Abstract: Manufacturing tolerancing is intended to determine
the intermediate geometrical and dimensional states of the part during
its manufacturing process. These manufacturing dimensions also
serve to satisfy not only the functional requirements given in the
definition drawing, but also the manufacturing constraints, for
example geometrical defects of the machine, vibration and the wear
of the cutting tool. The choice of positioning has an important influence on the cost
and quality of manufacture. To avoid this problem, a two-step
approach has been developed. The first step is dedicated to the
determination of the optimum position. As for the second step, a
study was carried out for the tightening effect on the tolerance
interval.
Abstract: The paper shows that on transferring sense from the
SL to the TL, the translator’s reading against the grain determines the
creation of a faulty pattern of rendering the original meaning in the
receiving culture which reflects the use of misleading transformative
codes. In this case, the translator is a writer per se who decides what
goes in and out of the book, how the style is to be ciphered and what
elements of ideology are to be highlighted. The paper also proves that
figurative language must not be flattened for the sake of clarity or
naturalness. The missing figurative elements make the translated text
less interesting, less challenging and less vivid which reflects poorly
on the writer. There is a close connection between style and the
writer’s person. If the writer’s style is very much altered in a
translation, the translation is useless as the original writer and his /
her imaginative world can no longer be discovered. The purpose of the paper is to prove that adaptation is a dangerous
tool which leads to variants that sometimes reflect the original less
than the reader would wish to. It contradicts the very essence of the
process of translation which is that of making an original work
available in a foreign language. If the adaptive transformative codes
are so flexible that they encourage the translator to repeatedly leave
out parts of the original work, then a subversive pattern emerges
which changes the entire book. In conclusion, as a result of using adaptation, manipulative or
subversive effects are created in the translated work. This is generally
achieved by adding new words or connotations, creating new figures
of speech or using explicitations. The additional meanings of the
original work are neglected and the translator creates new meanings,
implications, emphases and contexts. Again s/he turns into a new
author who enjoys the freedom of expressing his / her own ideas
without the constraints of the original text. Reading against the grain
is unadvisable during the process of translation and consequently,
following personal common sense becomes essential in the field of
translation as well as everywhere else, so that translation should not
become a source of fantasy.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the accrual based scheduling for
cloud in single and multi-resource system. Numerous organizations
benefit from Cloud computing by hosting their applications. The
cloud model provides needed access to computing with potentially
unlimited resources. Scheduling is tasks and resources mapping to a
certain optimal goal principle. Scheduling, schedules tasks to virtual
machines in accordance with adaptable time, in sequence under
transaction logic constraints. A good scheduling algorithm improves
CPU use, turnaround time, and throughput. In this paper, three realtime
cloud services scheduling algorithm for single resources and
multiple resources are investigated. Experimental results show
Resource matching algorithm performance to be superior for both
single and multi-resource scheduling when compared to benefit first
scheduling, Migration, Checkpoint algorithms.
Abstract: The activation volume of 6082T6 aluminum is
investigated at different temperatures for grain size variants. The
deformation activation volume was computed on the basis of the
relationship between the Boltzmann’s constant k, the testing
temperatures, the material strain rate sensitivity and the material yield
stress grain size variants. The material strain rate sensitivity is
computed as a function of yield stress and strain rate grain size
variants. The effect of the material strain rate sensitivity and the
deformation activation volume of 6082T6 aluminum at different
temperatures of 3-D grain are discussed. It is shown that the strain rate sensitivities and activation volume
are negative for the grain size variants during the deformation of
nanostructured materials. It is also observed that the activation
volume vary in different ways with the equivalent radius, semi minor
axis radius, semi major axis radius and major axis radius. From the
obtained results it is shown that the variation of activation volume
increase and decrease with the testing temperature. It was revealed
that, increase in strain rate sensitivity led to decrease in activation
volume whereas increase in activation volume led to decrease in
strain rate sensitivity.
Abstract: Wicking and evaporation of water in porous knitted fabrics is investigated by combining experimental and analytical approaches: The standard wicking model from Lucas and Washburn is enhanced to account for evaporation and gravity effects. The goal is to model the effect of gravity and evaporation on wicking using simple analytical expressions and investigate the influence of fabrics geometrical parameters, such as porosity and thickness on evaporation impact on maximum reachable height values. The results show that fabric properties have a significant influence on evaporation effect. In this paper, an experimental study of determining water kinetics from different knitted fabrics were gravimetrically investigated permitting the measure of the mass and the height of liquid rising in fabrics in various atmospheric conditions. From these measurements, characteristic pore parameters (capillary radius and permeability) can be determined.
Abstract: Si-Ge solid solutions (bulk poly- and mono-crystalline
samples, thin films) are characterized by high perspectives for
application in semiconductor devices, in particular, optoelectronics
and microelectronics. From this point of view, complex studying of
structural state of the defects and structural-sensitive physical
properties of Si-Ge solid solutions depending on the contents of Si
and Ge components is very important. Present work deals with the
investigations of microstructure, microhardness, internal friction and
shear modulus of Si1-xGex(x≤0,02) bulk monocrystals conducted at
room temperature. Si-Ge bulk crystals were obtained by Czochralski
method in [111] crystallographic direction. Investigated
monocrystalline Si-Ge samples are characterized by p-type
conductivity and carriers’ concentration 5.1014-1.1015cm-3.
Microhardness was studied on Dynamic Ultra Micro hardness Tester
DUH-201S with Berkovich indenter. Investigate samples are characterized with 0,5x0,5x(10-15)mm3
sizes, oriented along [111] direction at torsion oscillations ≈1Hz,
multistage changing of internal friction and shear modulus has been
revealed in an interval of strain amplitude of 10-5-5.10-3. Critical
values of strain amplitude have been determined at which hysteretic
changes of inelastic characteristics and microplasticity are observed. The critical strain amplitude and elasticity limit values are also
determined. Dynamic mechanical characteristics decreasing trend is
shown with increasing Ge content in Si-Ge solid solutions. Observed
changes are discussed from the point of view of interaction of various
dislocations with point defects and their complexes in a real structure
of Si-Ge solid solutions.
Abstract: In recent years, new techniques for solving complex
problems in engineering are proposed. One of these techniques is
JPSO algorithm. With innovative changes in the nature of the jump
algorithm JPSO, it is possible to construct a graph-based solution
with a new algorithm called G-JPSO. In this paper, a new algorithm
to solve the optimal control problem Fletcher-Powell and optimal
control of pumps in water distribution network was evaluated.
Optimal control of pumps comprise of optimum timetable operation
(status on and off) for each of the pumps at the desired time interval.
Maximum number of status on and off for each pumps imposed to the
objective function as another constraint. To determine the optimal
operation of pumps, a model-based optimization-simulation
algorithm was developed based on G-JPSO and JPSO algorithms.
The proposed algorithm results were compared well with the ant
colony algorithm, genetic and JPSO results. This shows the
robustness of proposed algorithm in finding near optimum solutions
with reasonable computational cost.
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel heuristic algorithm that aims to determine the best size and location of distributed generators in unbalanced distribution networks. The proposed heuristic algorithm can deal with the planning cases where power loss is to be optimized without violating the system practical constraints. The distributed generation units in the proposed algorithm is modeled as voltage controlled node with the flexibility to be converted to constant power factor node in case of reactive power limit violation. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and tested on the IEEE 37 -node feeder. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Abstract: This paper studied the flow shop scheduling problem under machine availability constraints. The machines are subject to flexible preventive maintenance activities. The nonresumable scenario for the jobs was considered. That is, when a job is interrupted by an unavailability period of a machine it should be restarted from the beginning. The objective is to minimize the total tardiness time for the jobs and the advance/tardiness for the maintenance activities. To solve the problem, a genetic algorithm was developed and successfully tested and validated on many problem instances. The computational results showed that the new genetic algorithm outperforms another earlier proposed algorithm.
Abstract: Structural analysis of flexible pavements has been and still is currently performed using multi-layer elastic theory. However, for thinly surfaced pavements subjected to low to medium volumes of traffics, the importance of non-linear stress-strain behavior of unbound granular materials (UGM) requires the use of more sophisticated numerical models for structural design and performance of such pavements. In the present work, nonlinear unbound aggregates constitutive model is implemented within an axisymmetric finite element code developed to simulate the nonlinear behavior of pavement structures including two local aggregates of different mineralogical nature, typically used in Algerian pavements. The performance of the mechanical model is examined about its capability of representing adequately, under various conditions, the granular material non-linearity in pavement analysis. In addition, deflection data collected by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) are incorporated into the analysis in order to assess the sensitivity of critical pavement design criteria and pavement design life to the constitutive model. Finally, conclusions of engineering significance are formulated.
Abstract: The seriously damaged structures during earthquakes
show the need and importance of design of reinforced concrete
structures with high ductility. Reinforced concrete beam-column
joints have an important function in all structures. Under seismic
excitation, the beam column joint region is subjected to horizontal
and vertical shear forces whose magnitude is many times higher than
the adjacent beam and column. Strength and ductility of structures
depends mainly on proper detailing of the reinforcement in beamcolumn
joints and the old structures were found ductility deficient.
DSP materials are obtained by using high quantities of super
plasticizers and high volumes of micro silica. In the case of High
Performance Densified Small Particle Concrete (HPDSPC), since
concrete is dense even at the micro-structure level, tensile strain
would be much higher than that of the conventional SFRC, SIFCON
& SIMCON. This in turn will improve cracking behaviour, ductility
and energy absorption capacity of composites in addition to
durability. The fine fibers used in our mix are 0.3mm diameter and 10
mm which can be easily placed with high percentage. These fibers
easily transfer stresses and act as a composite concrete unit to take up
extremely high loads with high compressive strength. HPDSPC
placed in the beam column joints helps in safety of human life due to
prolonged failure.
Abstract: For a rigid body sliding on a rough surface, a range of
uncertainty or non-uniqueness of solution could be found, which is
termed: Painlevé paradox. Painlevé paradox is the reason of a wide
range of bouncing motion, observed during sliding of robotic
manipulators on rough surfaces. In this research work, the existence
of the paradox zone during the sliding motion of a two-link (P-R)
robotic manipulator with a unilateral constraint is investigated.
Parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of friction,
link-length ratio, total height and link-mass ratio on the paradox zone.
Abstract: This paper considers the design of Dual Proportional-
Integral (DPI) Load Frequency Control (LFC), using gravitational
search algorithm (GSA). The design is carried out for nonlinear
hydrothermal power system where generation rate constraint (GRC)
and governor dead band are considered. Furthermore, time delays
imposed by governor-turbine, thermodynamic process, and
communication channels are investigated. GSA is utilized to search
for optimal controller parameters by minimizing a time-domain based
objective function. GSA-based DPI has been compared to Ziegler-
Nichols based PI, and Genetic Algorithm (GA) based PI controllers
in order to demonstrate the superior efficiency of the proposed
design. Simulation results are carried for a wide range of operating
conditions and system parameters variations.
Abstract: The current study aims to highlight the loading
characteristics impact on the time evolution (focusing particularly on
long term effects) of the deformation of realized reinforced concrete
beams. Namely the tension stiffening code provisions (i.e. within
Eurocode 2) are reviewed with a clear intention to reassess their
operational value and predicting capacity. In what follows the
experimental programme adopted along with some preliminary
findings and numerical modeling attempts are presented. For a range of long slender reinforced concrete simply supported
beams (4200 mm) constant static sustained and repeated cyclic
loadings were applied mapping the time evolution of deformation.
All experiments were carried out at the Heavy Structures Lab of the
University of Leeds. During tests the mid-span deflection, creep
coefficient and shrinkage strains were monitored for duration of 90
days. The obtained results are set against the values predicted by
Eurocode 2 and the tools within an FE commercial package (i.e.
Midas FEA) to yield that existing knowledge and practise is at times
over-conservative.
Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the implications of bank
consolidation on lending, which largely determine the survival and
performance of small and medium scale enterprises and in turn the
development of the Nigerian economy. Ordinary least square
technique, correlation matrix test and Granger –causality test were
employed to measure the extent to which lending to small and
medium scale enterprises were influenced. The result showed that
bank deposit (BD) impacted on lending to small and medium scale
enterprises. Commercial and merchant bank lending rate had
statistically insignificant effect on the dependent variable. There is a
shift of focus by commercial banks from small and medium scale
enterprises (small customers) to major investors (big customers).
While micro finance banks work hard at providing funds to small and
medium scale entrepreneurs, their capacity to meet the needs of these
entrepreneurs is constrained. The capital and deposits of micro
finance bank should be boosted in order to effectively support small
and medium scale enterprises through loans.
Abstract: This study presents a hybrid metaheuristic algorithm
to obtain optimum designs for steel space buildings. The optimum
design problem of three-dimensional steel frames is mathematically
formulated according to provisions of LRFD-AISC (Load and
Resistance factor design of American Institute of Steel Construction).
Design constraints such as the strength requirements of structural
members, the displacement limitations, the inter-story drift and the
other structural constraints are derived from LRFD-AISC
specification. In this study, a hybrid algorithm by using teachinglearning
based optimization (TLBO) and harmony search (HS)
algorithms is employed to solve the stated optimum design problem.
These algorithms are two of the recent additions to metaheuristic
techniques of numerical optimization and have been an efficient tool
for solving discrete programming problems. Using these two
algorithms in collaboration creates a more powerful tool and
mitigates each other’s weaknesses. To demonstrate the powerful
performance of presented hybrid algorithm, the optimum design of a
large scale steel building is presented and the results are compared to
the previously obtained results available in the literature.
Abstract: This paper seeks to assess the implications of bank
consolidation on the performance of small and medium scale
enterprises in the Nigerian economy. Multiple linear regression
technique and correlation matrix test were employed to measure the
extent to which small and medium scale enterprises asset size,
survival and access to credit were influenced. The result showed that
bank deposit (BD) and bank credit (L or BC) impacted on asset size
and survival of small and medium scale enterprises. None of the
variables had significant impact on SMEs access to credit. There is a
shift of focus by commercial banks away from small and medium
scale enterprises (small customers), which is evidenced by the
significant negative influence of bank credit to both the survival and
asset size of small and medium enterprises. While micro finance
banks work hard at providing funds to small and medium scale
entrepreneurs, their capacity to meet the needs of these entrepreneurs
is constrained. CBN should make policies that will boost micro
finance bank’s capital and also monitor closely the management of
the banks to ensure prudent financing of small and medium scale
investments.
Abstract: Nowadays, energy dissipation devices are commonly
used in structures. High rate of energy absorption during earthquakes
is the benefit of using such devices, which results in damage
reduction of structural elements, specifically columns. The hysteretic
damping capacity of energy dissipation devices is the key point that it
may adversely make analysis and design process complicated. This
effect may be generally represented by Equivalent Viscous Damping
(EVD). The equivalent viscous damping might be obtained from the
expected hysteretic behavior regarding to the design or maximum
considered displacement of a structure. In this paper, the hysteretic
damping coefficient of a steel Moment Resisting Frame (MRF),
which its performance is enhanced by a Buckling Restrained Brace
(BRB) system has been evaluated. Having foresight of damping
fraction between BRB and MRF is inevitable for seismic design
procedures like Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) method.
This paper presents an approach to calculate the damping fraction for
such systems by carrying out the dynamic nonlinear time history
analysis (NTHA) under harmonic loading, which is tuned to the
natural system frequency. Two MRF structures, one equipped with
BRB and the other without BRB are simultaneously studied.
Extensive analysis shows that proportion of each system damping
fraction may be calculated by its shear story portion. In this way,
contribution of each BRB in the floors and their general contribution
in the structural performance may be clearly recognized, in advance.
Abstract: In recent decades, probabilistic constrained optimal
control problems have attracted much attention in many research
fields. Although probabilistic constraints are generally intractable
in an optimization problem, several tractable methods haven been
proposed to handle probabilistic constraints. In most methods,
probabilistic constraints are reduced to deterministic constraints
that are tractable in an optimization problem. However, there is a
gap between the transformed deterministic constraints in case of
known and unknown probability distribution. This paper examines
the conservativeness of probabilistic constrained optimization method
for unknown probability distribution. The objective of this paper is
to provide a quantitative assessment of the conservatism for tractable
constraints in probabilistic constrained optimization with unknown
probability distribution.
Abstract: Automation of airport operations can greatly improve
ground movement efficiency. In this paper, we study the speed profile
design problem for advanced airport ground movement control and
guidance. The problem is constrained by the surface four-dimensional
trajectory generated in taxi planning. A decomposed approach of two
stages is presented to solve this problem efficiently. In the first stage,
speeds are allocated at control points, which ensure smooth speed
profiles can be found later. In the second stage, detailed speed profiles
of each taxi interval are generated according to the allocated control
point speeds with the objective of minimizing the overall fuel
consumption. We present a swarm intelligence based algorithm for the
first-stage problem and a discrete variable driven enumeration method
for the second-stage problem, since it only has a small set of discrete
variables. Experimental results demonstrate the presented
methodology performs well on real world speed profile design
problems.