Abstract: The social logic of 'Sequina' slum area in Alexandria details the integral measure of space syntax at the room-level of twenty-building samples. The essence of spatial structure integrates the central 'visitor' domain with the 'living' frontage of the 'children' zone against the segregated privacy of the opposite 'parent' depth. Meanwhile, the multifunctioning of shallow rooms optimizes the integral 'visitor' structure through graph and visibility dimensions in contrast to the 'inhabitant' structure of graph-tails out of sight. Common theme of the layout integrity increases in compensation to the decrease of room visibility. Despite the 'pheno-type' of collective integration, the individual layouts observe 'geno-type' structure of spatial diversity per room adjoins. In this regard, the layout integrity alternates the cross-correlation of the 'kitchen & living' rooms with the 'inhabitant & visitor' domains of 'motherhood' dynamic structure. Moreover, the added 'grandparent' restructures the integral measure to become the deepest space, but opens to the 'living' of 'household' integrity. Some isomorphic layouts change the integral structure just through the 'balcony' extension of access, visual or ignored 'ringiness' of space syntax. However, the most integrated or segregated layouts invert the 'geno-type' into a shallow 'inhabitant' centrality versus the remote 'visitor' structure. Overview of the multivariate social logic of spatial integrity could never clarify without the micro-data analysis.
Abstract: Carbon dioxide is one of the major greenhouse gas
(GHG) contributors. It is an obligation of the industry to reduce the
amount of carbon dioxide emission to the acceptable limits.
Tremendous research and studies are reported in the past and still the
quest to find the suitable and economical solution of this problem
needed to be explored in order to develop the most plausible absorber
for carbon dioxide removal. Amino acids can be potential alternate
solvents for carbon dioxide capture from gaseous streams. This is due
to its ability to resist oxidative degradation, low volatility and its
ionic structure. In addition, the introduction of promoter-like
piperazine to amino acid helps to further enhance the solubility. In
this work, the effect of piperazine on thermo physical properties and
solubility of β-Alanine aqueous solutions were studied for various
concentrations. The measured physicochemical properties data was
correlated as a function of temperature using least-squares method
and the correlation parameters are reported together with it respective
standard deviations. The effect of activator piperazine on the CO2
loading performance of selected amino acid under high-pressure
conditions (1bar to 10bar) at temperature range of (30 to 60)oC was
also studied. Solubility of CO2 decreases with increasing temperature
and increases with increasing pressure. Quadratic representation of
solubility using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) shows that
the most important parameter to optimize solubility is system
pressure. The addition of promoter increases the solubility effect of
the solvent.
Abstract: The Haussmannization plan of Cairo in 1867 formed a
regular network of roundabout spaces, though deteriorated at present.
The method of identifying the spatial structure of roundabout Cairo
for conservation matches the voronoi diagram with the space syntax
through their geometrical property of spatial convexity. In this
initiative, the primary convex hull of first-order voronoi adopts the
integral and control measurements of space syntax on Cairo’s
roundabout generators. The functional essence of royal palaces
optimizes the roundabout structure in terms of spatial measurements
and the symbolic voronoi projection of 'Tahrir Roundabout' over the
Giza Nile and Pyramids. Some roundabouts of major public and
commercial landmarks surround the pole of 'Ezbekia Garden' with a
higher control than integral measurements, which filter the new
spatial structure from the adjacent traditional town. Nevertheless, the
least integral and control measures correspond to the voronoi
contents of pollutant workshops and the plateau of old Cairo Citadel
with the visual compensation of new royal landmarks on top.
Meanwhile, the extended suburbs of infinite voronoi polygons
arrange high control generators of chateaux housing in 'garden city'
environs. The point pattern of roundabouts determines the
geometrical characteristics of voronoi polygons. The measured
lengths of voronoi edges alternate between the zoned short range at
the new poles of Cairo and the distributed structure of longer range.
Nevertheless, the shortest range of generator-vertex geometry
concentrates at 'Ezbekia Garden' where the crossways of vast Cairo
intersect, which maximizes the variety of choice at different spatial
resolutions. However, the symbolic 'Hippodrome' which is the largest
public landmark forms exclusive geometrical measurements, while
structuring a most integrative roundabout to parallel the royal syntax.
Overview of the symbolic convex hull of voronoi with space syntax
interconnects Parisian Cairo with the spatial chronology of scattered
monuments to conceive one universal Cairo structure. Accordingly,
the approached methodology of 'voronoi-syntax' prospects the future
conservation of roundabout Cairo at the inferred city-level concept.
Abstract: In this work, our goal is to optimize the nitriding treatment at a low-temperature of the steel 32CrMoV13 using gas mixtures of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen to improve the mechanical properties of the surface (good wear resistance, friction and corrosion), and of the diffusion layer of the nitrogen (good resistance to fatigue and good tenacity with heart). By limiting our work to the pure iron and to the alloys iron-chromium and iron-chromium-carbon, we have studied the various parameters which manage the nitriding: flow rate and composition of the gaseous phase, the interaction chromium-nitrogen and chromium-carbon by the help of experiments of nitriding realized in the laboratory by thermogravimetry. The acquired knowledge has been applied by the mastery of the growth of the γ' combination layer on the α diffusion layer in the case of the industrial steel 32CrMoV13.
Abstract: The 1:1 cocrystal of 2-amino-4-chloro-6-
methylpyrimidine (2A4C6MP) with 4-methylbenzoic acid (4MBA)
(I) has been prepared by slow evaporation method in methanol,
which was crystallized in monoclinic C2/c space group, Z = 8, and a
= 28.431 (2) Å, b = 7.3098 (5) Å, c = 14.2622 (10) Å and β =
109.618 (3)°. The presence of unionized –COOH functional group in
cocrystal I was identified both by spectral methods (1H and 13C
NMR, FTIR) and X-ray diffraction structural analysis. The
2A4C6MP molecule interact with the carboxylic group of the
respective 4MBA molecule through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N
hydrogen bonds, forming a cyclic hydrogen–bonded motif R2
2(8).
The crystal structure was stabilized by Npyrimidine—H⋯O=C and
C=O—H⋯Npyrimidine types hydrogen bonding interactions.
Theoretical investigations have been computed by HF and density
function (B3LYP) method with 6–311+G (d,p)basis set. The
vibrational frequencies together with 1H and 13C NMR chemical
shifts have been calculated on the fully optimized geometry of
cocrystal I. Theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the
experimental results. Solvent–free formation of this cocrystal I is
confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis.
Abstract: For the last decade, researchers have started to focus
their interest on Multicast Group Key Management Framework. The
central research challenge is secure and efficient group key
distribution. The present paper is based on the Bit model based
Secure Multicast Group key distribution scheme using the most
popular absolute encoder output type code named Gray Code. The
focus is of two folds. The first fold deals with the reduction of
computation complexity which is achieved in our scheme by
performing fewer multiplication operations during the key updating
process. To optimize the number of multiplication operations, an
O(1) time algorithm to multiply two N-bit binary numbers which
could be used in an N x N bit-model of reconfigurable mesh is used
in this proposed work. The second fold aims at reducing the amount
of information stored in the Group Center and group members while
performing the update operation in the key content. Comparative
analysis to illustrate the performance of various key distribution
schemes is shown in this paper and it has been observed that this
proposed algorithm reduces the computation and storage complexity
significantly. Our proposed algorithm is suitable for high
performance computing environment.
Abstract: Chatter vibrations, occurring during cutting process,
cause vibration between the cutting tool and workpiece, which
deteriorates surface roughness and reduces tool life. The purpose of
this study is to investigate the influence of cutting parameters and
tool construction on surface roughness and vibration in turning of
aluminum alloy AA2024. A new design of cutting tool is proposed,
which is filled up with epoxy granite in order to improve damping
capacity of the tool. Experiments were performed at the lathe using
carbide cutting insert coated with TiC and two different cutting tools
made of AISI 5140 steel. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was applied to
design of experiment and to optimize cutting conditions. By the help
of signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance the optimal cutting
condition and the effect of the cutting parameters on surface
roughness and vibration were determined. Effectiveness of Taguchi
method was verified by confirmation test. It was revealed that new
cutting tool with epoxy granite has reduced vibration and surface
roughness due to high damping properties of epoxy granite in
toolholder.
Abstract: Internal circulation two-platen clamping system for
injection molding machine (IMM) has many potential advantages on
energy-saving. In order to estimate its properties, experiments were
carried out in this paper. Displacement and pressure of the components
were measured. In comparison, the model of hydraulic clamping
system was established by using AMESim. The related parameters as
well as the energy consumption could be calculated. According to the
analysis, the hydraulic system was optimized in order to reduce the
energy consumption.
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) routing is complex
due to its dynamic nature, computational overhead, limited battery
life, non-conventional addressing scheme, self-organization, and
sensor nodes limited transmission range. An energy efficient routing
protocol is a major concern in WSN. LEACH is a hierarchical WSN
routing protocol to increase network life. It performs self-organizing
and re-clustering functions for each round. This study proposes a
better sensor networks cluster head selection for efficient data
aggregation. The algorithm is based on Tabu search.
Abstract: This study presents experimental and optimization of
nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input based on the total
thermal resistance (Rth) of loop heat pipe (LHP), employed for PCCPU
cooling. In this study, silica nanoparticles (SiO2) in water with
particle mass concentration ranged from 0% (pure water) to 1% is
considered as the working fluid within the LHP. The experimental
design and optimization is accomplished by the design of
experimental tool, Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The
results show that the nanoparticle mass concentration and the heat
input have significant effect on the Rth of LHP. For a given heat
input, the Rth is found to decrease with the increase of the
nanoparticle mass concentration up to 0.5% and increased thereafter.
It is also found that the Rth is decreased when the heat input is
increased from 20W to 60W. The results are optimized with the
objective of minimizing the Rth, using Design-Expert software, and
the optimized nanoparticle mass concentration and heat input are
0.48% and 59.97W, respectively, the minimum thermal resistance
being 2.66 (ºC/W).
Abstract: This paper focuses on the orbit avoidance strategy of
the optical remote sensing satellite. The optical remote sensing
satellite, moving along the Sun-synchronous orbit, is equipped with
laser warning equipment to alert CCD camera from laser attacks. This
paper explores the strategy of satellite avoidance to protect the CCD
camera and also the satellite. The satellite could evasive to several
target points in the orbital coordinates of virtual satellite. The so-called
virtual satellite is a passive vehicle which superposes the satellite at the
initial stage of avoidance. The target points share the consistent cycle
time and the same semi-major axis with the virtual satellite, which
ensures the properties of the satellite’s Sun-synchronous orbit remain
unchanged. Moreover, to further strengthen the avoidance capability
of satellite, it can perform multi-target-points avoid maneuvers. On
occasions of fulfilling the satellite orbit tasks, the orbit can be restored
back to virtual satellite through orbit maneuvers. There into, the avoid
maneuvers adopts pulse guidance. In addition, the fuel consumption is
optimized. The avoidance strategy discussed in this article is
applicable to optical remote sensing satellite when it is encountered
with hostile attack of space-based laser anti-satellite.
Abstract: Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most important
stimulation techniques available to the petroleum engineer to extract
hydrocarbons in tight gas sandstones. It allows more oil and gas
production in tight reservoirs as compared to conventional means.
The main aim of the study is to optimize the hydraulic fracturing as
technique and for this purpose three multi-zones layer formation is
considered and fractured contemporaneously. The three zones are
named as Zone1 (upper zone), Zone2 (middle zone) and Zone3
(lower zone) respectively and they all occur in shale rock. Simulation was performed with Mfrac integrated software which
gives a variety of 3D fracture options. This simulation process
yielded an average fracture efficiency of 93.8%for the three
respective zones and an increase of the average permeability of the
rock system. An average fracture length of 909 ft with net height
(propped height) of 210 ft (average) was achieved. Optimum
fracturing results was also achieved with maximum fracture width of
0.379 inches at an injection rate of 13.01 bpm with 17995 Mscf of
gas production.
Abstract: This paper presents a comparative analysis of
continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) control based on adaptive
control and optimal tuning of PID control based on particle swarm
optimization. In the design of adaptive control, Model reference
adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is used, in which the adaptation
law have been developed by MIT rule & Lyapunov’s rule. In PSO
control parameters of PID controller is tuned by using the concept of
particle swarm optimization to get optimized operating point for
minimum integral square error (ISE) condition. The results show the
adjustment of PID parameters converting into the optimal operating
point and the good control response can be obtained by the PSO
technique.
Abstract: Cryosorption pumps are considered safe, quiet, and
ultra-high vacuum production pumps which have their application
from Semiconductor industries to ITER [International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor] units. The principle of physisorption of gases
over highly porous materials like activated charcoal at cryogenic
temperatures (below -1500°C) is involved in determining the
pumping speed of gases like Helium, Hydrogen, Argon, and
Nitrogen. This paper aims at providing detailed overview of
development of Cryosorption pump and characterization of different
activated charcoal materials that optimizes the performance of the
pump. Different grades of charcoal were tested in order to determine
the pumping speed of the pump and were compared with
commercially available Varian cryopanel. The results for bare panel,
bare panel with adhesive, cryopanel with pellets, and cryopanel with
granules were obtained and compared. The comparison showed that
cryopanel adhered with small granules gave better pumping speeds
than large sized pellets.
Abstract: Digital cameras to reduce cost, use an image sensor to
capture color images. Color Filter Array (CFA) in digital cameras
permits only one of the three primary (red-green-blue) colors to be
sensed in a pixel and interpolates the two missing components
through a method named demosaicking. Captured data is interpolated
into a full color image and compressed in applications. Color
interpolation before compression leads to data redundancy. This
paper proposes a new Vector Quantization (VQ) technique to
construct a VQ codebook with Differential Evolution (DE)
Algorithm. The new technique is compared to conventional Linde-
Buzo-Gray (LBG) method.
Abstract: Abstract—[Tris (1,10-phenanthroline) lanthanum(III)]
trithiocyanate is a new compound that has shown high ability for
stopping the synthesis of DNA and also acting as a photosensitizer.
Nowadays, the radiation dose assessment resource (RADAR) method
is known as the most common method for absorbed dose calculation.
177Lu was produced by (n, gamma) reaction in a research reactor.
177Lu-PL3 was prepared in the optimized condition. The
radiochemical yield was checked by ITLC method. The
biodistribution of the complex was investigated by intravenously
injection to wild-type rats via their tail veins. In this study, the
absorbed dose of 177Lu-PL3 to human organs was estimated by
RADAR method. 177Lu was prepared with a specific activity of 2.6-3
GBq.mg-1 and radionuclide purity of 99.98 %. Final preparation of
the radiolabelled complex showed high radiochemical purity of >
99%. The results show that liver and spleen have received the highest
absorbed dose of 1.051 and 0.441 mSv/MBq, respectively. The
absorbed dose values for these two dose-limiting tissues suggest
more biological studies special in tumor-bearing animals.
Abstract: The UK is leading in online retail and mobile
adoption. However, there is a dearth of information relating to mobile
apparel retail, and developing an understanding about consumer
browsing and purchase behaviour in m-retail channel would provide
apparel marketers, mobile website and app developers with the
necessary understanding of consumers’ needs. Despite the rapid
growth of mobile retail businesses, no published study has examined
shopping behaviour on fashion mobile apps and websites. A mixed method approach helped to understand why fashion
consumers prefer websites on smartphones, when diverse mobile
apps are also available. The following research methods were
employed: survey, eye-tracking experiments, observation, and
interview with retrospective think aloud. The mobile gaze tracking
device by SensoMotoric Instruments was used to understand
frustrations in navigation and other issues facing consumers in
mobile channel. This method helped to validate and compliment
other traditional user-testing approaches in order to optimize user
experience and enhance the development of mobile retail channel.
The study involved eight participants - females aged 18 to 35 years
old, who are existing mobile shoppers. The participants used the
Topshop mobile app and website on a smart phone to complete a task
according to a specified scenario leading to a purchase. The
comparative study was based on: duration and time spent at different
stages of the shopping journey, number of steps involved and product
pages visited, search approaches used, layout and visual clues, as
well as consumer perceptions and expectations. The results from the data analysis show significant differences in
consumer behaviour when using a mobile app or website on a smart
phone. Moreover, two types of problems were identified, namely
technical issues and human errors. Having a mobile app does not
guarantee success in satisfying mobile fashion consumers. The
differences in the layout and visual clues seem to influence the
overall shopping experience on a smart phone. The layout of search
results on the website was different from the mobile app. Therefore,
participants, in most cases, behaved differently on different
platforms. The number of product pages visited on the mobile app
was triple the number visited on the website due to a limited visibility
of products in the search results. Although, the data on traffic trends
held by retailers to date, including retail sector breakdowns for visits
and views, data on device splits and duration, might seem a valuable
source of information, it cannot explain why consumers visit many
product pages, stay longer on the website or mobile app, or abandon
the basket. A comprehensive list of pros and cons was developed by
highlighting issues for website and mobile app, and recommendations
provided. The findings suggest that fashion retailers need to be aware of
actual consumers’ behaviour on the mobile channel and their expectations in order to offer a seamless shopping experience. Added
to which is the challenge of retaining existing and acquiring new
customers. There seem to be differences in the way fashion
consumers search and shop on mobile, which need to be explored in
further studies.
Abstract: The ferrites ZnFe2O4, CdFe2O4 and CuFe2O4 are
synthesized in laboratory conditions using ceramic technology. Their
homogeneity and structure are proven by X-Ray diffraction analysis
and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The synthesized ferrites are subjected
to strong acid and high temperature leaching with solutions of H2SO4,
HCl and HNO3. The results indicate that the highest degree of
leaching of Zn, Cd and Cu from the ferrites is achieved by use of
HCl. The charging of five zinc sulfide concentrates was optimized using
the criterion of minimal amount of zinc ferrite produced when
roasting the concentrates in a fluidized bed. The results obtained are
interpreted in terms of the hydrometallurgical zinc production and
maximum recovery of zinc, copper and cadmium from initial zinc
concentrates after their roasting.
Abstract: This paper proposes a novel heuristic algorithm that aims to determine the best size and location of distributed generators in unbalanced distribution networks. The proposed heuristic algorithm can deal with the planning cases where power loss is to be optimized without violating the system practical constraints. The distributed generation units in the proposed algorithm is modeled as voltage controlled node with the flexibility to be converted to constant power factor node in case of reactive power limit violation. The proposed algorithm is implemented in MATLAB and tested on the IEEE 37 -node feeder. The results obtained show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Abstract: Comparative analysis of the properties of melon seed,
coconut fruit and their oil yield were evaluated in this work using
standard analytical technique AOAC. The results of the analysis
carried out revealed that the moisture contents of the samples studied
are 11.15% (melon) and 7.59% (coconut). The crude lipid content are
46.10% (melon) and 55.15% (coconut).The treatment combinations
used (leaching time, leaching temperature and solute: solvent ratio)
showed significant difference (p < 0.05) in yield between the
samples, with melon oil seed flour having a higher percentage range
of oil yield (41.30 – 52.90%) and coconut (36.25 – 49.83%). The
physical characterization of the extracted oil was also carried out.
The values gotten for refractive index are 1.487 (melon seed oil) and
1.361 (coconut oil) and viscosities are 0.008 (melon seed oil) and
0.002 (coconut oil). The chemical analysis of the extracted oils shows
acid value of 1.00mg NaOH/g oil (melon oil), 10.050mg NaOH/g oil
(coconut oil) and saponification value of 187.00mg/KOH (melon oil)
and 183.26mg/KOH (coconut oil). The iodine value of the melon oil
gave 75.00mg I2/g and 81.00mg I2/g for coconut oil. A standard
statistical package Minitab version 16.0 was used in the regression
analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The statistical software
mentioned above was also used to optimize the leaching process.
Both samples gave high oil yield at the same optimal conditions. The
optimal conditions to obtain highest oil yield ≥ 52% (melon seed)
and ≥ 48% (coconut seed) are solute - solvent ratio of 40g/ml,
leaching time of 2hours and leaching temperature of 50oC. The two
samples studied have potential of yielding oil with melon seed giving
the higher yield.