The increasingly sophisticated technologies have now been able to provide assistance for surgeons to improve surgical
performance through various training programs. Equally important to learning skills is the assessment method as it determines the learning and technical proficiency of a trainee. A consistent and
rigorous assessment system will ensure that trainees acquire the specific level of competency prior to certification. This paper
reviews the methods currently in use for assessment of surgical
skill and some modern techniques using computer-based
measurements and virtual reality systems for more quantitative
measurements
[1] E. Erel, B. Aiyenibe, and P. E. M. Butler, "Microsurgery simulatorin virtual reality:Review," Microsurgery, vol. 23, pp. 147-152, 2003.
[2] N. N. WoanYi Chan, Venkat Ramakrishnan, "Structured assessment
of microsurgery skills in the clinical setting," Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol. 63, pp. 1329-1334, 2010.
[3] R. M. Epstein and E. M. Hundert, "Defining and assessing professional competence," Journal of American Medical Association,
vol. 287, pp. 226-235, 2002.
[4] J. D. Doyle, Eric M. Webber, and R. S. Sidhu, "A universal global
rating scale for the evaluation of technical skills in the operating
room," The American Journal of Surgery vol. 193, pp. 551-555, 2007.
[5] J. Solis, N. Oshima, H. Ishii, N. Matsuka, K. Hatake, and A. Takanishi, "Development of a sensor system towards the acquisition
of quamtitative information of the training progress of surgical skills,"
in Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial IEEE/RAS-EMBS International
Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics Scottsdale,
AZ, USA, 2008, pp. 19-22.
[6] A. Dosis, R. Aggarwal, F. Bello, K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, D. Gillies, and M. Ara Darzi, "Synchronized Video and Motion Analysis for the
Assessment of Procedures in the Operating Theater," Arch Surg., vol. 140, pp. 293-299, 2005.
[7] P. U. Kalu, J. Atkins, D. Baker, C. J. Green, and P. E. M. Butler, "How do we assess microsurgery skill? ;:," Microsurgery, vol. 25, pp.
25-29, 2005.
[8] V. Datta, S. Mackay, M. Mandalia, and A. Darzi, "The use of electromagnetic motion tracking analysis to objectively measure open
surgical skill in the laboratory-based model," American College of
Surgeons, vol. 193, pp. 479-485, 2001.
[9] E. D. Grober, S. J. Hamstra, R. K. Reznick, E. D. Matsumoto, R. s.
Sidhu, and K. A. Jarvi, "Validation of novel and objective measures of
microsurgical skill: Hand-motion analysis and stereoscopic visual
acuity," Microsurgery, vol. 23, pp. 317-322, 2003.
[10] S. Bann, I. M. Davis, K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, J. Hernandez, M.Khan,
V. Datta, and A. Darzi, "The Reliability of multiple objective
measures of surgery and the role of human performance," The
American Journal of Surgery, vol. 189, pp. 747-752, 2005.
[11] R. Ziegler, G. Fischer, W. Muller, and M. Gobel, "Virtual reality
arthroscopy training simulator," Comput. Biol. Med, vol. 25, pp. 193-203, 1995.
[12] A. Chaudhry, C. Sutton, J. Wood, R. Stone, and R. McCloy, "Learning rate for laparoscopic surgical skills on MIST VR, a virtual
reality simulator: quality of human-computer interface," Ann R Coll Surg Engl, vol.81, pp. 281-286, 1999.
[13] D. M. Wilhelm, K. Ogan, C. G. Roehrborn, J. A. Cadeddu, and M. S.
Pearle, " Assessment of Basic Endoscopic Performance Using aVirtual Reality Simulator," Journal of the American College of
Surgeons, vol. 195, pp. 675-681., 2002.
[14] T. P. Grantcharov, L. Carstensen, and S. Schulze, "Objective
Assessment of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Skills Using a Virtual
Reality Simulator," Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic
Surgeons, vol. 9, pp. 130-133, 2005.
[15] P. A. Kenney, M. F. Wszolek, J. J. Gould, J. A. Libertino, and A.
Moinzadeh, "Face, Content, and Construct Validity of dV-Trainer, a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery," Urology, vol.
73, pp. 1288-1292, 2009.
[1] E. Erel, B. Aiyenibe, and P. E. M. Butler, "Microsurgery simulatorin virtual reality:Review," Microsurgery, vol. 23, pp. 147-152, 2003.
[2] N. N. WoanYi Chan, Venkat Ramakrishnan, "Structured assessment
of microsurgery skills in the clinical setting," Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, vol. 63, pp. 1329-1334, 2010.
[3] R. M. Epstein and E. M. Hundert, "Defining and assessing professional competence," Journal of American Medical Association,
vol. 287, pp. 226-235, 2002.
[4] J. D. Doyle, Eric M. Webber, and R. S. Sidhu, "A universal global
rating scale for the evaluation of technical skills in the operating
room," The American Journal of Surgery vol. 193, pp. 551-555, 2007.
[5] J. Solis, N. Oshima, H. Ishii, N. Matsuka, K. Hatake, and A. Takanishi, "Development of a sensor system towards the acquisition
of quamtitative information of the training progress of surgical skills,"
in Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial IEEE/RAS-EMBS International
Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics Scottsdale,
AZ, USA, 2008, pp. 19-22.
[6] A. Dosis, R. Aggarwal, F. Bello, K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, D. Gillies, and M. Ara Darzi, "Synchronized Video and Motion Analysis for the
Assessment of Procedures in the Operating Theater," Arch Surg., vol. 140, pp. 293-299, 2005.
[7] P. U. Kalu, J. Atkins, D. Baker, C. J. Green, and P. E. M. Butler, "How do we assess microsurgery skill? ;:," Microsurgery, vol. 25, pp.
25-29, 2005.
[8] V. Datta, S. Mackay, M. Mandalia, and A. Darzi, "The use of electromagnetic motion tracking analysis to objectively measure open
surgical skill in the laboratory-based model," American College of
Surgeons, vol. 193, pp. 479-485, 2001.
[9] E. D. Grober, S. J. Hamstra, R. K. Reznick, E. D. Matsumoto, R. s.
Sidhu, and K. A. Jarvi, "Validation of novel and objective measures of
microsurgical skill: Hand-motion analysis and stereoscopic visual
acuity," Microsurgery, vol. 23, pp. 317-322, 2003.
[10] S. Bann, I. M. Davis, K. Moorthy, Y. Munz, J. Hernandez, M.Khan,
V. Datta, and A. Darzi, "The Reliability of multiple objective
measures of surgery and the role of human performance," The
American Journal of Surgery, vol. 189, pp. 747-752, 2005.
[11] R. Ziegler, G. Fischer, W. Muller, and M. Gobel, "Virtual reality
arthroscopy training simulator," Comput. Biol. Med, vol. 25, pp. 193-203, 1995.
[12] A. Chaudhry, C. Sutton, J. Wood, R. Stone, and R. McCloy, "Learning rate for laparoscopic surgical skills on MIST VR, a virtual
reality simulator: quality of human-computer interface," Ann R Coll Surg Engl, vol.81, pp. 281-286, 1999.
[13] D. M. Wilhelm, K. Ogan, C. G. Roehrborn, J. A. Cadeddu, and M. S.
Pearle, " Assessment of Basic Endoscopic Performance Using aVirtual Reality Simulator," Journal of the American College of
Surgeons, vol. 195, pp. 675-681., 2002.
[14] T. P. Grantcharov, L. Carstensen, and S. Schulze, "Objective
Assessment of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Skills Using a Virtual
Reality Simulator," Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic
Surgeons, vol. 9, pp. 130-133, 2005.
[15] P. A. Kenney, M. F. Wszolek, J. J. Gould, J. A. Libertino, and A.
Moinzadeh, "Face, Content, and Construct Validity of dV-Trainer, a Novel Virtual Reality Simulator for Robotic Surgery," Urology, vol.
73, pp. 1288-1292, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:51992", author = "Siti Nor Zawani Ahmmad and Eileen Su Lee Ming and Yeong Che Fai and Fauzan Khairi bin Che Harun", title = "Assessment Methods for Surgical Skill", abstract = "The increasingly sophisticated technologies have now been able to provide assistance for surgeons to improve surgical
performance through various training programs. Equally important to learning skills is the assessment method as it determines the learning and technical proficiency of a trainee. A consistent and
rigorous assessment system will ensure that trainees acquire the specific level of competency prior to certification. This paper
reviews the methods currently in use for assessment of surgical
skill and some modern techniques using computer-based
measurements and virtual reality systems for more quantitative
measurements", keywords = "assessment, surgical skill, checklist, global rating, virtual reality", volume = "5", number = "10", pages = "489-7", }
