Post Elevated Temperature Effect on the Strength and Microstructure of Thin High Performance Cementitious Composites (THPCC)
Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures strengthened
with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) lack in thermal resistance under
elevated temperatures in the event of fire. This phenomenon led to
the lining of strengthened concrete with thin high performance
cementitious composites (THPCC) to protect the substrate against
elevated temperature. Elevated temperature effects on THPCC, based
on different cementitious materials have been studied in the past but
high-alumina cement (HAC)-based THPCC have not been well
characterized. This research study will focus on the THPCC based on
HAC replaced by 60%, 70%, 80% and 85% of ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS). Samples were evaluated by the
measurement of their mechanical strength (28 & 56 days of curing)
after exposed to 400°C, 600°C and 28°C of room temperature for
comparison and corroborated by their microstructure study. Results
showed that among all mixtures, the mix containing only HAC
showed the highest compressive strength after exposed to 600°C as
compared to other mixtures. However, the tensile strength of THPCC
made of HAC and 60% GGBS content was comparable to the
THPCC with HAC only after exposed to 600°C. Field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of THPCC
accompanying Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis
revealed that the microstructure deteriorated considerably after
exposure to elevated temperatures which led to the decrease in
mechanical strength.
[1] V. Kodur, F. Cheng, and T. Wang, "Effect of strength and fiber
reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns,"
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 253-259, 2003.
[2] S. Qazi, M. S. Hamidah, A. Ibrahim, S.F.A. Rafeeqi and S. Ahmad,
"State-of-the-art review- behaviour of thin high performance
cementitious composites (THPCC) at elevated temperatures," in 11th
International Conference on Concrete Engineering and Technology 2012
(CONCET-2012), 2012, pp. 83-89.
[3] L. Sarvaranta and E. Mikkola, "Fibre mortar composites under fire
conditions: effects of ageing and moisture content of specimens,"
Materials and Structures, pp. 532-538, 1994.
[4] M. M. Shoaib, S. A. Ahmed, and M. M. Balaha, "Effect of fire and
cooling mode on the properties of slag mortars," vol. 31, pp. 1533-1538,
2001.
[5] M. S. Cülfik and T. Özturan, "Effect of elevated temperatures on the
residual mechanical properties of high-performance mortar," Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 809-816, 2002.
[6] C. Leiva, L. Vilches, J. Vale, and C. Fernandezpereira, "Influence of the
type of ash on the fire resistance characteristics of ash-enriched
mortars," Fuel, vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 1433-1439, 2005.
[7] S. Aydin and B. Baradan, "Effect of pumice and fly ash incorporation on
high temperature resistance of cement based mortars," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 988-995, 2007.
[8] S. Aydin, "Development of a high-temperature-resistant mortar by using
slag and pumice," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 610-617, 2008.
[9] H. Wang, "The effects of elevated temperature on cement paste
containing GGBFS," Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, no. 10,
pp. 992-999, 2008.
[10] D. Bentz, M. Peltz, A. Duran-Herrera, P. Valdez, and C. Juarez,
"Thermal properties of high-volume fly ash mortars and concretes,"
Journal of Building Physics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 263-275, 2010.
[11] J. Formosa, J. M. Chimenos, A. M. Lacasta, L. Haurie, and J. R. Rosell,
"Novel fire-protecting mortars formulated with magnesium byproducts,"
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 191-196,
2011.
[12] J. P. Won, H.-B. Kang, S.-J. Lee, and J.-W. Kang, "Eco-friendly
fireproof high-strength polymer cementitious composites," Construction
and Building Materials, vol. 30, pp. 406-412, May 2012.
[13] S. Djaknoun, E. Ouedraogo, and A. Ahmed Benyahia, "Characterisation
of the behaviour of high performance mortar subjected to high
a
b
c
temperatures," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, pp.
176-186, 2012.
[14] R. K. Ibrahim, R. Hamid, and M. R. Taha, "Fire resistance of highvolume
fly ash mortars with nanosilica addition," Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 36, pp. 779-786, Nov. 2012.
[15] ASTM. Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement
pastes and mortars of plastic consistency ASTM C305-11. West
Conshocken (PA): ASTM International; 2011
[16] A. Ahmed, "Behavior of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams
under fire conditions," Michigan State University, Michigan, USA,
2010.
[17] ASTM. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens ASTM C39/C39M-10. West Conshocken (PA):
ASTM International; 2010
[18] ASTM. Standard Test Method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens ASTM C496/C496M-11. West Conshocken (PA):
ASTM International; 2011
[19] Y. Fu, F. Ding, and J. Beaudoin, "Temperature dependence of
compressive strength of conversion-inhibited high alumina cement
concrete," ACI materials journal, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 540-544, 1997.
[20] S. Diamond, "Reply to the discussion by S. Chatterji of the paper
"Hydration of C12A7 and Granulated Blast furnace Slag," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 11, p. 1655, Nov. 2001.
[21] A. Majumdar, B. Singh, and R. Edmonds, "Hydration of mixtures of
C12A7 and granulated blastfurnace slag," Cement and Concrete
Research, vol. 19, pp. 848-856, 1989.
[22] S. Martinović, M. Vlahović, J. Majstorović, and B. Matović, "Thermal
and mechanical properties of high alumina low cement castable," Metall.
Mater. Eng., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 53-65, 2011.
[23] H. G. Midgley and A. Midgley, "Conversion of high alumina cement,"
Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 27, no. 91, pp. 59-77, 1975.
[24] N. Ukrainczyk, J. ┼áipu┼íić, P. Dabić, T. Matusinović, ,
"Microcalorimetric study on calcium aluminate cement hydration," in
International conference on Materials, processes, friction and wear-
MATRIB-08, 2008, pp. 382-388.
[25] D. Madej, J. Szczerba, W. Nocuń-Wczelik, and R. Gajerski, "Hydration
of Ca7ZrAl6O18 phase," Ceramics International, vol. 38, no. 5, pp.
3821-3827, Jul. 2012.
[26] P. Myers, "Calcium Aluminate Hydrates - Phases and Structure of
Calcium Aluminate Hydrates," 2002.
[27] A. J. Majumdar, B. Singh, and R. N. Edmonds, "Hydration of mixtures
of ÔÇÿciment fondu- aluminous cement and granulated blast furnace slag,"
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 197-208, 1990.
[1] V. Kodur, F. Cheng, and T. Wang, "Effect of strength and fiber
reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns,"
Journal of Structural Engineering, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 253-259, 2003.
[2] S. Qazi, M. S. Hamidah, A. Ibrahim, S.F.A. Rafeeqi and S. Ahmad,
"State-of-the-art review- behaviour of thin high performance
cementitious composites (THPCC) at elevated temperatures," in 11th
International Conference on Concrete Engineering and Technology 2012
(CONCET-2012), 2012, pp. 83-89.
[3] L. Sarvaranta and E. Mikkola, "Fibre mortar composites under fire
conditions: effects of ageing and moisture content of specimens,"
Materials and Structures, pp. 532-538, 1994.
[4] M. M. Shoaib, S. A. Ahmed, and M. M. Balaha, "Effect of fire and
cooling mode on the properties of slag mortars," vol. 31, pp. 1533-1538,
2001.
[5] M. S. Cülfik and T. Özturan, "Effect of elevated temperatures on the
residual mechanical properties of high-performance mortar," Cement
and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 809-816, 2002.
[6] C. Leiva, L. Vilches, J. Vale, and C. Fernandezpereira, "Influence of the
type of ash on the fire resistance characteristics of ash-enriched
mortars," Fuel, vol. 84, no. 11, pp. 1433-1439, 2005.
[7] S. Aydin and B. Baradan, "Effect of pumice and fly ash incorporation on
high temperature resistance of cement based mortars," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 988-995, 2007.
[8] S. Aydin, "Development of a high-temperature-resistant mortar by using
slag and pumice," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 610-617, 2008.
[9] H. Wang, "The effects of elevated temperature on cement paste
containing GGBFS," Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, no. 10,
pp. 992-999, 2008.
[10] D. Bentz, M. Peltz, A. Duran-Herrera, P. Valdez, and C. Juarez,
"Thermal properties of high-volume fly ash mortars and concretes,"
Journal of Building Physics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 263-275, 2010.
[11] J. Formosa, J. M. Chimenos, A. M. Lacasta, L. Haurie, and J. R. Rosell,
"Novel fire-protecting mortars formulated with magnesium byproducts,"
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 191-196,
2011.
[12] J. P. Won, H.-B. Kang, S.-J. Lee, and J.-W. Kang, "Eco-friendly
fireproof high-strength polymer cementitious composites," Construction
and Building Materials, vol. 30, pp. 406-412, May 2012.
[13] S. Djaknoun, E. Ouedraogo, and A. Ahmed Benyahia, "Characterisation
of the behaviour of high performance mortar subjected to high
a
b
c
temperatures," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 28, no. 1, pp.
176-186, 2012.
[14] R. K. Ibrahim, R. Hamid, and M. R. Taha, "Fire resistance of highvolume
fly ash mortars with nanosilica addition," Construction and
Building Materials, vol. 36, pp. 779-786, Nov. 2012.
[15] ASTM. Standard practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement
pastes and mortars of plastic consistency ASTM C305-11. West
Conshocken (PA): ASTM International; 2011
[16] A. Ahmed, "Behavior of FRP-strengthened reinforced concrete beams
under fire conditions," Michigan State University, Michigan, USA,
2010.
[17] ASTM. Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens ASTM C39/C39M-10. West Conshocken (PA):
ASTM International; 2010
[18] ASTM. Standard Test Method for splitting tensile strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens ASTM C496/C496M-11. West Conshocken (PA):
ASTM International; 2011
[19] Y. Fu, F. Ding, and J. Beaudoin, "Temperature dependence of
compressive strength of conversion-inhibited high alumina cement
concrete," ACI materials journal, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 540-544, 1997.
[20] S. Diamond, "Reply to the discussion by S. Chatterji of the paper
"Hydration of C12A7 and Granulated Blast furnace Slag," Cement and
Concrete Research, vol. 31, no. 11, p. 1655, Nov. 2001.
[21] A. Majumdar, B. Singh, and R. Edmonds, "Hydration of mixtures of
C12A7 and granulated blastfurnace slag," Cement and Concrete
Research, vol. 19, pp. 848-856, 1989.
[22] S. Martinović, M. Vlahović, J. Majstorović, and B. Matović, "Thermal
and mechanical properties of high alumina low cement castable," Metall.
Mater. Eng., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 53-65, 2011.
[23] H. G. Midgley and A. Midgley, "Conversion of high alumina cement,"
Magazine of Concrete Research, vol. 27, no. 91, pp. 59-77, 1975.
[24] N. Ukrainczyk, J. ┼áipu┼íić, P. Dabić, T. Matusinović, ,
"Microcalorimetric study on calcium aluminate cement hydration," in
International conference on Materials, processes, friction and wear-
MATRIB-08, 2008, pp. 382-388.
[25] D. Madej, J. Szczerba, W. Nocuń-Wczelik, and R. Gajerski, "Hydration
of Ca7ZrAl6O18 phase," Ceramics International, vol. 38, no. 5, pp.
3821-3827, Jul. 2012.
[26] P. Myers, "Calcium Aluminate Hydrates - Phases and Structure of
Calcium Aluminate Hydrates," 2002.
[27] A. J. Majumdar, B. Singh, and R. N. Edmonds, "Hydration of mixtures
of ÔÇÿciment fondu- aluminous cement and granulated blast furnace slag,"
Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 197-208, 1990.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:59143", author = "A. Q. Sobia and A. Shyzleen and M. S. Hamidah and I. Azmi and S. F. A. Rafeeqi and S. Ahmad", title = "Post Elevated Temperature Effect on the Strength and Microstructure of Thin High Performance Cementitious Composites (THPCC)", abstract = "Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures strengthened
with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) lack in thermal resistance under
elevated temperatures in the event of fire. This phenomenon led to
the lining of strengthened concrete with thin high performance
cementitious composites (THPCC) to protect the substrate against
elevated temperature. Elevated temperature effects on THPCC, based
on different cementitious materials have been studied in the past but
high-alumina cement (HAC)-based THPCC have not been well
characterized. This research study will focus on the THPCC based on
HAC replaced by 60%, 70%, 80% and 85% of ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS). Samples were evaluated by the
measurement of their mechanical strength (28 & 56 days of curing)
after exposed to 400°C, 600°C and 28°C of room temperature for
comparison and corroborated by their microstructure study. Results
showed that among all mixtures, the mix containing only HAC
showed the highest compressive strength after exposed to 600°C as
compared to other mixtures. However, the tensile strength of THPCC
made of HAC and 60% GGBS content was comparable to the
THPCC with HAC only after exposed to 600°C. Field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of THPCC
accompanying Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis
revealed that the microstructure deteriorated considerably after
exposure to elevated temperatures which led to the decrease in
mechanical strength.", keywords = "Ground granulated blast furnace slag, high aluminacement, microstructure at elevated temperature and residual strength.", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "164-6", }
