Development and Usability Evaluation of Platform Independent Mobile Learning Tool(M-LT)
Mobile learning (M-learning) integrates mobile
devices and wireless computing technology to enhance the current
conventional learning system. However, there are constraints which
are affecting the implementation of platform and device independent
M-learning. The main aim of this research is to fulfill the following
main objectives: to develop platform independent mobile learning
tool (M-LT) for structured programming course, and evaluate its
effectiveness and usability using ADDIE instructional design model
(ISD) as M-LT life cycle. J2ME (Java 2 micro edition) and XML
(Extensible Markup Language) were used to develop platform
independent M-LT. It has two modules lecture materials and quizzes.
This study used Quasi experimental design to measure effectiveness
of the tool. Meanwhile, questionnaire is used to evaluate the usability
of the tool. Finally, the results show that the system was effective and
also usability evaluation was positive.
[1] Evgeniya Georgieva, Angel Smrikarov, and T. Georgiev, "A general
classification of mobile learning systems," 2005.
[2] Razieh Niazi and Q. H. Mahmoud, "Design and Development of a
Device-Independent System for Mobile Learning," IEEE
Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine, vol. 3, No. 3,
September 2008, 2008.
[3] Anna Trifonova and M. Ronchetti, "Design and Development
Approaches for Creating a Mobile Learning System - Mobile ELDIT,"
2004.
[4] Han Joon Kim, Jong Kyu Choi, and Y. Ji, "Usability Evaluation
Framework for Ubiquitous Computing Device," 2008, pp. 164-170.
[5] ISO, "9241-11 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual
display terminals (VDTs). Part, 1998. 11."
[6] L. F. Motiwalla, "Mobile learning: A framework and evaluation,"
Computers & Education, vol. 49, pp. 581-596, 2007.
[7] L. Chi-Hong and C. Yuen-Yan, "Mobile learning: a new paradigm in
electronic learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies, 2003.
Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE International Conference on, 2003, pp. 76-
80.
[8] R. Niazi, "Designing and Implementation of a device-Independent
Platform for mobile learning " Thesis, November 24, 2009 2007.
[9] Aleksander Dye and T. Rekkedal, "Enhancing the flexibility of distance
education through mobile learning," 2002, p. 2002.
[10] J. Attewell, "Mobile technologies and learning," London: Learning and
Skills Development Agency, 2005.
[11] Laura Naismith, Peter Lonsdale, Giasemi Vavoula, and M. Sharples,
"Literature review in mobile technologies and learning," NESTA
Futurelab Series, 2005.
[12] M. Meisenberger and A. K. Nischelwitzer, "The mobile learning engine
(MLE)-a mobile, computer-aided, multimedia-based learning
application," 2004.
[13] Franz Lehner and H. Nösekabel, "The Role Of Mobile Devices In ELearningÔÇö
First Experiences With A Wireless E-Learning
Environment," 2002.
[14] Devinder Singh and Z. A.B, "Mobile Learning In Wireless Classrooms,"
Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT), vol.
Vol. 3, No.2, pp 26-42, August 2006.
[15] Tan-Hsu Tan and T.-Y. Liu, "The mobile-based interactive learning
environment (MOBILE) and a case study for assisting elementary
school English learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies, 2004.
Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on, 2004, pp. 530-534.
[16] Joana Cruz e Costa, Timo Ojala, and J. Korhonen, "Mobile Lecture
Interaction: Making Technology and Learning Click."
[17] Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, Ahmad Kamil Mahmud, Ahmad
Izuddin Zainal Abidin, and M. A. Rahman, "M-Learning Management
Tool Development in Campus-Wide Environment," Issues in Informing
Science & Information Technology, vol. 3, pp. 423-434, 2006.
[18] Rosen S. Ivanov and M. B. Momchedjikov, "Mobile Learning and
Testing With Java-enabled Phones," http://kst.tugab.bg/Documents/RIvanov_
statii/7.pdf.
[19] Robert Reiser and J. V. Dempsey, "Trends and Issues in Instructional
Design and Technology (2nd Edition) " Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
[20] L. a. C. B. Cher Ping, Lee, "Mediating E-Discussions with WAP
Technology: The Experience of the National Institute of Education,"
Journal of Instructional Science and Technology, 5(1), 2002.
[21] P. Seppälä and H. Alamäki, "Mobile learning in teacher training,"
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 19, pp. 330-335, 2003.
[22] G. Giunta, "Student Use of Mobile Learning in Italy. Technical report,
Department of Education Science, University of Rome, Italy " 2002.
[23] Judy Roberts, Naomi Beke, Katharine Janzen, Dawn Mercer, and E.
Soetaert, "Harvesting fragments of time: Mobile learning pilot project,"
Final Report, May, vol. 1, p. 2003, 2003.
[24] Mike Sharples, Dan Corlett, and O. Westmancott, "The design and
implementation of a mobile learning resource," Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, vol. 6, p. 234, 2002.
[25] H. Ketamo, "mLearning for Kindergarten? s Mathematics Teaching,"
2002.
[26] Deborah Tatar, Jeremy Roschelle, Phil Vahey, and W. R. Penuel, "
Handhelds Go To School: Lessons Learned. IEEE Computer, 36(9), 30-
37.," 2003.
[27] Umer Farooq, Wendy Schafer, Mary Beth Rosson, and J. M. Carroll,
"M-education: bridging the gap of mobile and desktop computing,"
2002, pp. 91-94.
[28] Yuen-Yan Chan, Chi-Hong Leung, Albert K. W. Wu, Suk-Ching
ChanChi-Hong, and Leung, "MobiLP: a mobile learning platform for
enhancing lifewide learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies,
2003. Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE International Conference on, 2003, p.
457.
[29] D. Zhang and B. Adipat, "Challenges, methodologies, and issues in the
usability testing of mobile applications," International Journal of
Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 18, pp. 293-308, 2005.
[30] E. T. Beck, M. K. Christiansen, J. Kjeldskov, N. Kolbe, and J. Stage,
"Experimental evaluation of techniques for usability testing of mobile
systems in a laboratory setting," 2003, pp. 106-115.
[31] Arman Danesh, Kori Inkpen, Felix Lau, Keith Shu, and K. Booth,
"GeneyTM: designing a collaborative activity for the palmTM handheld
computer," 2001, pp. 388-395.
[32] G. Öquist and M. Goldstein, "Towards an improved readability on
mobile devices: evaluating adaptive rapid serial visual presentation,"
Interacting with Computers, vol. 15, pp. 539-558, 2003.
[33] A. Parush and N. Yuviler-Gavish, "Web navigation structures in cellular
phones: the depth/breadth trade-off issue," International Journal of
Human-Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp. 753-770, 2004.
[34] Paul U. Lee and S. Zhai, "Top-down learning strategies: can they
facilitate stylus keyboard learning?* 1," International Journal of Human-
Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp. 585-598, 2004.
[35] D. Zhang, "Delivery of personalized and adaptive content to mobile
devices: a framework and enabling technology," Communications of the
Association for Information Systems, vol. 12, p. 13, 2003.
[36] John Christiea, Raymond M. Kleina, and C. Wattersb, "A comparison of
simple hierarchy and grid metaphors for option layouts on small-size
screens," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp.
564-584, 2004.
[37] M. Ziefle, "The influence of user expertise and phone complexity on
performance, ease of use and learnability of different mobile phones,"
Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 21, pp. 303-311, 2002.
[38] Luca Chittaro and P. D. Cin, "Evaluating interface design choices on
wap phones: Navigation and selection," Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, vol. 6, pp. 237-244, 2002.
[39] Sahilu Wendeson, Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad, and N. S. Haron,
"University Students Awareness on M-Learning," World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 62, 2010.
[40] Sahilu Wendeson, Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad, and N. S. Haron,
"Platform Independent Mobile Learning Tool (M-LT," International
Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 19, pp. 32-38, 2011.
[41] Statistics and Tutorial, "(Stat Trek Teach yourself statistics) "
(http://stattrek.com/Lesson5/HypothesisTesting.aspx), vol. [10
September 2010].
[42] U. Sekaran, Research methods for business: A skill building approach:
Wiley-India, 2009.
[1] Evgeniya Georgieva, Angel Smrikarov, and T. Georgiev, "A general
classification of mobile learning systems," 2005.
[2] Razieh Niazi and Q. H. Mahmoud, "Design and Development of a
Device-Independent System for Mobile Learning," IEEE
Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Magazine, vol. 3, No. 3,
September 2008, 2008.
[3] Anna Trifonova and M. Ronchetti, "Design and Development
Approaches for Creating a Mobile Learning System - Mobile ELDIT,"
2004.
[4] Han Joon Kim, Jong Kyu Choi, and Y. Ji, "Usability Evaluation
Framework for Ubiquitous Computing Device," 2008, pp. 164-170.
[5] ISO, "9241-11 Ergonomic requirements for office work with visual
display terminals (VDTs). Part, 1998. 11."
[6] L. F. Motiwalla, "Mobile learning: A framework and evaluation,"
Computers & Education, vol. 49, pp. 581-596, 2007.
[7] L. Chi-Hong and C. Yuen-Yan, "Mobile learning: a new paradigm in
electronic learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies, 2003.
Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE International Conference on, 2003, pp. 76-
80.
[8] R. Niazi, "Designing and Implementation of a device-Independent
Platform for mobile learning " Thesis, November 24, 2009 2007.
[9] Aleksander Dye and T. Rekkedal, "Enhancing the flexibility of distance
education through mobile learning," 2002, p. 2002.
[10] J. Attewell, "Mobile technologies and learning," London: Learning and
Skills Development Agency, 2005.
[11] Laura Naismith, Peter Lonsdale, Giasemi Vavoula, and M. Sharples,
"Literature review in mobile technologies and learning," NESTA
Futurelab Series, 2005.
[12] M. Meisenberger and A. K. Nischelwitzer, "The mobile learning engine
(MLE)-a mobile, computer-aided, multimedia-based learning
application," 2004.
[13] Franz Lehner and H. Nösekabel, "The Role Of Mobile Devices In ELearningÔÇö
First Experiences With A Wireless E-Learning
Environment," 2002.
[14] Devinder Singh and Z. A.B, "Mobile Learning In Wireless Classrooms,"
Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT), vol.
Vol. 3, No.2, pp 26-42, August 2006.
[15] Tan-Hsu Tan and T.-Y. Liu, "The mobile-based interactive learning
environment (MOBILE) and a case study for assisting elementary
school English learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies, 2004.
Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on, 2004, pp. 530-534.
[16] Joana Cruz e Costa, Timo Ojala, and J. Korhonen, "Mobile Lecture
Interaction: Making Technology and Learning Click."
[17] Anang Hudaya Muhamad Amin, Ahmad Kamil Mahmud, Ahmad
Izuddin Zainal Abidin, and M. A. Rahman, "M-Learning Management
Tool Development in Campus-Wide Environment," Issues in Informing
Science & Information Technology, vol. 3, pp. 423-434, 2006.
[18] Rosen S. Ivanov and M. B. Momchedjikov, "Mobile Learning and
Testing With Java-enabled Phones," http://kst.tugab.bg/Documents/RIvanov_
statii/7.pdf.
[19] Robert Reiser and J. V. Dempsey, "Trends and Issues in Instructional
Design and Technology (2nd Edition) " Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Education, Inc., 2007.
[20] L. a. C. B. Cher Ping, Lee, "Mediating E-Discussions with WAP
Technology: The Experience of the National Institute of Education,"
Journal of Instructional Science and Technology, 5(1), 2002.
[21] P. Seppälä and H. Alamäki, "Mobile learning in teacher training,"
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, vol. 19, pp. 330-335, 2003.
[22] G. Giunta, "Student Use of Mobile Learning in Italy. Technical report,
Department of Education Science, University of Rome, Italy " 2002.
[23] Judy Roberts, Naomi Beke, Katharine Janzen, Dawn Mercer, and E.
Soetaert, "Harvesting fragments of time: Mobile learning pilot project,"
Final Report, May, vol. 1, p. 2003, 2003.
[24] Mike Sharples, Dan Corlett, and O. Westmancott, "The design and
implementation of a mobile learning resource," Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, vol. 6, p. 234, 2002.
[25] H. Ketamo, "mLearning for Kindergarten? s Mathematics Teaching,"
2002.
[26] Deborah Tatar, Jeremy Roschelle, Phil Vahey, and W. R. Penuel, "
Handhelds Go To School: Lessons Learned. IEEE Computer, 36(9), 30-
37.," 2003.
[27] Umer Farooq, Wendy Schafer, Mary Beth Rosson, and J. M. Carroll,
"M-education: bridging the gap of mobile and desktop computing,"
2002, pp. 91-94.
[28] Yuen-Yan Chan, Chi-Hong Leung, Albert K. W. Wu, Suk-Ching
ChanChi-Hong, and Leung, "MobiLP: a mobile learning platform for
enhancing lifewide learning," in Advanced Learning Technologies,
2003. Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE International Conference on, 2003, p.
457.
[29] D. Zhang and B. Adipat, "Challenges, methodologies, and issues in the
usability testing of mobile applications," International Journal of
Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 18, pp. 293-308, 2005.
[30] E. T. Beck, M. K. Christiansen, J. Kjeldskov, N. Kolbe, and J. Stage,
"Experimental evaluation of techniques for usability testing of mobile
systems in a laboratory setting," 2003, pp. 106-115.
[31] Arman Danesh, Kori Inkpen, Felix Lau, Keith Shu, and K. Booth,
"GeneyTM: designing a collaborative activity for the palmTM handheld
computer," 2001, pp. 388-395.
[32] G. Öquist and M. Goldstein, "Towards an improved readability on
mobile devices: evaluating adaptive rapid serial visual presentation,"
Interacting with Computers, vol. 15, pp. 539-558, 2003.
[33] A. Parush and N. Yuviler-Gavish, "Web navigation structures in cellular
phones: the depth/breadth trade-off issue," International Journal of
Human-Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp. 753-770, 2004.
[34] Paul U. Lee and S. Zhai, "Top-down learning strategies: can they
facilitate stylus keyboard learning?* 1," International Journal of Human-
Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp. 585-598, 2004.
[35] D. Zhang, "Delivery of personalized and adaptive content to mobile
devices: a framework and enabling technology," Communications of the
Association for Information Systems, vol. 12, p. 13, 2003.
[36] John Christiea, Raymond M. Kleina, and C. Wattersb, "A comparison of
simple hierarchy and grid metaphors for option layouts on small-size
screens," International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol. 60, pp.
564-584, 2004.
[37] M. Ziefle, "The influence of user expertise and phone complexity on
performance, ease of use and learnability of different mobile phones,"
Behaviour & Information Technology, vol. 21, pp. 303-311, 2002.
[38] Luca Chittaro and P. D. Cin, "Evaluating interface design choices on
wap phones: Navigation and selection," Personal and Ubiquitous
Computing, vol. 6, pp. 237-244, 2002.
[39] Sahilu Wendeson, Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad, and N. S. Haron,
"University Students Awareness on M-Learning," World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 62, 2010.
[40] Sahilu Wendeson, Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad, and N. S. Haron,
"Platform Independent Mobile Learning Tool (M-LT," International
Journal of Computer Applications, vol. 19, pp. 32-38, 2011.
[41] Statistics and Tutorial, "(Stat Trek Teach yourself statistics) "
(http://stattrek.com/Lesson5/HypothesisTesting.aspx), vol. [10
September 2010].
[42] U. Sekaran, Research methods for business: A skill building approach:
Wiley-India, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:64410", author = "Sahilu Wendeson Sahilu and Wan Fatimah Wan Ahmad and Nazleeni Samiha Haron", title = "Development and Usability Evaluation of Platform Independent Mobile Learning Tool(M-LT)", abstract = "Mobile learning (M-learning) integrates mobile
devices and wireless computing technology to enhance the current
conventional learning system. However, there are constraints which
are affecting the implementation of platform and device independent
M-learning. The main aim of this research is to fulfill the following
main objectives: to develop platform independent mobile learning
tool (M-LT) for structured programming course, and evaluate its
effectiveness and usability using ADDIE instructional design model
(ISD) as M-LT life cycle. J2ME (Java 2 micro edition) and XML
(Extensible Markup Language) were used to develop platform
independent M-LT. It has two modules lecture materials and quizzes.
This study used Quasi experimental design to measure effectiveness
of the tool. Meanwhile, questionnaire is used to evaluate the usability
of the tool. Finally, the results show that the system was effective and
also usability evaluation was positive.", keywords = "ADDIE, Conventional learning, ISD, J2ME, Mlearning,Quasi Experiment, Wireless Technology, XML", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "961-12", }
