Abstract: Waste load allocation (WLA) policies may use multiobjective
optimization methods to find the most appropriate and
sustainable solutions. These usually intend to simultaneously
minimize two criteria, total abatement costs (TC) and environmental
violations (EV). If other criteria, such as inequity, need for
minimization as well, it requires introducing more binary
optimizations through different scenarios. In order to reduce the
calculation steps, this study presents value index as an innovative
decision making approach. Since the value index contains both the
environmental violation and treatment costs, it can be maximized
simultaneously with the equity index. It implies that the definition of
different scenarios for environmental violations is no longer required.
Furthermore, the solution is not necessarily the point with minimized
total costs or environmental violations. This idea is testified for Haraz
River, in north of Iran. Here, the dissolved oxygen (DO) level of river
is simulated by Streeter-Phelps equation in MATLAB software. The
WLA is determined for fish farms using multi-objective particle
swarm optimization (MOPSO) in two scenarios. At first, the trade-off
curves of TC-EV and TC-Inequity are plotted separately as the
conventional approach. In the second, the Value-Equity curve is
derived. The comparative results show that the solutions are in a
similar range of inequity with lower total costs. This is due to the
freedom of environmental violation attained in value index. As a
result, the conventional approach can well be replaced by the value
index particularly for problems optimizing these objectives. This
reduces the process to achieve the best solutions and may find better
classification for scenario definition. It is also concluded that decision
makers are better to focus on value index and weighting its contents
to find the most sustainable alternatives based on their requirements.
Abstract: Quantitative radiobiological models can be used to
assess the optimum clinical outcome from sophisticated therapeutic
modalities by calculating tumor control probability (TCP) and normal
tissue complication probability (NTCP). In this study two 3D-CRT
and an IMRT treatment plans were developed with an initial
prescription dose of 60 Gy in 2 Gy/fraction to prostate. Sensitivity of
TCP and Complication free tumor control probability (P+) to the
different values of α/β ratio was investigated for various prescription
doses planned to be delivered in either a fixed number of fractions (I)
or in a fixed dose per fraction (II) in each of the three different
treatment plans. High dose/fraction and high α/β value result in
comparatively smaller P+ and IMRT plans resulted in the highest P+,
mainly due to the decrease in NTCP. If α/β is lower than expected,
better tumor control can be achieved by increasing dose/fraction but
decreasing the number of fractions.
Abstract: The relationship between the state and the religion is
different based on the fact that how powerful is the religion faith in a
state and of the influences that affected the views of the constitution
drafters according to the constitutional system they were based to
draft their constitution. This paper aims at providing, through a
comparative methodology, how it is regulated by the constitution the
relationship between the state and the religion. The object of this
study are the constitutions of Italy as a nation with catholic religious
tradition, Greece as a nation with orthodox religion tradition, and
Turkey as a nation which represents Muslim religion, while Albania
as a nation known for its religious plurality. In particular, the analysis
will be focused on the secular or religious principle provided in the
constitution of each respective state. This comparative overview
intends to discern which of the states analyzed is more tolerant and
fully respects the freedom of religion. It results that most of the states
subject of this study, despite their religious tradition have chosen the
secular principle in their constitutions, but the religious freedom is
differently guaranteed.
Abstract: The article represents the results of clinical researches
of composite herbal medicinal product based on essential oils of
Sedum plants growing in Kazakhstan in commercial reserves at the
territory of Kazakhstan. The results of comparative analysis are
represented in obstetric-gynecologic practice during combined
therapy for postnatal complications, inflammatory infiltrates in the
area of surgical wounds including wounds after caesarean section.
Abstract: The article represents the results of research of
antitumor activity of different structural types of plant flavonoids
extracted by authors from Polygonum L. plants in commercial
reserves at the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For the first
time ever the results comparative research of antitumor activity of
plant flavonoids of different structural groups and their synthetic
derivatives have been represented. The results of determination of
toxicity of flavonoids in single parenteral infusion conditions have
been represented. Experimental substantiation of possible
mechanisms of antiproliferative and cytotoxic action of flavonoids
has been suggested. The perspectives of usage of plant flavonoids as
medications and creation of effective dosage forms of antitumor
medicines on their basis have been substantiated.
Abstract: Present study is carried out on six lane divided urban
arterial road in Patna and Pune city of India. Both the road having
distinct differences in terms of the vehicle composition and the road
side parking. Arterial road in Patan city has 33% of non-motorized
mode, whereas Pune arterial road dominated by 65% of Two wheeler.
Also road side parking is observed in Patna city. The field studies
using videography techniques are carried out for traffic data
collection. Data are extracted for one minute duration for vehicle
composition, speed variation and flow rate on selected arterial road of
the two cities. Speed flow relationship is developed and capacity is
determine. Equivalency factor in terms of dynamic car unit is
determine to represent the vehicle is single unit. The variation in the
capacity due to side friction, presence of non motorized traffic and
effective utilization of lane width is compared at concluding remarks.
Abstract: In the past few years, the amount of malicious software
increased exponentially and, therefore, machine learning algorithms
became instrumental in identifying clean and malware files through
(semi)-automated classification. When working with very large
datasets, the major challenge is to reach both a very high malware
detection rate and a very low false positive rate. Another challenge
is to minimize the time needed for the machine learning algorithm to
do so. This paper presents a comparative study between different
machine learning techniques such as linear classifiers, ensembles,
decision trees or various hybrids thereof. The training dataset consists
of approximately 2 million clean files and 200.000 infected files,
which is a realistic quantitative mixture. The paper investigates the
above mentioned methods with respect to both their performance
(detection rate and false positive rate) and their practicability.
Abstract: An Australian manufacturer has fabricated an
innovative GFRP sandwich panel made from E-glass fiber skin and a
modified phenolic core for structural applications. Debonding, which
refers to separation of skin from the core material in composite
sandwiches, is one of the most common types of damage in
composites. The presence of debonding is of great concern because it
not only severely affects the stiffness but also modifies the dynamic
behaviour of the structure. Generally it is seen that the majority of
research carried out has been concerned about the delamination of
laminated structures whereas skin-core debonding has received
relatively minor attention. Furthermore it is observed that research
done on composite slabs having multiple skin-core debonding is very
limited. To address this gap, a comprehensive research investigating
dynamic behaviour of composite panels with single and multiple
debonding is presented. The study uses finite-element modelling and
analyses for investigating the influence of debonding on free
vibration behaviour of single and multilayer composite sandwich
panels. A broad parametric investigation has been carried out by
varying debonding locations, debonding sizes and support conditions
of the panels in view of both single and multiple debonding.
Numerical models were developed with Strand7 finite element
package by innovatively selecting the suitable elements to diligently
represent their actual behavior. Three-dimensional finite element
models were employed to simulate the physically real situation as
close as possible, with the use of an experimentally and numerically
validated finite element model. Comparative results and conclusions
based on the analyses are presented. For similar extents and locations
of debonding, the effect of debonding on natural frequencies appears
greatly dependent on the end conditions of the panel, giving greater
decrease in natural frequency when the panels are more restrained.
Some modes are more sensitive to debonding and this sensitivity
seems to be related to their vibration mode shapes. The fundamental
mode seems generally the least sensitive mode to debonding with
respect to the variation in free vibration characteristics. The results
indicate the effectiveness of the developed three dimensional finite
element models in assessing debonding damage in composite
sandwich panels.
Abstract: The present research work investigates the seismic
response of reinforced concrete (RC) frame building considering the
effect of modeling masonry infill (MI) walls. The seismic behavior of
a residential 6-storey RC frame building, considering and ignoring
the effect of masonry, is numerically investigated using response
spectrum (RS) analysis. The considered herein building is designed
as a moment resisting frame (MRF) system following the Egyptian
code (EC) requirements. Two developed models in terms of bare
frame and infill walls frame are used in the study. Equivalent
diagonal strut methodology is used to represent the behavior of infill
walls, whilst the well-known software package ETABS is used for
implementing all frame models and performing the analysis. The
results of the numerical simulations such as base shear,
displacements, and internal forces for the bare frame as well as the
infill wall frame are presented in a comparative way. The results of
the study indicate that the interaction between infill walls and frames
significantly change the responses of buildings during earthquakes
compared to the results of bare frame building model. Specifically,
the seismic analysis of RC bare frame structure leads to
underestimation of base shear and consequently damage or even
collapse of buildings may occur under strong shakings. On the other
hand, considering infill walls significantly decrease the peak floor
displacements and drifts in both X and Y-directions.
Abstract: Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) is
granting a new group of advanced power electronic devices emerging
for enhancement of the power system performance. Unified Power
Flow Controller (UPFC) is a recent version of FACTS devices for
power system applications. The back-up energy supply system
incorporated with UPFC is providing a complete control of real and
reactive power at the same time and hence is competent to improve
the performance of an electrical power system. In this article, backup
energy supply unit such as superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES) is integrated with UPFC. In addition, comparative
exploration of UPFC–battery, UPFC–UC and UPFC–SMES
performance is evaluated through the vibrant simulation by using
MATLAB/Simulink software.
Abstract: Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag Aggregate (BFSA) is
usually referred to as a material providing for unique properties of
concrete. On the other hand, negative influences are also presented in
many aspects. The freeze-thaw resistance of concrete is dependent on
many factors, including regional specifics and when a concrete mix is
specified it is still difficult to tell its exact freeze-thaw resistance due
to the different components affecting it. An important consideration
in working with BFSA is the granularity and whether slag is sorted or
not. The experimental part of the article represents a comparative
testing of concrete using both the sorted and unsorted BFSA through
the freeze-thaw resistance as an indicator of durability. Unsorted
BFSA is able to be successfully used for concretes as they are
specified for exposure class XF4 with providing that the type of
cement is precisely selected.
Abstract: Robotics brings together several very different
engineering areas and skills. There are various types of robot such as
humanoid robot, mobile robots, remotely operated vehicles, modern
autonomous robots etc. This survey paper advocates the operation of a
robotic car (remotely operated vehicle) that is controlled by a mobile
phone (communicate on a large scale over a large distance even from
different cities). The person makes a call to the mobile phone placed
in the car. In the case of a call, if any one of the button is pressed, a
tone equivalent to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the
call. This tone is known as DTMF (Dual Tone Multiple Frequency).
The car recognizes this DTMF tone with the help of the phone stacked
in the car. The received tone is processed by the Arduino
microcontroller. The microcontroller is programmed to acquire a
decision for any given input and outputs its decision to motor drivers
in order to drive the motors in the forward direction or backward
direction or left or right direction. The mobile phone that makes a call
to cell phone stacked in the car act as a remote.
Abstract: Interaction of Schiff base complexes of Iron and
Manganese: Iron [N, N’ Bis (5- (triphenyl phosphonium methyl)
salicylidene) -1, 2 ethanediamine) chloride, [Fe Salen]Cl; Manganese
[N, N’ Bis (5- (triphenyl phosphonium methyl) salicylidene) -1, 2
ethanediamine) acetate, were investigated by spectroscopic and
isothermal titration calorimetry techniques (ITC).
The absorbance spectra of complexes have shown hyper and
hypochromism in the presence of DNA that is indication of
interaction of complexes with DNA. The linear dichroism (LD)
measurements confirmed the bending of DNA in the presence of
complexes.
Furthermore, Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments
approved that complexes bound to DNA on the base of both
electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. More, ITC profile exhibits
the existence of two binding phases for the complexes. Antibacterial
activity of ligand and complexes were tested in vitro to evaluate their
activity against the gram positive and negative bacteria.
Abstract: Ionic liquids consisting of a phosphonium cationic
moiety and a saccharinate anion are synthesized and compared with
their precursors, phosphonium chlorides, in reference to their
extraction efficiency towards L-lactic acid. On the base of
measurements of the acid and the water partitioning in the
equilibrium biphasic systems, the molar ratios between acid, water
and ionic liquid are estimated which allows to deduce the lactic acid
extractive pathway. The effect of a salting-out addition that
strengthens hydrophobicity in both phases is studied in view to reveal
the best biphasic system with respect to IL low toxicity and high
extraction efficiency.
Abstract: To determine the potential of a low cost Irish
engineered timber product to replace high cost solid timber for use in
bending active structures such as gridshells a single Irish engineered
timber product in the form of orientated strand board (OSB) was
selected. A comparative study of OSB and solid timber was carried
out to determine the optimum properties that make a material suitable
for use in gridshells. Three parameters were identified to be relevant
in the selection of a material for gridshells. These three parameters
are the strength to stiffness ratio, the flexural stiffness of
commercially available sections, and the variability of material and
section properties. It is shown that when comparing OSB against
solid timber, OSB is a more suitable material for use in gridshells that
are at the smaller end of the scale and that have tight radii of
curvature. Typically, for solid timber materials, stiffness is used as an
indicator for strength and engineered timber is no different. Thus, low
flexural stiffness would mean low flexural strength. However, when
it comes to bending active gridshells, OSB offers a significant
advantage. By the addition of multiple layers, an increased section
size is created, thus endowing the structure with higher stiffness and
higher strength from initial low stiffness and low strength materials
while still maintaining tight radii of curvature. This allows OSB to
compete with solid timber on large scale gridshells. Additionally, a
preliminary sustainability study using a set of sustainability indicators
was carried out to determine the relative sustainability of building a
large-scale gridshell in Ireland with a primary focus on economic
viability but a mention is also given to social and environmental
aspects. For this, the Savill garden gridshell in the UK was used as
the functional unit with the sustainability of the structural roof
skeleton constructed from UK larch solid timber being compared
with the same structure using Irish OSB. Albeit that the advantages of
using commercially available OSB in a bending active gridshell are
marginal and limited to specific gridshell applications, further study
into an optimised engineered timber product is merited.
Abstract: This paper proposes five level diode clamped Z source
Inverter. The existing PWM techniques used for ZSI are restricted for
two level. The two level Z Source Inverter have high harmonic
distortions which effects the performance of the grid connected PV
system. To improve the performance of the system the number of
voltage levels in the output waveform need to be increased. This
paper presents comparative analysis of a five level diode clamped Z
source Inverter with different carrier based Modified Pulse Width
Modulation techniques. The parameters considered for comparison
are output voltage, voltage gain, voltage stress across switch and total
harmonic distortion when powered by same DC supply. Analytical
results are verified using MATLAB.
Abstract: Comparing other methods of waste water treatment,
constructed wetlands are one of the most fascinating practices
because being a natural process they are eco-friendly have low
construction and maintenance cost and have considerable capability
of wastewater treatment. The current research was focused mainly on
comparison of Ranunculus muricatus and Typha latifolia as wetland
plants for domestic wastewater treatment by designing and
constructing efficient pilot scale horizontal subsurface flow
mesocosms. Parameters like chemical oxygen demand, biological
oxygen demand, phosphates, sulphates, nitrites, nitrates, and
pathogenic indicator microbes were studied continuously with
successive treatments. Treatment efficiency of the system increases
with passage of time and with increase in temperature. Efficiency of
T. latifolia planted setups in open environment was fairly good for
parameters like COD and BOD5 which was showing reduction up to
82.5% for COD and 82.6% for BOD5 while DO was increased up to
125%. Efficiency of R. muricatus vegetated setup was also good but
lowers than that of T. latifolia planted showing 80.95% removal of
COD and BOD5. Ranunculus muricatus was found effective in
reducing bacterial count in wastewater. Both macrophytes were
found promising in wastewater treatment.
Abstract: Presently, it is necessary to ensure the sustainable
development of passenger and freight transport. Increasing
performance of road freight has had a negative impact to environment
and society. It is therefore necessary to increase the competitiveness
of intermodal transport, which is more environmentally friendly. The
study describes the effectiveness of logistical centers realization for
companies and society and research how the partial internalization of
external costs reflected in the efficient use of these centers and
increase the competitiveness of intermodal transport to road freight.
In our research, we use the method of comparative analysis and
market research to describe the advantages of logistic centers for their
users as well as for society as a whole. Method normal costing is used
for calculation infrastructure and total costs, method of conversion
costing for determine the external costs. We modelled total society
costs for road freight transport and inter modal transport chain (we
assumed that most of the traffic is carried by rail) with different
loading schemes for condition in the Slovak Republic. Our research
has shown that higher utilization of inter modal transport chain do
good not only for society, but for companies providing freight
services too. Increase in use of inter modal transport chain can bring
many benefits to society that do not bring direct immediate financial
return. They often bring the multiplier effects, such as greater use of
environmentally friendly transport mode and reduce the total society
costs.
Abstract: This paper deals with current strategic challenges
related to the reshaping of the basic conditions of corporate operations.
Through the experimental analysis of some domestic corporations, it
presents how and to what extent Hungarian corporations are prepared
for the current strategic challenges. The study examines how strategic
directions and answer opportunities have changed in the following
interrelated areas in the past five years: economic globalization,
corporate sustainability, IT applications, labor force diversity and
ethical competences. The conclusions of the empirical survey give a
reliable basis on which economic organizations and enterprises can
formulate their strategy.
Abstract: The main objective of aircraft aerodynamics is to
enhance the aerodynamic characteristics and maneuverability of the
aircraft. This enhancement includes the reduction in drag and stall
phenomenon. The airfoil which contains dimples will have
comparatively less drag than the plain airfoil. Introducing dimples on
the aircraft wing will create turbulence by creating vortices which
delays the boundary layer separation resulting in decrease of pressure
drag and also increase in the angle of stall. In addition, wake
reduction leads to reduction in acoustic emission. The overall
objective of this paper is to improve the aircraft maneuverability by
delaying the flow separation point at stall and thereby reducing the
drag by applying the dimple effect over the aircraft wing. This project
includes both computational and experimental analysis of dimple
effect on aircraft wing, using NACA 0018 airfoil. Dimple shapes of
Semi-sphere, hexagon, cylinder, square are selected for the analysis;
airfoil is tested under the inlet velocity of 30m/s and 60m/s at
different angle of attack (5˚, 10˚, 15˚, 20˚, and 25˚). This analysis
favors the dimple effect by increasing L/D ratio and thereby
providing the maximum aerodynamic efficiency, which provides the
enhanced performance for the aircraft.