Building Facade Study in Lahijan City, Iran: The Impact of Facade's Visual Elements on Historical Image
Buildings are considered as significant part in the
cities, which plays main role in organization and arrangement of city
appearance, which is affects image of that building facades, as an
connective between inner and outer space, have a main role in city
image and they are classified as rich image and poor image by people
evaluation which related to visual architectural and urban elements in
building facades. the buildings in Karimi street , in Lahijan city
where, lies in north of Iran, contain the variety of building's facade
types which, have made a city image in Historical part of Lahijan
city, while reflected the Iranian cities identity. The study attempt to
identify the architectural and urban elements that impression the
image of building facades in historical area, based on public
evaluation. Quantitative method were used and the data was collected
through questionnaire survey, the result presented architectural style,
color, shape, and design evaluated by people as most important factor
which should be understate in future development. in fact, the rich
architectural style with strong design make strong city image as weak
design make poor city image.
[1] Kong, L. and Yeoh, B, "The Meaning and Making of Place: Exploring
History, Community, and Identity", 2004, Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from
http;//profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geokong1/ intro.pdf.
[2] Huxtable, A. L, "Building Façade", 2004,.Retrieved 15 Feb, 2007, from
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/communityresearch/facade_remodeling.ht
m.
[3] Hayashi, T, "Lasname Track and Field Centre: Façade. MAJA,
Estonianl, 2004.
[4] Askari, A, "Public Evaluation of Historical Building Facades in the
Vicinity of Dataran Merdaka", Kuala Lampur. Journal of design and
built environment Vol.5, December 2009,pp.49-59
[5] Huxtable, A. L, "Building Façade", 2004, Retrieved 15 Feb, 2007, from
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/communityresearch/facade_remodeling.ht
m.
[6] Moughtin, C., Oc, T., and Tiesdell, S, "Urban Design: Ornament and
Decoration", Great Britain: Butterworth Architecture Press, 1995.
[7] Abu-Ghazzeh T, "Signs, advertising and the imageability of buildings: A
perceptual selection in the view from the street in Amman, Jordan",
Habitat International, 1997, 21(2), 255-267.
[8] Brown, G., Gifford, R, "Architects Predict Lay Evaluations of Large
Contemporary Buildings: Whose Conceptual Properties?", Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 2001, 21(1): 93-99
[9] Imamoglu, Ç, "Complexity, Preference and Familiarity: Architecture
and Non architecture Turkish Students- Assessments of Traditional and
Modern House Façades", Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2000,
20(1): 5-16.
[10] Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J. A, "An Approach to Environmental
Psychology", Cambridge, MA, 1974.
[11] Akalin, A., Yildirim, K., Wilson, CH., and Kilicoglu, O,
"Architecture and Engineering Students- Evaluations of House
Façades: Preference, Complexity and Impressiveness", Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 2009, 29(1): 124-132
[12] Frewald, D. B, "Preferences for Older Buildings: A Psychological
Approach to Architectural Design", Journal of Dissertation Abstracts
International, 1990, 51(1-B): 414-415
[13] Hui, C. V, "Evaluation of the Façade of Building in the "type 1
Residential Area" of the 7th Land Consideration District in Taichung
City", Unpublished master Thesis, University of Science and
Technology of China, China, 2007.
[14] Karaman, A, "Defining the Regional Identity: Conceptual Parameter of
Urban Morphology", 2005, Retrieved 9 December 2007, from
http://www.neduet.edu. pk/arch- j o u r n a l / j r a p - 2 0 0 1 / W e b -
jrap%202001%20article3.pdf
[15] Swirnoff, L. "The Visual Environment: Consider the Surface, Journal of
the Environmentalist, 1982, 2(3): 217-222.
[16] Coeterier, J. F, "Lay People-s Evaluation of Historic Sites", Journal of
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 59(2): 111-123
[17] Walmsley, D J and Young, M , "Evaluative images and tourism: the use
of personal construct to describe the structure of destination images",
Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 36, 65-69.
[18] Beerli, A., and MartÛ'n, J. D, "Factors Influencing Destination Image",
Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(3): 657-681
[19] Devlin, K., and Nasar, J. L, "The Beauty and the Beast: Some
Preliminary Comparisons of "High" Versus "Popular" Residencial
Architectural and Public Versus Architect Judgments", Journal of
Environment Psychology, 1989, 9(4), 333-344
[20] Cubukcu, E., and Kahraman, I, "Hue, Saturation, Lightness, and
Building Exterior Preference: An Empirical Study in Turkey Comparing
Architects- and Non architects- Evaluative and Cognitive Judgments",
Journal of Color Research & Application, 2008, 33(5): 395 - 405
[21] Russell, J A and Pratt, G , "A description of the affective quality
attributed to environments", Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 1980, 38 (2) 311-322
[22] Berlyne, D. E. "Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics". New York:
Wiley, 1974.
[23] Kaplan, R. "Employees- reaction to nearby nature at their workplace:
The wild and Tame" Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 82: 17-24.
[24] Moula, F, "Preferences towards interior public spaces at shopping
malls. Serdang", 2009.
[25] Lekagul, A, "Toward preservation of the traditional marketplace: A
preference study of traditional and modern shopping environments in
Bangkok Thailand" Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, USA, 2002.
[26] Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. and Ryan, R. L, "With People in Mind: Design
and Management of Everyday Nature". Washington D.C. & Califrornia:
Island Press, 1998.
[27] Kaplan, S, "An Informal Model for the Prediction of Preference. In
E.H. Zube, R.O. Brush and J.G. Fabos. Landscape Assessment: Value,
Perceptions, and Resources. (pp. 92-101)". Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania:
Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc, 1975.
[28] Polakowski, K. J,"Landscape Assessment of the Upper Great Lakes
Basin Resources: A Macro-Geomorphic and Micro-Composition
Analysis. In E.H. Zube, R.O. Brush and J.G. Fabos. Landscape
Assessment: Value, Perceptions, and Resources. (pp. 203-219).
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc, 1975.
[29] Oppenheim, A, "Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude
Measurement", London: Pinter, 1992.
[30] Bo'ed Technique consultant engineering, Lahijan Comprehensive master
plan, 2004.
[31] Nancy L. Kondraski, MS, RD; 1 Nancy S. Wellman, PHD, RD, Fada; 2
Daniel R. Amundson3 , Content Analysis: Review of Methods and
Their Applications in Nutrition Education ,Holy Cross Hospital, Fort
Lauderdale, Florida 33308; 2 National Policy and Resource Center on
Nutrition and Aging, College of Health and Urban Affairs, Florida
International University, Miami, Florida 33199; 3 Center for Media &
Public Affairs, Washington, DC 20037
[32] Smith M, Heady RB, Hamilton JB, Phillips Carson P. SWIFT: a
software program for the analysis of written comments. J Educ Bus.
1996; 71:354-358.
[1] Kong, L. and Yeoh, B, "The Meaning and Making of Place: Exploring
History, Community, and Identity", 2004, Retrieved 7 April, 2007, from
http;//profile.nus.edu.sg/fass/geokong1/ intro.pdf.
[2] Huxtable, A. L, "Building Façade", 2004,.Retrieved 15 Feb, 2007, from
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/communityresearch/facade_remodeling.ht
m.
[3] Hayashi, T, "Lasname Track and Field Centre: Façade. MAJA,
Estonianl, 2004.
[4] Askari, A, "Public Evaluation of Historical Building Facades in the
Vicinity of Dataran Merdaka", Kuala Lampur. Journal of design and
built environment Vol.5, December 2009,pp.49-59
[5] Huxtable, A. L, "Building Façade", 2004, Retrieved 15 Feb, 2007, from
http://www.class.uidaho.edu/communityresearch/facade_remodeling.ht
m.
[6] Moughtin, C., Oc, T., and Tiesdell, S, "Urban Design: Ornament and
Decoration", Great Britain: Butterworth Architecture Press, 1995.
[7] Abu-Ghazzeh T, "Signs, advertising and the imageability of buildings: A
perceptual selection in the view from the street in Amman, Jordan",
Habitat International, 1997, 21(2), 255-267.
[8] Brown, G., Gifford, R, "Architects Predict Lay Evaluations of Large
Contemporary Buildings: Whose Conceptual Properties?", Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 2001, 21(1): 93-99
[9] Imamoglu, Ç, "Complexity, Preference and Familiarity: Architecture
and Non architecture Turkish Students- Assessments of Traditional and
Modern House Façades", Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2000,
20(1): 5-16.
[10] Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J. A, "An Approach to Environmental
Psychology", Cambridge, MA, 1974.
[11] Akalin, A., Yildirim, K., Wilson, CH., and Kilicoglu, O,
"Architecture and Engineering Students- Evaluations of House
Façades: Preference, Complexity and Impressiveness", Journal of
Environmental Psychology, 2009, 29(1): 124-132
[12] Frewald, D. B, "Preferences for Older Buildings: A Psychological
Approach to Architectural Design", Journal of Dissertation Abstracts
International, 1990, 51(1-B): 414-415
[13] Hui, C. V, "Evaluation of the Façade of Building in the "type 1
Residential Area" of the 7th Land Consideration District in Taichung
City", Unpublished master Thesis, University of Science and
Technology of China, China, 2007.
[14] Karaman, A, "Defining the Regional Identity: Conceptual Parameter of
Urban Morphology", 2005, Retrieved 9 December 2007, from
http://www.neduet.edu. pk/arch- j o u r n a l / j r a p - 2 0 0 1 / W e b -
jrap%202001%20article3.pdf
[15] Swirnoff, L. "The Visual Environment: Consider the Surface, Journal of
the Environmentalist, 1982, 2(3): 217-222.
[16] Coeterier, J. F, "Lay People-s Evaluation of Historic Sites", Journal of
Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 59(2): 111-123
[17] Walmsley, D J and Young, M , "Evaluative images and tourism: the use
of personal construct to describe the structure of destination images",
Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 36, 65-69.
[18] Beerli, A., and MartÛ'n, J. D, "Factors Influencing Destination Image",
Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(3): 657-681
[19] Devlin, K., and Nasar, J. L, "The Beauty and the Beast: Some
Preliminary Comparisons of "High" Versus "Popular" Residencial
Architectural and Public Versus Architect Judgments", Journal of
Environment Psychology, 1989, 9(4), 333-344
[20] Cubukcu, E., and Kahraman, I, "Hue, Saturation, Lightness, and
Building Exterior Preference: An Empirical Study in Turkey Comparing
Architects- and Non architects- Evaluative and Cognitive Judgments",
Journal of Color Research & Application, 2008, 33(5): 395 - 405
[21] Russell, J A and Pratt, G , "A description of the affective quality
attributed to environments", Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 1980, 38 (2) 311-322
[22] Berlyne, D. E. "Studies in the New Experimental Aesthetics". New York:
Wiley, 1974.
[23] Kaplan, R. "Employees- reaction to nearby nature at their workplace:
The wild and Tame" Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 82: 17-24.
[24] Moula, F, "Preferences towards interior public spaces at shopping
malls. Serdang", 2009.
[25] Lekagul, A, "Toward preservation of the traditional marketplace: A
preference study of traditional and modern shopping environments in
Bangkok Thailand" Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, USA, 2002.
[26] Kaplan, R., Kaplan, S. and Ryan, R. L, "With People in Mind: Design
and Management of Everyday Nature". Washington D.C. & Califrornia:
Island Press, 1998.
[27] Kaplan, S, "An Informal Model for the Prediction of Preference. In
E.H. Zube, R.O. Brush and J.G. Fabos. Landscape Assessment: Value,
Perceptions, and Resources. (pp. 92-101)". Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania:
Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc, 1975.
[28] Polakowski, K. J,"Landscape Assessment of the Upper Great Lakes
Basin Resources: A Macro-Geomorphic and Micro-Composition
Analysis. In E.H. Zube, R.O. Brush and J.G. Fabos. Landscape
Assessment: Value, Perceptions, and Resources. (pp. 203-219).
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc, 1975.
[29] Oppenheim, A, "Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude
Measurement", London: Pinter, 1992.
[30] Bo'ed Technique consultant engineering, Lahijan Comprehensive master
plan, 2004.
[31] Nancy L. Kondraski, MS, RD; 1 Nancy S. Wellman, PHD, RD, Fada; 2
Daniel R. Amundson3 , Content Analysis: Review of Methods and
Their Applications in Nutrition Education ,Holy Cross Hospital, Fort
Lauderdale, Florida 33308; 2 National Policy and Resource Center on
Nutrition and Aging, College of Health and Urban Affairs, Florida
International University, Miami, Florida 33199; 3 Center for Media &
Public Affairs, Washington, DC 20037
[32] Smith M, Heady RB, Hamilton JB, Phillips Carson P. SWIFT: a
software program for the analysis of written comments. J Educ Bus.
1996; 71:354-358.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:53315", author = "N. Utaberta and A. Jalali and S. Johar and M. Surat and A. I. Che-Ani", title = "Building Facade Study in Lahijan City, Iran: The Impact of Facade's Visual Elements on Historical Image", abstract = "Buildings are considered as significant part in the
cities, which plays main role in organization and arrangement of city
appearance, which is affects image of that building facades, as an
connective between inner and outer space, have a main role in city
image and they are classified as rich image and poor image by people
evaluation which related to visual architectural and urban elements in
building facades. the buildings in Karimi street , in Lahijan city
where, lies in north of Iran, contain the variety of building's facade
types which, have made a city image in Historical part of Lahijan
city, while reflected the Iranian cities identity. The study attempt to
identify the architectural and urban elements that impression the
image of building facades in historical area, based on public
evaluation. Quantitative method were used and the data was collected
through questionnaire survey, the result presented architectural style,
color, shape, and design evaluated by people as most important factor
which should be understate in future development. in fact, the rich
architectural style with strong design make strong city image as weak
design make poor city image.", keywords = "Building's facade, historical area.", volume = "6", number = "7", pages = "1762-6", }
