Incidence, Occurrence, Classification and Outcome of Small Animal Fractures: A Retrospective Study (2005-2010)
A retrospective study was undertaken to record the
occurrence and pattern of fractures in small animals (dogs and cats)
from year 2005 to 2010. A total of 650 cases were presented in small
animal surgery unit out of which of 116 (dogs and cats) were
presented with history of fractures of different bones. A total of
17.8% (116/650) cases were of fractures which constituted dogs 67%
while cats were 23%. The majority of animals were intact. Trauma in
the form of road side accident was the principal cause of fractures in
dogs whereas as in cats it was fall from height. The ages of the
fractured dog ranged from 4 months to 12 years whereas in cat it was
from 4 weeks to 10 years. The femoral fractures represented 37.5%
and 25% respectively in dogs and cats. Diaphysis, distal metaphyseal
and supracondylar fractures were the most affected sites in dog and
cats. Tibial fracture in dogs and cats represented 21.5% and 10%
while humoral fractures were 7.9% and 14% in dogs and cats
respectively. Humoral condyler fractures were most commonly seen
in puppies aged 4 to 6 months. Fractured radius-ulna incidence was
19% and 14% in dogs and cats respectively. Other fractures recorded
were of lumbar vertebrae, mandible and metacarpals etc. The
management comprised of external and internal fixation in both the
species. The most common internal fixation technique employed was
Intramedullary fixation in long followed by other methods like stack
or cross pinning, wiring etc as per findings in the cases. The cast
bandage was used majorly as mean for external coaptation. The
paper discusses the outcome of the case as per the technique
employed.
[1] N. A. Senna, "Observations on some aspects of dogs and cats ownership:
A new role for veterinarians," J. Egypt. Vet. Med., vol. 61, no. 3, pp.
199- 216. 2001.
[2] J. Harari, "Treatment of feline long bone fractures," Vet. Clin. North Am.
Small Anim. Pract., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 927-947, 2002.
[3] H. R. Denny, "A guide to canine and feline orthopedic surgery," 3rd ed.
Blackwell Sci. Publ. Oxford, 1993.
[4] S. J. Langley-Hobbs, S. Carmichael and W. McCartney, "Use of external
skeletal fixators in the repair of femoral fractures in cats," J. Small
Anim.Pract., vol. 37, pp. 95-101, 1996.
[5] S. J. Langley-Hobbs, S. Carmichael and W. McCartney, "External
skeletal fixation for stabilization of comminuted humeral fractures in
cats," J. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 280-285, 1997.
[6] D. L. Piermattei and G. L. Fla, "Small animal orthopaedic and fracture
repair," 3rd ed, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, 1997, pp.
503- 511.
[7] O. I. Lanz, "Lumbosacral and pelvic injuries," Vet. Clin. North Am.
Small Anim. Pract. vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 949- 962, 2002.
[8] W. T. Jr. McNicholas, B. E. Wikens, W. E. Blevins, P. W. Snyder, G. P.
McCabe, A. A. Applewhite, P. H. Laverty and G. I. Breur, "Spontaneous
femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats; 26 cases (1996-2001),"
JAVMA, vol. 221, no. 12, pp. 1731- 1736, 2002.
[9] G. Harasen, "A: Common long bone fractures in small animal practicepart
1," Can. Vet. J., vol. 44, pp. 333-334, 2003.
[10] G. Harasen, "Fractures involving the distal extremity of the femur.
Part1-the immature patient," Can. Vet. J., vol. 42, pp. 949 - 950, 2001.
[11] N. A. Senn, S. M. Gadallah and M. K. Zabady, "Studies on some bone
disorders in cats: incidence, radiological assessment and surgical
management," J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 113-137,
2004.
[12] D. D. Lewis, A. R. Cross, S, Carmichael, and M. A. Anderson, "Recent
advances in external skeletal fixation," J. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29,
no. 5, pp. 1097-1117, 2001.
[13] J. P. Farese, D. D. Lewis, A. R. Cross, K. E. Collins, G. M. Anderson
and K. B. Halling, "Use of IMEX SK- circular external fixator hybrid
constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats," J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 279- 289, 2002.
[14] A. L. Johnson and C. E. DeCAMP, "External skeletal fixation. Linear
fixators," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29, no. 5, pp.
1135-1152, 1999.
[15] C. S. Rahal, S. R. Volpi, C. L. Vulcano and B. R. Ciani, "Acute
shortening and subsequent lengthening of the radius and ulna for the
treatment of Infected nonunion in a dog," Can. Vet. J. vol. 42, pp. 724-
726, 2001.
[16] G. Harasen, "Repair of comminuted femoral fracture in a cat using
cortical and cancellous bone grafting techniques," Can. Vet. J., vol. 38,
pp. 574- 575, 1997.
[17] K. A. Farag, "Distal femoral fractures: use of cross- pinning technique
for repair in dogs and cats," J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., vol. 62, no. 1, pp.
83-92, 2002.
[18] G. Harasen, "Fractures involving the distal extremity of the femur: part 2
- the mature patient," Can. Vet. J., vol. 43, pp. 131-132, 2002.
[19] A. F. Hale and G. M. Anthony, "Treatment of mandibular and dental
fractures in a young dog," Can. Vet. J., vol. 37, pp. 307-309, 1996.
[20] W. J. Whittick, "Examination of the patient. In: canine orthopedics,"
Lea and Febiger, USA, 1974, pp. 81-88.
[21] C. A. Leonard, "Feline lameness," Vet. Clinics North Am. Small Anim.
Pract., vol. 31 no. 1, pp. 143-163, 2001.
[22] K. K. Diane and K. W. Hollingshead, "Small animal Anesthesia (canine
and feline practice), Mosby"s Fundemental of Veterinary Technology,
1993.
[23] D. Franczuski, J. A. Chalm and H. C. Butler, "The use of paired pins in
fixation of distal femoral fracture in the dogs and cat," J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., vol. 22, pp. 173-178, 1986.
[24] O. Whitney and S. C. Schrader, "Dynamic intramedullary cross pinning
technique for repair of distal femoral fractures in dogs and cats: 71 cases
(1981-1985)," JAVMA, vol. 191, pp. 1592-1596, 1987.
[25] R. McLaughlin, "Internal fixation; Intramedullary pins, Cerclage wires
and Interlocking nails," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29,
no. 5, pp. 1097-1117, 1999.
[26] R. E. Oakley, "External coaptation," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.
Pract., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1083-1095, 1999.
[27] G. Harasen, "B : Common long bone fracture in small animal practice -
part 2," Can. Vet. J., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 503-504, 2003.
[1] N. A. Senna, "Observations on some aspects of dogs and cats ownership:
A new role for veterinarians," J. Egypt. Vet. Med., vol. 61, no. 3, pp.
199- 216. 2001.
[2] J. Harari, "Treatment of feline long bone fractures," Vet. Clin. North Am.
Small Anim. Pract., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 927-947, 2002.
[3] H. R. Denny, "A guide to canine and feline orthopedic surgery," 3rd ed.
Blackwell Sci. Publ. Oxford, 1993.
[4] S. J. Langley-Hobbs, S. Carmichael and W. McCartney, "Use of external
skeletal fixators in the repair of femoral fractures in cats," J. Small
Anim.Pract., vol. 37, pp. 95-101, 1996.
[5] S. J. Langley-Hobbs, S. Carmichael and W. McCartney, "External
skeletal fixation for stabilization of comminuted humeral fractures in
cats," J. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 280-285, 1997.
[6] D. L. Piermattei and G. L. Fla, "Small animal orthopaedic and fracture
repair," 3rd ed, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, 1997, pp.
503- 511.
[7] O. I. Lanz, "Lumbosacral and pelvic injuries," Vet. Clin. North Am.
Small Anim. Pract. vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 949- 962, 2002.
[8] W. T. Jr. McNicholas, B. E. Wikens, W. E. Blevins, P. W. Snyder, G. P.
McCabe, A. A. Applewhite, P. H. Laverty and G. I. Breur, "Spontaneous
femoral capital physeal fractures in adult cats; 26 cases (1996-2001),"
JAVMA, vol. 221, no. 12, pp. 1731- 1736, 2002.
[9] G. Harasen, "A: Common long bone fractures in small animal practicepart
1," Can. Vet. J., vol. 44, pp. 333-334, 2003.
[10] G. Harasen, "Fractures involving the distal extremity of the femur.
Part1-the immature patient," Can. Vet. J., vol. 42, pp. 949 - 950, 2001.
[11] N. A. Senn, S. M. Gadallah and M. K. Zabady, "Studies on some bone
disorders in cats: incidence, radiological assessment and surgical
management," J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 113-137,
2004.
[12] D. D. Lewis, A. R. Cross, S, Carmichael, and M. A. Anderson, "Recent
advances in external skeletal fixation," J. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29,
no. 5, pp. 1097-1117, 2001.
[13] J. P. Farese, D. D. Lewis, A. R. Cross, K. E. Collins, G. M. Anderson
and K. B. Halling, "Use of IMEX SK- circular external fixator hybrid
constructs for fracture stabilization in dogs and cats," J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 279- 289, 2002.
[14] A. L. Johnson and C. E. DeCAMP, "External skeletal fixation. Linear
fixators," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29, no. 5, pp.
1135-1152, 1999.
[15] C. S. Rahal, S. R. Volpi, C. L. Vulcano and B. R. Ciani, "Acute
shortening and subsequent lengthening of the radius and ulna for the
treatment of Infected nonunion in a dog," Can. Vet. J. vol. 42, pp. 724-
726, 2001.
[16] G. Harasen, "Repair of comminuted femoral fracture in a cat using
cortical and cancellous bone grafting techniques," Can. Vet. J., vol. 38,
pp. 574- 575, 1997.
[17] K. A. Farag, "Distal femoral fractures: use of cross- pinning technique
for repair in dogs and cats," J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., vol. 62, no. 1, pp.
83-92, 2002.
[18] G. Harasen, "Fractures involving the distal extremity of the femur: part 2
- the mature patient," Can. Vet. J., vol. 43, pp. 131-132, 2002.
[19] A. F. Hale and G. M. Anthony, "Treatment of mandibular and dental
fractures in a young dog," Can. Vet. J., vol. 37, pp. 307-309, 1996.
[20] W. J. Whittick, "Examination of the patient. In: canine orthopedics,"
Lea and Febiger, USA, 1974, pp. 81-88.
[21] C. A. Leonard, "Feline lameness," Vet. Clinics North Am. Small Anim.
Pract., vol. 31 no. 1, pp. 143-163, 2001.
[22] K. K. Diane and K. W. Hollingshead, "Small animal Anesthesia (canine
and feline practice), Mosby"s Fundemental of Veterinary Technology,
1993.
[23] D. Franczuski, J. A. Chalm and H. C. Butler, "The use of paired pins in
fixation of distal femoral fracture in the dogs and cat," J. Am. Anim.
Hosp. Assoc., vol. 22, pp. 173-178, 1986.
[24] O. Whitney and S. C. Schrader, "Dynamic intramedullary cross pinning
technique for repair of distal femoral fractures in dogs and cats: 71 cases
(1981-1985)," JAVMA, vol. 191, pp. 1592-1596, 1987.
[25] R. McLaughlin, "Internal fixation; Intramedullary pins, Cerclage wires
and Interlocking nails," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract., vol. 29,
no. 5, pp. 1097-1117, 1999.
[26] R. E. Oakley, "External coaptation," Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.
Pract., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1083-1095, 1999.
[27] G. Harasen, "B : Common long bone fracture in small animal practice -
part 2," Can. Vet. J., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 503-504, 2003.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:63107", author = "L. M. Ben Ali", title = "Incidence, Occurrence, Classification and Outcome of Small Animal Fractures: A Retrospective Study (2005-2010)", abstract = "A retrospective study was undertaken to record the
occurrence and pattern of fractures in small animals (dogs and cats)
from year 2005 to 2010. A total of 650 cases were presented in small
animal surgery unit out of which of 116 (dogs and cats) were
presented with history of fractures of different bones. A total of
17.8% (116/650) cases were of fractures which constituted dogs 67%
while cats were 23%. The majority of animals were intact. Trauma in
the form of road side accident was the principal cause of fractures in
dogs whereas as in cats it was fall from height. The ages of the
fractured dog ranged from 4 months to 12 years whereas in cat it was
from 4 weeks to 10 years. The femoral fractures represented 37.5%
and 25% respectively in dogs and cats. Diaphysis, distal metaphyseal
and supracondylar fractures were the most affected sites in dog and
cats. Tibial fracture in dogs and cats represented 21.5% and 10%
while humoral fractures were 7.9% and 14% in dogs and cats
respectively. Humoral condyler fractures were most commonly seen
in puppies aged 4 to 6 months. Fractured radius-ulna incidence was
19% and 14% in dogs and cats respectively. Other fractures recorded
were of lumbar vertebrae, mandible and metacarpals etc. The
management comprised of external and internal fixation in both the
species. The most common internal fixation technique employed was
Intramedullary fixation in long followed by other methods like stack
or cross pinning, wiring etc as per findings in the cases. The cast
bandage was used majorly as mean for external coaptation. The
paper discusses the outcome of the case as per the technique
employed.", keywords = "Animal, Fracture, Incidence, Occurrence.", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "231-6", }