Cold bitumen emulsion mixture (CBEM) offers a series benefits as compared with hot mix asphalt (HMA); these include environmental factors, energy saving, the resolution of logistical challenges that can characterise hot mix, and the potential to reserve funds. However, this mixture has some problems similar to any bituminous mixtures as it has low early strength, long curing time that needed to obtain the maximum performance, high air voids and considered inferior to HMA. Thus, CBEM has been used in limited applications such as lightly trafficked roads, footways and reinstatements. This laboratory study describes the development of CBEM using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) instead of the traditional mineral filler. Stiffness modulus, moisture damage and temperature sensitivity tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the produced mixtures. The study concluded that there is a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties and moisture damage resistance of CBEMs containing OPC. Also, the produced cement modified CBEM shows a considerable lower thermal sensitivity than the conventional CBEM.
hanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, A laboratory study of high-performance cold mix asphalt mixtures reinforced with natural and synthetic fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. 172: p. 166-175.
[2] Dulaimi, A., et al., New developments with cold asphalt concrete binder course mixtures containing binary blended cementitious filler (BBCF). Construction and Building Materials, 2016. 124: p. 414-423.
[3] Shanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, Predicting the rutting behaviour of natural fibre-reinforced cold mix asphalt using the finite element method. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. 167: p. 907-917.
[4] Ibrahim, H. and N. Thom, The Effect of Emulsion Aggregate Mixture Stiffness on Both Moisture and Pavement Design, in Proceeding of the 2nd European symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials. 1997, University of Leeds: University of Leeds.
[5] Brown, S.F. and D. Needham, A Study of Cement Modified Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures, in Annual Meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. 2000: United Kingdom.
[6] Thanaya, I.N.A., Improving The Performance of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs) Incorporating Waste Materials, in School of Civil Engineering. 2003, The University of Leeds: Leeds, United Kingdom.
[7] Thanaya, I.N.A., Review and Recommendation of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures (CAEMs) Design. Civil Engineering Dimension, 2007. 9(No. 1): p. 49-56.
[8] Khalid, H.A. and K.E. Eta, Structural Support Values for Emulsified Bitumen Macadams in Highway Reinstatement, in The 2nd European Symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials. 1997, Aedificatio Publishers, Zurich: University of Leeds. p. 307- 326.
[9] Chávez-Valencia, L.E., et al., Improving the compressive strengths of cold-mix asphalt using asphalt emulsion modified by polyvinyl acetate. Construction and Building Materials, 2007. 21(3): p. 583-589.
[10] Xu, S.F.X., et al., Mixture Design and Performance Evaluation of Cold Asphalt Mixture Using Polymer Modified Emulsion. Advanced Materials Research, 2015. 1065-1069: p. 760-765.
[11] O’Flaherty, C.A., Highways the Location, Design, Construction and Maintanance of Road Pavements. 2007, Butterworth Heinemann, USA.
[12] Terrel, R.L. and C.K. Wang, Early curing behavior of cement modified asphalt emulsion mixtures, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1971, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 108-125.
[13] Schmidt, R.J., L.E. Santucci, and L.D. Coyne, Performance characteristics of cement-modified asphalt emulsion mixes, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1973, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 300–319.
[14] Head, R.W., An informal report of cold mix research using emulsified asphalt as a binder, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1974, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 110-131.
[15] Dardak, H., Performance of different mixes of sand emulsion in Indonesia, in 1st World Congress on Emulsion. 1993: Paris. p. 4-12.
[16] Li, G., et al., Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998. 28(5): p. 635-641.
[17] Oruc, S., F. Celik, and A. Aksoy, Performance of cement modified dense graded cold-mix asphalt and establishing mathematical model. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 2006. 13.
[18] Oruc, S., F. Celik, and M.V. Akpinar, Effect of Cement on Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2007. 16(5): p. 578-583.
[19] Wang, Z. and A. Sha, Micro hardness of interface between cement asphalt emulsion mastics and aggregates. Materials and Structures, 2010. 43(4): p. 453-461.
[20] García, A., et al., Influence of cement content and environmental humidity on asphalt emulsion and cement composites performance. Materials and Structures, 2013. 46(8): p. 1275-1289.
[21] Al-Hdabi, A., et al., Development of Sustainable Cold Rolled Surface Course Asphalt Mixtures Using Waste Fly Ash and Silica Fume. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2014. 26(3): p. 536-543.
[22] Fang, X., et al., Impact of rapid-hardening cements on mechanical properties of cement bitumen emulsion asphalt. Materials and Structures, 2016. 49(1-2): p. 487-498.
[23] European Committee for Standardization - Part 1, BS EN 933-1: Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates: Determination of particle size distribution — Sieving method, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2012.
[24] Shanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, Improving the Mechanical Properties of Cold Mix Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced by Natural and Synthetic Fibers, in International Conference on Highway Pavements & airfield Technology. 2017, ASCE: Philadelphia, USA. p. 102-111.
[25] European Committee for Standardization - Part 26, BS EN 12697: Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt- stiffness, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2012.
[26] Shanbara, H.K., et al. The Linear Elastic Analysis of Cold Mix Asphalt by Using Finite Element Modeling. in The Second BUiD Doctoral Research Conference. 2016. Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
[27] Read, J. and D. Whiteoak, The Shell Bitumen Handbook. 2003, 5th Edition, London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing.
[28] European Committee for Standardization - Part 12, BS EN 12697: Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt-determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2008.
[29] Asphalt Institute, Asphalt Cold Mix Manual, Manual Series No. 14 (MS-14), 3rd Edition, Lexington, Kentucky 4, USA. 1989.
[30] Al-Busaltan, S., et al., Green Bituminous Asphalt relevant for highway and airfield pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 2012. 31: p. 243-250.
[31] Dulaimi, A., et al., High performance cold asphalt concrete mixture for binder course using alkali-activated binary blended cementitious filler. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 141: p. 160-170.
hanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, A laboratory study of high-performance cold mix asphalt mixtures reinforced with natural and synthetic fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. 172: p. 166-175.
[2] Dulaimi, A., et al., New developments with cold asphalt concrete binder course mixtures containing binary blended cementitious filler (BBCF). Construction and Building Materials, 2016. 124: p. 414-423.
[3] Shanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, Predicting the rutting behaviour of natural fibre-reinforced cold mix asphalt using the finite element method. Construction and Building Materials, 2018. 167: p. 907-917.
[4] Ibrahim, H. and N. Thom, The Effect of Emulsion Aggregate Mixture Stiffness on Both Moisture and Pavement Design, in Proceeding of the 2nd European symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials. 1997, University of Leeds: University of Leeds.
[5] Brown, S.F. and D. Needham, A Study of Cement Modified Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures, in Annual Meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists. 2000: United Kingdom.
[6] Thanaya, I.N.A., Improving The Performance of Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs) Incorporating Waste Materials, in School of Civil Engineering. 2003, The University of Leeds: Leeds, United Kingdom.
[7] Thanaya, I.N.A., Review and Recommendation of Cold Asphalt Emulsion Mixtures (CAEMs) Design. Civil Engineering Dimension, 2007. 9(No. 1): p. 49-56.
[8] Khalid, H.A. and K.E. Eta, Structural Support Values for Emulsified Bitumen Macadams in Highway Reinstatement, in The 2nd European Symposium on Performance and Durability of Bituminous Materials. 1997, Aedificatio Publishers, Zurich: University of Leeds. p. 307- 326.
[9] Chávez-Valencia, L.E., et al., Improving the compressive strengths of cold-mix asphalt using asphalt emulsion modified by polyvinyl acetate. Construction and Building Materials, 2007. 21(3): p. 583-589.
[10] Xu, S.F.X., et al., Mixture Design and Performance Evaluation of Cold Asphalt Mixture Using Polymer Modified Emulsion. Advanced Materials Research, 2015. 1065-1069: p. 760-765.
[11] O’Flaherty, C.A., Highways the Location, Design, Construction and Maintanance of Road Pavements. 2007, Butterworth Heinemann, USA.
[12] Terrel, R.L. and C.K. Wang, Early curing behavior of cement modified asphalt emulsion mixtures, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1971, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 108-125.
[13] Schmidt, R.J., L.E. Santucci, and L.D. Coyne, Performance characteristics of cement-modified asphalt emulsion mixes, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1973, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 300–319.
[14] Head, R.W., An informal report of cold mix research using emulsified asphalt as a binder, in Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (AAPT) Conference. 1974, Transportation Research Board: Washington, USA. p. 110-131.
[15] Dardak, H., Performance of different mixes of sand emulsion in Indonesia, in 1st World Congress on Emulsion. 1993: Paris. p. 4-12.
[16] Li, G., et al., Experimental study of cement-asphalt emulsion composite. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998. 28(5): p. 635-641.
[17] Oruc, S., F. Celik, and A. Aksoy, Performance of cement modified dense graded cold-mix asphalt and establishing mathematical model. Indian Journal of Engineering & Materials Sciences, 2006. 13.
[18] Oruc, S., F. Celik, and M.V. Akpinar, Effect of Cement on Emulsified Asphalt Mixtures. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2007. 16(5): p. 578-583.
[19] Wang, Z. and A. Sha, Micro hardness of interface between cement asphalt emulsion mastics and aggregates. Materials and Structures, 2010. 43(4): p. 453-461.
[20] García, A., et al., Influence of cement content and environmental humidity on asphalt emulsion and cement composites performance. Materials and Structures, 2013. 46(8): p. 1275-1289.
[21] Al-Hdabi, A., et al., Development of Sustainable Cold Rolled Surface Course Asphalt Mixtures Using Waste Fly Ash and Silica Fume. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2014. 26(3): p. 536-543.
[22] Fang, X., et al., Impact of rapid-hardening cements on mechanical properties of cement bitumen emulsion asphalt. Materials and Structures, 2016. 49(1-2): p. 487-498.
[23] European Committee for Standardization - Part 1, BS EN 933-1: Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates: Determination of particle size distribution — Sieving method, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2012.
[24] Shanbara, H.K., F. Ruddock, and W. Atherton, Improving the Mechanical Properties of Cold Mix Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced by Natural and Synthetic Fibers, in International Conference on Highway Pavements & airfield Technology. 2017, ASCE: Philadelphia, USA. p. 102-111.
[25] European Committee for Standardization - Part 26, BS EN 12697: Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt- stiffness, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2012.
[26] Shanbara, H.K., et al. The Linear Elastic Analysis of Cold Mix Asphalt by Using Finite Element Modeling. in The Second BUiD Doctoral Research Conference. 2016. Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
[27] Read, J. and D. Whiteoak, The Shell Bitumen Handbook. 2003, 5th Edition, London, UK: Thomas Telford Publishing.
[28] European Committee for Standardization - Part 12, BS EN 12697: Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt-determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens, British Standards Institution, London, UK. 2008.
[29] Asphalt Institute, Asphalt Cold Mix Manual, Manual Series No. 14 (MS-14), 3rd Edition, Lexington, Kentucky 4, USA. 1989.
[30] Al-Busaltan, S., et al., Green Bituminous Asphalt relevant for highway and airfield pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 2012. 31: p. 243-250.
[31] Dulaimi, A., et al., High performance cold asphalt concrete mixture for binder course using alkali-activated binary blended cementitious filler. Construction and Building Materials, 2017. 141: p. 160-170.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:77693", author = "Hayder Kamil Shanbara and Felicite Ruddock and William Atherton and Nassier A. Nassir", title = "Mechanical Properties of Ordinary Portland Cement Modified Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixture", abstract = "Cold bitumen emulsion mixture (CBEM) offers a series benefits as compared with hot mix asphalt (HMA); these include environmental factors, energy saving, the resolution of logistical challenges that can characterise hot mix, and the potential to reserve funds. However, this mixture has some problems similar to any bituminous mixtures as it has low early strength, long curing time that needed to obtain the maximum performance, high air voids and considered inferior to HMA. Thus, CBEM has been used in limited applications such as lightly trafficked roads, footways and reinstatements. This laboratory study describes the development of CBEM using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) instead of the traditional mineral filler. Stiffness modulus, moisture damage and temperature sensitivity tests were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the produced mixtures. The study concluded that there is a substantial improvement in the mechanical properties and moisture damage resistance of CBEMs containing OPC. Also, the produced cement modified CBEM shows a considerable lower thermal sensitivity than the conventional CBEM.
", keywords = "Cold bitumen emulsion mixture, moisture damage, OPC, stiffness modulus, temperature sensitivity.", volume = "12", number = "5", pages = "576-6", }
