Abstract: Morgan-s refinement calculus (MRC) is one of the
well-known methods allowing the formality presented in the program
specification to be continued all the way to code. On the other hand,
Object-Z (OZ) is an extension of Z adding support for classes and
objects. There are a number of methods for obtaining code from OZ
specifications that can be categorized into refinement and animation
methods. As far as we know, only one refinement method exists
which refines OZ specifications into code. However, this method
does not have fine-grained refinement rules and thus cannot be
automated. On the other hand, existing animation methods do not
present mapping rules formally and do not support the mapping of
several important constructs of OZ, such as all cases of operation
expressions and most of constructs in global paragraph. In this paper,
with the aim of providing an automatic path from OZ specifications
to code, we propose an approach to map OZ specifications into their
counterparts in MRC in order to use fine-grained refinement rules of
MRC. In this way, having counterparts of our specifications in MRC,
we can refine them into code automatically using MRC tools such as
RED. Other advantages of our work pertain to proposing mapping
rules formally, supporting the mapping of all important constructs of
Object-Z, and considering dynamic instantiation of objects while OZ
itself does not cover this facility.
Abstract: Nowadays wireless technology plays an important
role in public and personal communication. However, the growth of
wireless networking has confused the traditional boundaries between
trusted and untrusted networks. Wireless networks are subject to a
variety of threats and attacks at present. An attacker has the ability to
listen to all network traffic which becoming a potential intrusion.
Intrusion of any kind may lead to a chaotic condition. In addition,
improperly configured access points also contribute the risk to
wireless network. To overcome this issue, a security solution that
includes an intrusion detection and prevention system need to be
implemented. In this paper, first the security drawbacks of wireless
network will be analyzed then investigate the characteristics and also
the limitations on current wireless intrusion detection and prevention
system. Finally, the requirement of next wireless intrusion prevention
system will be identified including some key issues which should be
focused on in the future to overcomes those limitations.
Abstract: Automatic reading of handwritten cheque is a computationally
complex process and it plays an important role in financial
risk management. Machine vision and learning provide a viable
solution to this problem. Research effort has mostly been focused
on recognizing diverse pitches of cheques and demand drafts with an
identical outline. However most of these methods employ templatematching
to localize the pitches and such schemes could potentially
fail when applied to different types of outline maintained by the
bank. In this paper, the so-called outline problem is resolved by
a cheque information tree (CIT), which generalizes the localizing
method to extract active-region-of-entities. In addition, the weight
based density plot (WBDP) is performed to isolate text entities and
read complete pitches. Recognition is based on texture features using
neural classifiers. Legal amount is subsequently recognized by both
texture and perceptual features. A post-processing phase is invoked
to detect the incorrect readings by Type-2 grammar using the Turing
machine. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated
using cheque and demand drafts of 22 different banks. The test data
consists of a collection of 1540 leafs obtained from 10 different
account holders from each bank. Results show that this approach
can easily be deployed without significant design amendments.
Abstract: To solve the quick and accurate level-adjusting
problem in the process of spacecraft precise mating, automatic leveling
and equalizing hoist device for spacecraft is developed. Based on
lifting point adjustment by utilizing XY-workbench, the leveling and
equalizing controller by a self-adaptive control algorithm is proposed.
By simulation analysis and lifting test using engineering prototype,
validity and reliability of the hoist device is verified, which can meet
the precision mating requirements of practical applications for
spacecraft.
Abstract: The distressing flood scenarios that occur in
recent years at the surrounding areas of Sarawak River have
left damages of properties and indirectly caused disruptions of
productive activities. This study is meant to reconstruct a 100-year
flood event that took place in this river basin. Sarawak River Subbasin
was chosen and modeled using the one-dimensional
hydrodynamic modeling approach using InfoWorks River Simulation
(RS), in combination with Geographical Information System (GIS).
This produces the hydraulic response of the river and its floodplains
in extreme flooding conditions. With different parameters introduced
to the model, correlations of observed and simulated data are
between 79% – 87%. Using the best calibrated model, flood
mitigation structures are imposed along the sub-basin. Analysis is
done based on the model simulation results. Result shows that the
proposed retention ponds constructed along the sub-basin provide the
most efficient reduction of flood by 34.18%.
Abstract: The necessity of solving multi dimensional
complicated scientific problems beside the necessity of several
objective functions optimization are the most motive reason of born
of artificial intelligence and heuristic methods.
In this paper, we introduce a new method for multiobjective
optimization based on learning automata. In the proposed method,
search space divides into separate hyper-cubes and each cube is
considered as an action. After gathering of all objective functions
with separate weights, the cumulative function is considered as the
fitness function. By the application of all the cubes to the cumulative
function, we calculate the amount of amplification of each action and
the algorithm continues its way to find the best solutions. In this
Method, a lateral memory is used to gather the significant points of
each iteration of the algorithm. Finally, by considering the
domination factor, pareto front is estimated. Results of several
experiments show the effectiveness of this method in comparison
with genetic algorithm based method.
Abstract: This paper is a continuation of our interest in the influence of temperature on specific retention volumes and the resulting infinite dilution activity coefficients. This has a direct effect in the design of absorption and stripping columns for the abatement of volatile organic compounds. The interaction of 13 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) at varying temperatures was studied by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Infinite dilution activity coefficients and specific retention volumes obtained in this study were found to be in agreement with those obtained from static headspace and group contribution methods by the authors as well as literature values for similar systems. Temperature variation also allows for transport calculations for different seasons. The results of this work confirm that PDMS is well suited for the scrubbing of VOCs from waste gas streams. Plots of specific retention volumes against temperature gave linear van-t Hoff plots.
Abstract: Many researchers are working on information hiding
techniques using different ideas and areas to hide their secrete data.
This paper introduces a robust technique of hiding secret data in
image based on LSB insertion and RSA encryption technique. The
key of the proposed technique is to encrypt the secret data. Then the
encrypted data will be converted into a bit stream and divided it into
number of segments. However, the cover image will also be divided
into the same number of segments. Each segment of data will be
compared with each segment of image to find the best match
segment, in order to create a new random sequence of segments to be
inserted then in a cover image. Experimental results show that the
proposed technique has a high security level and produced better
stego-image quality.
Abstract: This paper mainly studies the analyses of parameters
in the intersection collision avoidance (ICA) system based on the radar
sensors. The parameters include the positioning errors, the repeat
period of the radar sensor, the conditions of potential collisions of two
cross-path vehicles, etc. The analyses of the parameters can provide
the requirements, limitations, or specifications of this ICA system. In
these analyses, the positioning errors will be increased as the measured
vehicle approach the intersection. In addition, it is not necessary to
implement the radar sensor in higher position since the positioning
sensitivities become serious as the height of the radar sensor increases.
A concept of the safety buffer distances for front and rear of the
measured vehicle is also proposed. The conditions for potential
collisions of two cross-path vehicles are also presented to facilitate the
computation algorithm.
Abstract: The goal of this research is discovering the
determinants of the success or failure of external cooperation in small
and medium enterprises (SMEs). For this, a survey was given to 190
SMEs that experienced external cooperation within the last 3 years. A
logistic regression model was used to derive organizational or strategic
characteristics that significantly influence whether external
collaboration of domestic SMEs is successful or not. Results suggest
that research and development (R&D) features in general
characteristics (both idea creation and discovering market
opportunities) that focused on and emphasized indirected-market
stakeholders (such as complementary companies and affiliates) and
strategies in innovative strategic characteristics raise the probability of
successful external cooperation. This can be used meaningfully to
build a policy or strategy for inducing successful external cooperation
or to understand the innovation of SMEs.
Abstract: Intelligent deep-drawing is an instrumental research field in sheet metal forming. A set of 28 different experimental data have been employed in this paper, investigating the roles of die radius, punch radius, friction coefficients and drawing ratios for axisymmetric workpieces deep drawing. This paper focuses an evolutionary neural network, specifically, error back propagation in collaboration with genetic algorithm. The neural network encompasses a number of different functional nodes defined through the established principles. The input parameters, i.e., punch radii, die radii, friction coefficients and drawing ratios are set to the network; thereafter, the material outputs at two critical points are accurately calculated. The output of the network is used to establish the best parameters leading to the most uniform thickness in the product via the genetic algorithm. This research achieved satisfactory results based on demonstration of neural networks.
Abstract: Article presents the geometry and structure
reconstruction procedure of the aircraft model for flatter research
(based on the I22-IRYDA aircraft). For reconstruction the Reverse
Engineering techniques and advanced surface modeling CAD tools
are used. Authors discuss all stages of data acquisition process,
computation and analysis of measured data. For acquisition the three
dimensional structured light scanner was used. In the further sections,
details of reconstruction process are present. Geometry
reconstruction procedure transform measured input data (points
cloud) into the three dimensional parametric computer model
(NURBS solid model) which is compatible with CAD systems.
Parallel to the geometry of the aircraft, the internal structure
(structural model) are extracted and modeled. In last chapter the
evaluation of obtained models are discussed.
Abstract: This work deals with modeling and simulation of SO2 removal in a ceramic membrane by means of FEM. A mass transfer model was developed to predict the performance of SO2 absorption in a chemical solvent. The model was based on solving conservation equations for gas component in the membrane. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) of mass and momentum were used to solve the model equations. The simulations aimed to obtain the distribution of gas concentration in the absorption process. The effect of the operating parameters on the efficiency of the ceramic membrane was evaluated. The modeling findings showed that the gas phase velocity has significant effect on the removal of gas whereas the liquid phase does not affect the SO2 removal significantly. It is also indicated that the main mass transfer resistance is placed in the membrane and gas phase because of high tortuosity of the ceramic membrane.
Abstract: Salinity level may affect early development of
biofuel feedstock crops. The biofuel feedstock crops canola
(Brassica napus L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.); and the potential feedstock crop
sweet corn (Zea mays L.) were planted in media in pots and treated
with aqueous solutions of 0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M NaCl once at: 1)
planting; 2) 7-10 days after planting or 3) first true leaf expansion.
An additional treatment (4) comprised of one-half strength of the 0.1,
0.5 and 1.0 M (concentrations 0.05, 0.25, 0.5 M at each application)
was applied at first true leaf expansion and four days later. Survival
of most crops decreased below 90% above 0.5 M; survival of canola
decreased above 0.1 M. Application timing had little effect on crop
survival. For canola root fresh and dry weights improved when
application was at plant emergence; for sorghum top and root fresh
weights improved when the split application was used. When
application was at planting root dry weight was improved over most
other applications. Sunflower top fresh weight was among the
highest when saline solutions were split and top dry weight was
among the highest when application was at plant emergence. Sweet
corn root fresh weight was improved when the split application was
used or application was at planting. Sweet corn root dry weight was
highest when application was at planting or plant emergence. Even at
high salinity rates survival rates greater than what might be expected
occurred. Plants that survived appear to be able to adjust to saline
during the early stages of development.
Abstract: An aqueous methanol sensor for use in direct
methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) applications is demonstrated; the
methanol sensor is built using dispersed single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNTs) with Nafion117 solution to detect the methanol
concentration in water. The study is aimed at the potential use of the
carbon nanotubes array as a methanol sensor for direct methanol fuel
cells (DMFCs). The concentration of methanol in the fuel circulation
loop of a DMFC system is an important operating parameter, because
it determines the electrical performance and efficiency of the fuel cell
system. The sensor is also operative even at ambient temperatures
and responds quickly to changes in the concentration levels of the
methanol. Such a sensor can be easily incorporated into the methanol
fuel solution flow loop in the DMFC system.
Abstract: Simultaneous recovery of copper and DCA from
simulated MEUF concentrated stream was investigated. Effects of
surfactant (DCA) and metal (copper) concentrations, surfactant to
metal molar ratio (S/M ratio), electroplating voltage, EDTA
concentration, solution pH, and salt concentration on metal recovery
and current efficiency were studied. Electric voltage of -0.5 V was
shown to be optimum operation condition in terms of Cu recovery,
current efficiency, and surfactant recovery. Increasing Cu recovery and
current efficiency were observed with increases of Cu concentration
while keeping concentration of DCA constant. However, increasing
both Cu and DCA concentration while keeping S/M ratio constant at
2.5 showed detrimental effect on Cu recovery at DCA concentration
higher than 15 mM. Cu recovery decreases with increasing pH while
current efficiency showed an opposite trend. It is believed that
conductivity is the main cause for discrepancy of Cu recovery and
current efficiency observed at different pH. Finally, it was shown that
EDTA had adverse effect on both Cu recovery and current efficiency
while addition of NaCl salt had negative impact on current efficiency
at concentration higher than 8000 mg/L.
Abstract: Fisheries management all around the world is
hampered by the lack, or poor quality, of critical data on fish
resources and fishing operations. The main reasons for the chronic
inability to collect good quality data during fishing operations is the
culture of secrecy common among fishers and the lack of modern
data gathering technology onboard most fishing vessels. In response,
OLRAC-SPS, a South African company, developed fisheries datalogging
software (eLog in short) and named it Olrac. The Olrac eLog
solution is capable of collecting, analysing, plotting, mapping,
reporting, tracing and transmitting all data related to fishing
operations. Olrac can be used by skippers, fleet/company managers,
offshore mariculture farmers, scientists, observers, compliance
inspectors and fisheries management authorities. The authors believe
that using eLog onboard fishing vessels has the potential to
revolutionise the entire process of data collection and reporting
during fishing operations and, if properly deployed and utilised,
could transform the entire commercial fleet to a provider of good
quality data and forever change the way fish resources are managed.
In addition it will make it possible to trace catches back to the actual
individual fishing operation, to improve fishing efficiency and to
dramatically improve control of fishing operations and enforcement
of fishing regulations.
Abstract: Global Software Development (GSD) projects are
passing through different boundaries of a company, country and even
in other continents where time zone differs between both sites.
Beside many benefits of such development, research declared plenty
of negative impacts on these GSD projects. It is important to
understand problems which may lie during the execution of GSD
project with different time zones. This research project discussed and
provided different issues related to time delays in GSD projects. In
this paper, authors investigated some of the time delay factors which
usually lie in GSD projects with different time zones. This
investigation is done through systematic review of literature.
Furthermore, the practices to overcome these delay factors which
have already been reported in literature and GSD organizations are
also explored through literature survey and case studies.
Abstract: Hydrogen is an important chemical in many industries
and it is expected to become one of the major fuels for energy
generation in the future. Unfortunately, hydrogen does not exist in its
elemental form in nature and therefore has to be produced from
hydrocarbons, hydrogen-containing compounds or water.
Above its critical point (374.8oC and 22.1MPa), water has lower
density and viscosity, and a higher heat capacity than those of
ambient water. Mass transfer in supercritical water (SCW) is
enhanced due to its increased diffusivity and transport ability. The
reduced dielectric constant makes supercritical water a better solvent
for organic compounds and gases. Hence, due to the aforementioned
desirable properties, there is a growing interest toward studies
regarding the gasification of organic matter containing biomass or
model biomass solutions in supercritical water.
In this study, hydrogen and biofuel production by the catalytic
gasification of 2-Propanol in supercritical conditions of water was
investigated. Pt/Al2O3and Ni/Al2O3were the catalysts used in the
gasification reactions. All of the experiments were performed under a
constant pressure of 25MPa. The effects of five reaction temperatures
(400, 450, 500, 550 and 600°C) and five reaction times (10, 15, 20,
25 and 30 s) on the gasification yield and flammable component
content were investigated.
Abstract: This paper solves the environmental/ economic dispatch
power system problem using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic
Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) and its hybrid with a Convergence Accelerator
Operator (CAO), called the NSGA-II/CAO. These multiobjective
evolutionary algorithms were applied to the standard IEEE 30-bus
six-generator test system. Several optimization runs were carried out
on different cases of problem complexity. Different quality measure
which compare the performance of the two solution techniques were
considered. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of the CAO
in the original NSGA-II improves its convergence while preserving
the diversity properties of the solution set.