmission of Salmonellosis in the study
area, poor sanitation was a major cause of pollution at the beach
inshore waters.
[1] R.E. Black,K.H. Brown,S. Becker " Effects of diarrhoea associated with
specific enteropathogens on the growth of children in rural
Bangladesh."vol 73,pp 799-805,1984.
[2] L.M.D. Gooze " Bacterial Infections associated with HIV", HIV Insight
KnowledgeBase Chapter. Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine,1998.
[3] J. Pang, Z.A. Bhutta, B. B. Finlay ,M. Altwegg , "Typhoid, fever and
other Salmonellosis: a continuity challenge-Trends microbial vol 3, pp
253-255, 1995.
[4] T.M. Gomez ,Y. Motrjemi ,S. Miyagawa ,F.K. Kaferstein, K. Stohr ,
"Foodborne Salmonellosis" World Health Stat. Q.;vol 50, pp81-9,1997.
[5] H.Esaki , A. Morioka , K. Ishihara, " Antimicrobial susceptibility of
Salmonella isolated from cattle, swine, and poultry (2001 - 2002):
Report from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring Program", Antimicrob. Chemother vol 53, pp 266-
70,2004.
[6] R.V. Tauxe , "Emerging food borne diseases: an evolving public health
challenge. The fish exporting and fishmeal industries of Lake Victoria -
structure, strategies and socio-economic impacts in Kenya "Annual
Report, Emerge. Infect. Dis. vol 3 , pp 425-434,1997.
[7] R.H. Davies, C. Wray, " Seasonal variations in the isolation of
Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus aureus and
Clostridium perfringens from environmental samples", J. vet. Med.
Ser.vol 43, pp.119-127,1996.
[8] W. Chao, R. Ding, R. Chen, "Survival of pathogenic bacteria in
environmental microcosms", Chinese J. Microbial Immun. Vol. 20,
pp.339-348,1987.
[9] M.H. Abdel-Monem, A.A. Dowidar, "Recoveries of Salmonella from
soil in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia Kingdon-, J. Egypt. Public Health
Assoc. vol, 65, pp.61- 75, 1990.
[10] J. Baudart , K. Lemarchand , A. Brisabois , P. Lebaron, " Diversity of
Salmonella strains isolated from the acquatic environment as determined
by serotyping and amplification of ribosomal DNA spacer regions",
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; vol. 66, NO. 4, pp.1544 -1552, 2000.
[11] E.K. Lipp , J.B. Rose, " The role of sea food in foodborne diseases in the
United States of America," Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE, vol. 16, pp.620-
640,1997.
[12] A. Zlotkin ,A. Eldar , C. Ghifino , H. Bercovier , " Identification of
Lactococcus garvieae by PCR,". J. Clin. Microbiol.,vol. 36 pp. 983-
985,1989.
[13] P. Bhaftopadhyay , " Fish - catching and handling ," In: Robinson R.K.
(ed.): Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Academic Press, London,
vol.2, pp. 1547,2000.
[14] P.N. Acha, B. Szyfres, "Zoonoses and communicable diseases common
to man and animals," Bacterioses and mycoses. 3rd ed. Scientific and
Technical Publication ,vol.1, No. 580, Pan American Health
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO, Washington, USA,; ISBN
92 75 31580 9. pp..384,2003.
[15] J. Liston "Microbiology in fishery science", In Connell, JJ. (ed).
Advances in Fish Science andTechnology; Jubilee Conference of Torry
Research Oxford: Fishing News Books Ltd, Farnham, UK, 1980.
[16] R.O. Abila, E.G. Jansen, "From Local to Global markets: The fish
exporting and fishing meal industries of Lake Victoria- Structure,
Strategies and Socio-economic Impacts in Kenya," IUCN Eastern Africa
programme. Socio-economics of Lake Victoria fisheries: Report No.2,
The World Conservation Union, Nairobi, 1997.
[17] S.Kayambo, E.J.Sven , " Lake Victoria. Experience and lessons learnt. A
case Study for Preliminary Risk Assessment Report.; pp. 431 - 446,
2006.
[18] V.O. Ogwan-g, M. Muchiri, P. Thakor , " Investigation of
bacteriological quality of smoked fish," In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G,Wambede, J, Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam.; pp. 552-569,2005.
[19] D. Onyango, F. Machoni, R. Kakai, E.N. Waindi , " Multidrug resistance
of Salmonella enteric serovars Typhi and Typhimurium isolated from
clinical samples at two rural hospitals in Western Kenya," J. Infect
Developing Countries; vol.2, no.2, pp. 106-111, 2008a.
[20] A. Nesbitt, B.M. Nazir, "Salmonella septiceamia in Kenyan children", J.
Tropic. Paediatrics. Vol. 35 pp. 35-39, 1989.
[21] H.S. Roger, L. Kumar, P. Philips-Heward , J.G. Wells , P. Adrock, J.
Brooks, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant bacterial diarrhoea in rural
Western Kenya" J. infect. Dis. Vol. 183: 1701-4, 2001.
[22] J.T. Brooks , L.S. Roger ,L. Kumar, J.G. Wells , A. Penelope, Philip-
Howard et al. " Epidemiology of periodic Bloody Diarrhoea in Rural
Western Kenya ," Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.vol. 68, no. 6 pp. 671-677,
2003.
[23] T.B. Brooks , J.B. Ochieng , L. Kumar, G. Okoth ,R.L. Shapiro, J.G.
Wells , et al., " Surveillance for Bacterial Diarrhoea and Antimicrobial
Resistance in Rural Western Kenya",2006.
[24] S. Kariuki, Revathi G, Muyodi JM, Munyalo A, Kagendo D, Murungi L.
et al. (2004): Increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant non-typhodal
Salmonella, Kenya. Intnatl. J. Antimicrob. Agents;vol. 25, pp.38-43,
2004.
[25] P.G. Njiru , " An overview of the present status of the water quality in
L.Victoria, Kenya," A limnological perspective: In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G. Wambede, J. Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam; pp. 679-690, 2005.
[26] A. Newaj-Fyzul, A. Abiodun, A. Adesiyun, Mutani A, "Prevalence and
antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp isolated from apparently
healthy ornamental fish and pond water in Trinidad," J.of food. Agric.
and Environ; Vol 4, no. 1, pp.27-29,2005.
[27] M.Y. Popoff, Le Minor, "Antigenic formula of the Salmonella serovars,"
7th edition World Health Organization, collaborating center for
reference and research on Salmonella; Pasteur institute, Paris, France,
1997.
[28] F. Kauffman, "The bacteriology of Enterobacteriacae," Munksgaard,
Copenhagen,Denmark, 1997.
[29] F.W. Brenner, "Modified Kauffmann-White Scheme," CDC.
Atlanta,Georgia, 1998.
[30] R.C.M. Crul, "Monographs of African great lakes; Limnology and
Hydrology of L. Victoria Part" 1UNESCO/HIV-IV project
comprehensive & comparative study of great lakes. A project of the
fourth phase of the International Hydrological Programme of the
Division of water sciences of UNESCO.(UNESCO/IHP-IV Project M-5-
1), 1995.
[31] B.A. Ogindo, "Bacterial pollution indicators and their physico-chemical
environment in the inshore waters of L.Victoria, Kisumu City in
Relation to Enteric Diseases," A PhD thesis Maseno University, 2005.
[32] G.F. Nanyaro, J. Makene , " Report on studies of Fish handling in water,
landing beaches, at markets and during transportation in Mwanza gulf,"
Fisheries management component. Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization;
vol. 1: 19-30, 1989.
[33] J.M. Shewan, "The Microbiology of sea water fish ," In Borgstrum, G.
(ed) Fish as food; vol. 1, pp. 487-9, 1961.
[34] G.J. Banwart, "Basic Food Microbiology," Westport Connecticut: The
AVI publishing company Inc.A bridged edition, 1981.
[35] J.H.J. Huis in-t veld, "Microbial and Biochemical spoilage of foods," An
overview. Internatl. J. Food Microbiol.vol. 33 pp. 1-18, 1996.
[36] H.H. Huss, "Assurance of seafood quality," Food and organization
Fisheries Technical Paper 334. Rome: FAO.1994.
[37] NARO - National Agricultural Research Organization Uganda : " A
survey of sanitary and hygienic conditions of the industrial fish
processing sector, from landing sites through plant to exit routes
(airport)," NAROSEC report, 1997.
[38] J. Atyang , " A manual for Training Staff in Uganda Fish Processing
Plants on Hygiene and Sanitation and application of HACCP
Principles," J. of UNU - Fisheries Training Programme vol. 1 pp.43-
57,1999.
[39] E. Dupray, A. Derrien , " Influence of the previous stay of Escherichia
coli and Salmonella spp. in waste water on their survival in seawater,"
Water Res. Vol. 29, pp.1005-1011,1995
[40] A.F Rwabinge "Investigation of bacteriological ecological sanitation in
the lake zone: Awareness Creation and Action" In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G,Wambede, J, Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam; pp. 624-634, 2005.
[41] D. Onyango, S. Wandili, R. Kakai, E.N. Waindi, Isolation of
Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested along winam Gulf of lake
Victoria, Kenya, J. infect. Dis. In Developing Countries,Vol. 2, pp.106-
111, 2008b.
[1] R.E. Black,K.H. Brown,S. Becker " Effects of diarrhoea associated with
specific enteropathogens on the growth of children in rural
Bangladesh."vol 73,pp 799-805,1984.
[2] L.M.D. Gooze " Bacterial Infections associated with HIV", HIV Insight
KnowledgeBase Chapter. Stanford Univ. Sch. of Medicine,1998.
[3] J. Pang, Z.A. Bhutta, B. B. Finlay ,M. Altwegg , "Typhoid, fever and
other Salmonellosis: a continuity challenge-Trends microbial vol 3, pp
253-255, 1995.
[4] T.M. Gomez ,Y. Motrjemi ,S. Miyagawa ,F.K. Kaferstein, K. Stohr ,
"Foodborne Salmonellosis" World Health Stat. Q.;vol 50, pp81-9,1997.
[5] H.Esaki , A. Morioka , K. Ishihara, " Antimicrobial susceptibility of
Salmonella isolated from cattle, swine, and poultry (2001 - 2002):
Report from the Japanese Veterinary Antimicrobial Resistance
Monitoring Program", Antimicrob. Chemother vol 53, pp 266-
70,2004.
[6] R.V. Tauxe , "Emerging food borne diseases: an evolving public health
challenge. The fish exporting and fishmeal industries of Lake Victoria -
structure, strategies and socio-economic impacts in Kenya "Annual
Report, Emerge. Infect. Dis. vol 3 , pp 425-434,1997.
[7] R.H. Davies, C. Wray, " Seasonal variations in the isolation of
Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus aureus and
Clostridium perfringens from environmental samples", J. vet. Med.
Ser.vol 43, pp.119-127,1996.
[8] W. Chao, R. Ding, R. Chen, "Survival of pathogenic bacteria in
environmental microcosms", Chinese J. Microbial Immun. Vol. 20,
pp.339-348,1987.
[9] M.H. Abdel-Monem, A.A. Dowidar, "Recoveries of Salmonella from
soil in Eastern region of Saudi Arabia Kingdon-, J. Egypt. Public Health
Assoc. vol, 65, pp.61- 75, 1990.
[10] J. Baudart , K. Lemarchand , A. Brisabois , P. Lebaron, " Diversity of
Salmonella strains isolated from the acquatic environment as determined
by serotyping and amplification of ribosomal DNA spacer regions",
Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; vol. 66, NO. 4, pp.1544 -1552, 2000.
[11] E.K. Lipp , J.B. Rose, " The role of sea food in foodborne diseases in the
United States of America," Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE, vol. 16, pp.620-
640,1997.
[12] A. Zlotkin ,A. Eldar , C. Ghifino , H. Bercovier , " Identification of
Lactococcus garvieae by PCR,". J. Clin. Microbiol.,vol. 36 pp. 983-
985,1989.
[13] P. Bhaftopadhyay , " Fish - catching and handling ," In: Robinson R.K.
(ed.): Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Academic Press, London,
vol.2, pp. 1547,2000.
[14] P.N. Acha, B. Szyfres, "Zoonoses and communicable diseases common
to man and animals," Bacterioses and mycoses. 3rd ed. Scientific and
Technical Publication ,vol.1, No. 580, Pan American Health
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO, Washington, USA,; ISBN
92 75 31580 9. pp..384,2003.
[15] J. Liston "Microbiology in fishery science", In Connell, JJ. (ed).
Advances in Fish Science andTechnology; Jubilee Conference of Torry
Research Oxford: Fishing News Books Ltd, Farnham, UK, 1980.
[16] R.O. Abila, E.G. Jansen, "From Local to Global markets: The fish
exporting and fishing meal industries of Lake Victoria- Structure,
Strategies and Socio-economic Impacts in Kenya," IUCN Eastern Africa
programme. Socio-economics of Lake Victoria fisheries: Report No.2,
The World Conservation Union, Nairobi, 1997.
[17] S.Kayambo, E.J.Sven , " Lake Victoria. Experience and lessons learnt. A
case Study for Preliminary Risk Assessment Report.; pp. 431 - 446,
2006.
[18] V.O. Ogwan-g, M. Muchiri, P. Thakor , " Investigation of
bacteriological quality of smoked fish," In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G,Wambede, J, Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam.; pp. 552-569,2005.
[19] D. Onyango, F. Machoni, R. Kakai, E.N. Waindi , " Multidrug resistance
of Salmonella enteric serovars Typhi and Typhimurium isolated from
clinical samples at two rural hospitals in Western Kenya," J. Infect
Developing Countries; vol.2, no.2, pp. 106-111, 2008a.
[20] A. Nesbitt, B.M. Nazir, "Salmonella septiceamia in Kenyan children", J.
Tropic. Paediatrics. Vol. 35 pp. 35-39, 1989.
[21] H.S. Roger, L. Kumar, P. Philips-Heward , J.G. Wells , P. Adrock, J.
Brooks, et al. "Antimicrobial resistant bacterial diarrhoea in rural
Western Kenya" J. infect. Dis. Vol. 183: 1701-4, 2001.
[22] J.T. Brooks , L.S. Roger ,L. Kumar, J.G. Wells , A. Penelope, Philip-
Howard et al. " Epidemiology of periodic Bloody Diarrhoea in Rural
Western Kenya ," Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.vol. 68, no. 6 pp. 671-677,
2003.
[23] T.B. Brooks , J.B. Ochieng , L. Kumar, G. Okoth ,R.L. Shapiro, J.G.
Wells , et al., " Surveillance for Bacterial Diarrhoea and Antimicrobial
Resistance in Rural Western Kenya",2006.
[24] S. Kariuki, Revathi G, Muyodi JM, Munyalo A, Kagendo D, Murungi L.
et al. (2004): Increasing prevalence of multidrug resistant non-typhodal
Salmonella, Kenya. Intnatl. J. Antimicrob. Agents;vol. 25, pp.38-43,
2004.
[25] P.G. Njiru , " An overview of the present status of the water quality in
L.Victoria, Kenya," A limnological perspective: In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G. Wambede, J. Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam; pp. 679-690, 2005.
[26] A. Newaj-Fyzul, A. Abiodun, A. Adesiyun, Mutani A, "Prevalence and
antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella sp isolated from apparently
healthy ornamental fish and pond water in Trinidad," J.of food. Agric.
and Environ; Vol 4, no. 1, pp.27-29,2005.
[27] M.Y. Popoff, Le Minor, "Antigenic formula of the Salmonella serovars,"
7th edition World Health Organization, collaborating center for
reference and research on Salmonella; Pasteur institute, Paris, France,
1997.
[28] F. Kauffman, "The bacteriology of Enterobacteriacae," Munksgaard,
Copenhagen,Denmark, 1997.
[29] F.W. Brenner, "Modified Kauffmann-White Scheme," CDC.
Atlanta,Georgia, 1998.
[30] R.C.M. Crul, "Monographs of African great lakes; Limnology and
Hydrology of L. Victoria Part" 1UNESCO/HIV-IV project
comprehensive & comparative study of great lakes. A project of the
fourth phase of the International Hydrological Programme of the
Division of water sciences of UNESCO.(UNESCO/IHP-IV Project M-5-
1), 1995.
[31] B.A. Ogindo, "Bacterial pollution indicators and their physico-chemical
environment in the inshore waters of L.Victoria, Kisumu City in
Relation to Enteric Diseases," A PhD thesis Maseno University, 2005.
[32] G.F. Nanyaro, J. Makene , " Report on studies of Fish handling in water,
landing beaches, at markets and during transportation in Mwanza gulf,"
Fisheries management component. Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization;
vol. 1: 19-30, 1989.
[33] J.M. Shewan, "The Microbiology of sea water fish ," In Borgstrum, G.
(ed) Fish as food; vol. 1, pp. 487-9, 1961.
[34] G.J. Banwart, "Basic Food Microbiology," Westport Connecticut: The
AVI publishing company Inc.A bridged edition, 1981.
[35] J.H.J. Huis in-t veld, "Microbial and Biochemical spoilage of foods," An
overview. Internatl. J. Food Microbiol.vol. 33 pp. 1-18, 1996.
[36] H.H. Huss, "Assurance of seafood quality," Food and organization
Fisheries Technical Paper 334. Rome: FAO.1994.
[37] NARO - National Agricultural Research Organization Uganda : " A
survey of sanitary and hygienic conditions of the industrial fish
processing sector, from landing sites through plant to exit routes
(airport)," NAROSEC report, 1997.
[38] J. Atyang , " A manual for Training Staff in Uganda Fish Processing
Plants on Hygiene and Sanitation and application of HACCP
Principles," J. of UNU - Fisheries Training Programme vol. 1 pp.43-
57,1999.
[39] E. Dupray, A. Derrien , " Influence of the previous stay of Escherichia
coli and Salmonella spp. in waste water on their survival in seawater,"
Water Res. Vol. 29, pp.1005-1011,1995
[40] A.F Rwabinge "Investigation of bacteriological ecological sanitation in
the lake zone: Awareness Creation and Action" In: Knowledge and
experiences gained from managing The Lake Victoria Ecosystem.
Mallya G,Wambede, J, Kusewa, M. (eds). Published by LVEMP
Regional Secretariat, Dar es Salaam; pp. 624-634, 2005.
[41] D. Onyango, S. Wandili, R. Kakai, E.N. Waindi, Isolation of
Salmonella and Shigella from fish harvested along winam Gulf of lake
Victoria, Kenya, J. infect. Dis. In Developing Countries,Vol. 2, pp.106-
111, 2008b.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:50235", author = "Wandili S. Awuor and Onyango D. Miruka and Waindi N. Eliud", title = "Charaterisation of Salmonella Isolated from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) along Lake Victoria Beaches in Western Kenya", abstract = "Foodborne Salmonella infections have become a
major problem world wide. Salmonellosis transmitted from fish are
quite common. Established quality control measures exist for export
oriented fish, none exists for fish consumed locally. This study aimed
at characterization of Salmonella isolated from Nile tilapia . The
study was carried out in selected beaches along L. Victoria in
Western Kenya between March and June 2007. One hundred and
twenty fish specimens were collected. Salmonella isolates were
confirmed using serotyping, biochemical testing in addition to malic
acid dehydrogenase (mdh) and fliC gene sequencing. Twenty
Salmonella isolates were confirmed by mdh gene sequencing. Nine
(9) were S. enterica serotype typhimurium, four (4) were S. enterica
Serotype, enteritidis and seven (7) were S. enterica serotype typhi.
Nile tilapia have a role in transmission of Salmonellosis in the study
area, poor sanitation was a major cause of pollution at the beach
inshore waters.", keywords = "fliC, mdh, Salmonellosis, Serotype", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "414-6", }
