Abstract: In this paper, we are going to determine the threshold levels of adaptive modulation in a burst by burst CDMA system by a suboptimum method so that the above method attempts to increase the average bit per symbol (BPS) rate of transceiver system by switching between the different modulation modes in variable channel condition. In this method, we choose the minimum values of average bit error rate (BER) and maximum values of average BPS on different values of average channel signal to noise ratio (SNR) and then calculate the relative threshold levels of them, so that when the instantaneous SNR increases, a higher order modulation be employed for increasing throughput and vise-versa when the instantaneous SNR decreases, a lower order modulation be employed for improvement of BER. In transmission step, by this adaptive modulation method, in according to comparison between obtained estimation of pilot symbols and a set of above suboptimum threshold levels, above system chooses one of states no transmission, BPSK, 4QAM and square 16QAM for modulation of data. The expected channel in this paper is a slow Rayleigh fading.
Abstract: The main aim of this study is to describe and introduce a method of numerical analysis in obtaining approximate solutions for the SIR-SI differential equations (susceptible-infectiverecovered for human populations; susceptible-infective for vector populations) that represent a model for dengue disease transmission. Firstly, we describe the ordinary differential equations for the SIR-SI disease transmission models. Then, we introduce the numerical analysis of solutions of this continuous time, discrete space SIR-SI model by simplifying the continuous time scale to a densely populated, discrete time scale. This is followed by the application of this numerical analysis of solutions of the SIR-SI differential equations to the estimation of relative risk using continuous time, discrete space dengue data of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Finally, we present the results of the analysis, comparing and displaying the results in graphs, table and maps. Results of the numerical analysis of solutions that we implemented offers a useful and potentially superior model for estimating relative risks based on continuous time, discrete space data for vector borne infectious diseases specifically for dengue disease.
Abstract: To motivate users to adopt and use information
systems effectively, the nature of motivation should be carefully
investigated. People are usually motivated within ongoing processes
which include a chain of states such as perception, stimulation,
motivation, actions and reactions and finally, satisfaction. This study
assumes that the relevant motivation processes should be executed in
a proper and continuous manner to be able to persistently motivate
and re-motivate people in organizational settings and towards
information systems. On this basis, the study attempts to propose
possible relationships between this process-nature view of
motivation in terms of the common chain of states and the nearly
unique properties of information systems as is perceived by users in
the sense of a knowledgeable and authoritative entity. In the
conclusion section, some guidelines for practitioners are suggested to
ease their tasks for motivating people to adopt and use information
systems.
Abstract: The H.264/AVC video coding standard contains a number of advanced features. Ones of the new features introduced in this standard is the multiple intramode prediction. Its function exploits directional spatial correlation with adjacent block for intra prediction. With this new features, intra coding of H.264/AVC offers a considerably higher improvement in coding efficiency compared to other compression standard, but computational complexity is increased significantly when brut force rate distortion optimization (RDO) algorithm is used. In this paper, we propose a new fast intra prediction mode decision method for the complexity reduction of H.264 video coding. for luma intra prediction, the proposed method consists of two step: in the first step, we make the RDO for four mode of intra 4x4 block, based the distribution of RDO cost of those modes and the idea that the fort correlation with adjacent mode, we select the best mode of intra 4x4 block. In the second step, we based the fact that the dominating direction of a smaller block is similar to that of bigger block, the candidate modes of 8x8 blocks and 16x16 macroblocks are determined. So, in case of chroma intra prediction, the variance of the chroma pixel values is much smaller than that of luma ones, since our proposed uses only the mode DC. Experimental results show that the new fast intra mode decision algorithm increases the speed of intra coding significantly with negligible loss of PSNR.
Abstract: In this paper, an automated system is presented for
identification and separation of plastic resins based on near infrared
(NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. For identification and separation
among resins, a "Two-Filter" identification method is proposed that
is capable to distinguish among polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Through surveying effects
of parameters such as surface contamination, sample thickness, label
and cap existence, it was obvious that the "Two-Filter" method has a
high efficiency in identification of resins. It is shown that accurate
identification and separation of five major resins can be obtained
through calculating the relative reflectance at two wavelengths in the
NIR region.
Abstract: In this paper the behavior of the decision feedback
equalizers (DFEs) adapted by the decision-directed or the constant
modulus blind algorithms is presented. An analysis of the error
surface of the corresponding criterion cost functions is first
developed. With the intention of avoiding the ill-convergence of the
algorithm, the paper proposes to modify the shape of the cost
function error surface by using a soft decision instead of the hard
one. This was shown to reduce the influence of false decisions and to
smooth the undesirable minima. Modified algorithms using the soft
decision during a pseudo-training phase with an automatic switch to
the properly tracking phase are then derived. Computer simulations
show that these modified algorithms present better ability to avoid
local minima than conventional ones.
Abstract: The acid rain causes change in pH level of soil it is
directly influence on root and leaf growth. Yield of the crop was
reduced if acidity of soil is more. Acid rain seeps into the earth and
poisons plants and trees by dissolving toxic substances in the soil,
such as aluminum, which get absorbed by the roots. In present
investigation, effect of acid rain on crop Vigna radiata was studied.
The effect of acid rain on change in soil fertility was detected in
which pH of control sample was 6.5 and pH of 1% H2SO4 and 1%
HNO3 were 3.5. Nitrogen nitrate in soil was high in 1% HNO3 treated
soil & Control sample. Ammonium nitrogen in soil was low in 1%
HNO3 & H2SO4 treated soil. Ammonium nitrogen was medium in
control and other samples. The effect of acid rain on seed
germination on 3rd day of germination control sample growth was
6.1cm with plumule 0.001% HNO3 & 0.001% H2SO4 was 5.5cm
with plumule and 8cm with plumule. On 10th day fungal growth was
observed in 1% and 0.1% H2SO4 concentrations when all plants were
dead. The effect of acid rain on crop productivity was investigated on
3rd day roots were developed in plants. On 12th day Vigna radiata
showed more growth in 0.1% HNO3 and 0.1% H2SO4 treated plants
as compare to control plants. On 20th day development of
discoloration of plant pigments were observed on acid treated plants
leaves. On 34th day Vigna radiata showed flower in 0.1% HNO3,
0.01% HNO3 and 0.01% H2SO4treated plants and no flowers were
observed on control plants. On 42th day 0.1% HNO3, 0.01% HNO
and 0.01% H2SO4 treated Vigna radiata variety and control plants
were showed seeds on plants. In Vigna radiate variety 0.1%, 0.01%
HNO3, 0.01% H2SO4treated plants were dead on 46th day and fungal
growth was observed. The toxicological study was carried out on
Vigna radiata plants exposed to 1% HNO3 cells were damaged more
than 1% H2SO4. Leaf sections exposed to 0.001% HNO3 & H2SO4
showed less damaged of cells and pigmentation observed in entire
slide when compare with control plant.
Abstract: The use of human hand as a natural interface for humancomputer interaction (HCI) serves as the motivation for research in hand gesture recognition. Vision-based hand gesture recognition involves visual analysis of hand shape, position and/or movement. In this paper, we use the concept of object-based video abstraction for segmenting the frames into video object planes (VOPs), as used in MPEG-4, with each VOP corresponding to one semantically meaningful hand position. Next, the key VOPs are selected on the basis of the amount of change in hand shape – for a given key frame in the sequence the next key frame is the one in which the hand changes its shape significantly. Thus, an entire video clip is transformed into a small number of representative frames that are sufficient to represent a gesture sequence. Subsequently, we model a particular gesture as a sequence of key frames each bearing information about its duration. These constitute a finite state machine. For recognition, the states of the incoming gesture sequence are matched with the states of all different FSMs contained in the database of gesture vocabulary. The core idea of our proposed representation is that redundant frames of the gesture video sequence bear only the temporal information of a gesture and hence discarded for computational efficiency. Experimental results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme for key frame extraction, subsequent gesture summarization and finally gesture recognition.
Abstract: Graph rewriting-based visual model processing is a
widely used technique for model transformation. Visual model
transformations often need to follow an algorithm that requires a
strict control over the execution sequence of the transformation steps.
Therefore, in Visual Model Processors (VMPs) the execution order
of the transformation steps is crucial. This paper presents the visual
control flow support of Visual Modeling and Transformation System
(VMTS), which facilitates composing complex model
transformations of simple transformation steps and executing them.
The VMTS Visual Control Flow Language (VCFL) uses stereotyped
activity diagrams to specify control flow structures and OCL
constraints to choose between different control flow branches. This
paper introduces VCFL, discusses its termination properties and
provides an algorithm to support the termination analysis of VCFL
transformations.
Abstract: Vibration characteristics of subcooled flow boiling on
thin and long structures such as a heating rod were recently
investigated by the author. The results show that the intensity of the
subcooled boiling-induced vibration (SBIV) was influenced strongly
by the conditions of the subcooling temperature, linear power density
and flow velocity. Implosive bubble formation and collapse are the
main nature of subcooled boiling, and their behaviors are the only
sources to originate from SBIV. Therefore, in order to explain the
phenomenon of SBIV, it is essential to obtain reliable information
about bubble behavior in subcooled boiling conditions. This was
investigated at different conditions of coolant subcooling
temperatures of 25 to 75°C, coolant flow velocities of 0.16 to
0.53m/s, and linear power densities of 100 to 600 W/cm. High speed
photography at 13,500 frames per second was performed at these
conditions. The results show that even at the highest subcooling
condition, the absolute majority of bubbles collapse very close to the
surface after detaching from the heating surface. Based on these
observations, a simple model of surface tension and momentum
change is introduced to offer a rough quantitative estimate of the
force exerted on the heating surface during the bubble ebullition. The
formation of a typical bubble in subcooled boiling is predicted to
exert an excitation force in the order of 10-4 N.
Abstract: Rapid steps made in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has facilitated the development of teaching and learning methods and prepared them to serve the needs of an assorted educational institution. In other words, the information age has redefined the fundamentals and transformed the institutions and method of services delivery forever. The vision is the articulation of a desire to transform the method of teaching and learning could proceed through e-learning. E-learning is commonly deliberated to use of networked information and communications technology in teaching and learning practice. This paper deals the general aspects of the e-leaning with its issues, developments, opportunities and challenges, which can the higher institutions own.
Abstract: This paper presents a new technique for generating sets of synthetic classifiers to evaluate abstract-level combination methods. The sets differ in terms of both recognition rates of the individual classifiers and degree of similarity. For this purpose, each abstract-level classifier is considered as a random variable producing one class label as the output for an input pattern. From the initial set of classifiers, new slightly different sets are generated by applying specific operators, which are defined at the purpose. Finally, the sets of synthetic classifiers have been used to estimate the performance of combination methods for abstract-level classifiers. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Abstract: The most influential programming paradigm today
is object oriented (OO) programming and it is widely used in
education and industry. Recognizing the importance of equipping
students with OO knowledge and skills, it is not surprising that most
Computer Science degree programs offer OO-related courses. How
do we assess whether the students have acquired the right objectoriented
skills after they have completed their OO courses? What are
object oriented skills? Currently none of the current assessment
techniques would be able to provide this answer. Traditional forms of
OO programming assessment provide a ways for assigning numerical
scores to determine letter grades. But this rarely reveals information
about how students actually understand OO concept. It appears
reasonable that a better understanding of how to define and assess
OO skills is needed by developing a criterion referenced model. It is
even critical in the context of Malaysia where there is currently a
growing concern over the level of competency of Malaysian IT
graduates in object oriented programming. This paper discussed the
approach used to develop the criterion-referenced assessment model.
The model can serve as a guideline when conducting OO
programming assessment as mentioned. The proposed model is
derived by using Goal Questions Metrics methodology, which helps
formulate the metrics of interest. It concluded with a few suggestions
for further study.
Abstract: With the explosive growth of data available on the
Internet, personalization of this information space become a
necessity. At present time with the rapid increasing popularity of the
WWW, Websites are playing a crucial role to convey knowledge and
information to the end users. Discovering hidden and meaningful
information about Web users usage patterns is critical to determine
effective marketing strategies to optimize the Web server usage for
accommodating future growth. The task of mining useful information
becomes more challenging when the Web traffic volume is enormous
and keeps on growing. In this paper, we propose a intelligent model
to discover and analyze useful knowledge from the available Web
log data.
Abstract: In the process of polyethylene extrusion polymer
material similar to powder or granule is under compression, melting
and transmission operation and on base of special form, extrudate has
been produced. Twin-screw extruders are applicable in industries
because of their high capacity. The powder mixing with chemical
additives and melting with thermal and mechanical energy in three
zones (feed, compression and metering zone) and because of gear
pump and screw's pressure, converting to final product in latest plate.
Extruders with twin-screw and short distance between screws are
better than other types because of their high capacity and good
thermal and mechanical stress.
In this paper, process of polyethylene extrusion and various tapes
of extruders are studied. It is necessary to have an exact control on
process to producing high quality products with safe operation and
optimum energy consumption.
The granule size is depending on granulator motor speed. Results
show at constant feed rate a decrease in granule size was found whit
Increase in motor speed. Relationships between HDPE feed rate and
speed of granulator motor, main motor and gear pump are calculated
following as:
x = HDPE feed flow rate, yM = Main motor speed
yM = (-3.6076e-3) x^4+ (0.24597) x^3+ (-5.49003) x^2+ (64.22092)
x+61.66786 (1)
x = HDPE feed flow rate, yG = Gear pump speed
yG = (-2.4996e-3) x^4+ (0.18018) x^3+ (-4.22794) x^2+ (48.45536)
x+18.78880 (2)
x = HDPE feed flow rate, y = Granulator motor speed
10th Degree Polynomial Fit: y = a+bx+cx^2+dx^3... (3)
a = 1.2751, b = 282.4655, c = -165.2098,
d = 48.3106, e = -8.18715, f = 0.84997
g = -0.056094, h = 0.002358, i = -6.11816e-5
j = 8.919726e-7, k = -5.59050e-9
Abstract: A modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) based optimal selection of parameters for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of multi-area electric energy systems is proposed in this paper. Simulations on multi-area reheat thermal system with and without consideration of nonlinearity like governor dead band followed by 1% step load perturbation is performed to exemplify the optimum parameter search. In this proposed method, a modified Genetic Algorithm is proposed where one point crossover with modification is employed. Positional dependency in respect of crossing site helps to maintain diversity of search point as well as exploitation of already known optimum value. This makes a trade-off between exploration and exploitation of search space to find global optimum in less number of generations. The proposed GA along with decomposition technique as developed has been used to obtain the optimum megawatt frequency control of multi-area electric energy systems. Time-domain simulations are conducted with trapezoidal integration along with decomposition technique. The superiority of the proposed method over existing one is verified from simulations and comparisons.
Abstract: This paper presents and discusses the numerical simulations of transient laminar natural convection cooling of high Prandtl number fluids in cubical cavities, in which the six walls of the cavity are subjected to a step change in temperature. The effect of the fluid Prandtl number on the heat transfer coefficient is studied for three different fluids (Golden Syrup, Glycerin and Glycerin-water solution 50%). The simulations are performed at two different Rayleigh numbers (5·106 and 5·107) and six different Prandtl numbers (3 · 105 ≥Pr≥ 50). Heat conduction through the cavity glass walls is also considered. The propsed correlations of the averaged heat transfer coefficient (N u) showed that it is dependant on the initial Ra and almost independent on P r. The instantaneous flow patterns, temperature contours and time evolution of volume averaged temperature and heat transfer coefficient are presented and analyzed.
Abstract: Partial coherence between two signals removing the contribution of a periodic, deterministic signal is proposed for evaluating the interrelationship in multivariate systems. The estimator expression was derived and shown to be independent of such periodic signal. Simulations were used for obtaining its critical value, which were found to be the same as those for Gaussian signals, as well as for evaluating the technique. An Illustration with eletroencephalografic (EEG) signals during photic stimulation is also provided. The application of the proposed technique in both simulation and real EEG data indicate that it seems to be very specific in removing the contribution of periodic sources. The estimate independence of the periodic signal may widen partial coherence application to signal analysis, since it could be used together with simple coherence to test for contamination in signals by a common, periodic noise source.
Abstract: This paper draws a methodological framework adopted within an internal Telecomitalia project aimed to identify, on a user centred base, the potential interest towards a technological scenario aimed to extend on a personal bubble the typical communication and media fruition home environment. The problem is that involving user in the early stage of the development of such disruptive technology scenario asking users opinions on something that users actually do not manage even in a rough manner could lead to wrong or distorted results. For that reason we chose an approach that indirectly aim to understand users hidden needs in order to obtain a meaningful picture of the possible interest for a technological proposition non yet easily understandable.
Abstract: In this paper we propose a Particle Swarm heuristic
optimized Multi-Antenna (MA) system. Efficient MA systems
detection is performed using a robust stochastic evolutionary
computation algorithm based on movement and intelligence of
swarms. This iterative particle swarm optimized (PSO) detector
significantly reduces the computational complexity of conventional
Maximum Likelihood (ML) detection technique. The simulation
results achieved with this proposed MA-PSO detection algorithm
show near optimal performance when compared with ML-MA
receiver. The performance of proposed detector is convincingly
better for higher order modulation schemes and large number of
antennas where conventional ML detector becomes non-practical.