Abstract: Wind energy offers a significant advantage such as no
fuel costs and no emissions from generation. However, wind energy
sources are variable and non-dispatchable. The utility grid is able to
accommodate the variability of wind in smaller proportion along with
the daily load. However, at high penetration levels, the variability can
severely impact the utility reserve requirements and the cost
associated with it. In this paper the impact of wind energy is
evaluated in detail in formulating the total utility cost. The objective
is to minimize the overall cost of generation while ensuring the
proper management of the load. Overall cost includes the curtailment
cost, reserve cost and the reliability cost, as well as any other penalty
imposed by the regulatory authority. Different levels of wind
penetrations are explored and the cost impacts are evaluated. As the
penetration level increases significantly, the reliability becomes a
critical question to be answered. Here we increase the penetration
from the wind yet keep the reliability factor within the acceptable
limit provided by NERC. This paper uses an economic dispatch (ED)
model to incorporate wind generation into the power grid. Power
system costs are analyzed at various wind penetration levels using
Linear Programming. The goal of this study is show how the
increases in wind generation will affect power system economics.
Abstract: This paper provides a framework in order to
incorporate reliability issue as a sign of disruption in distribution
systems and partial covering theory as a response to limitation in
coverage radios and economical preferences, simultaneously into the
traditional literatures of capacitated facility location problems. As a
result we develop a bi-objective model based on the discrete
scenarios for expected cost minimization and demands coverage
maximization through a three echelon supply chain network by
facilitating multi-capacity levels for provider side layers and
imposing gradual coverage function for distribution centers (DCs).
Additionally, in spite of objectives aggregation for solving the model
through LINGO software, a branch of LP-Metric method called Min-
Max approach is proposed and different aspects of corresponds
model will be explored.
Abstract: Recently studies in area of supply chain network
(SCN) have focused on the disruption issues in distribution systems.
Also this paper extends the previous literature by providing a new biobjective
model for cost minimization of designing a three echelon
SCN across normal and failure scenarios with considering multi
capacity option for manufacturers and distribution centers. Moreover,
in order to solve the problem by means of LINGO software, novel
model will be reformulated through a branch of LP-Metric method
called Min-Max approach.