In-Situ Monitoring the Thermal Forming of Glass and Si Foils for Space X-Ray Telescopes
We developed a non-contact method for the in-situ
monitoring of the thermal forming of glass and Si foils to optimize
the manufacture of mirrors for high-resolution space x-ray
telescopes. Their construction requires precise and light-weight
segmented optics with angular resolution better than 5 arcsec. We
used 75x25 mm Desag D263 glass foils 0.75 mm thick and 0.6 mm
thick Si foils. The glass foils were shaped by free slumping on a
frame at viscosities in the range of 109.3-1012 dPa·s, the Si foils by
forced slumping above 1000°C. Using a Nikon D80 digital camera,
we took snapshots of a foil-s shape every 5 min during its isothermal
heat treatment. The obtained results we can use for computer
simulations. By comparing the measured and simulated data, we can
more precisely define material properties of the foils and optimize
the forming technology.
[1] B. Luo, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, D. M. Alexander, B. D. Lehmer, D.
P. Schneider, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, A. C. Fabian, A. Finoguenov, R.
Gilli, G. Hasinger, A. E. Hornschemeier, A. Koekemoer, V. Mainieri,
M. Paolillo, P. Rosati, O. Shemmer, J. D. Silverman, I. Smail, A. T.
Steffen, and C. Vignali, "The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 2 Ms
source catalogs," ApJS, vol. 179, pp. 19-36, 2008.
[2] W. W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, P. Augustin, P. N. Blake, G. Byron, T.
Carnahan, K. W. Chan, C. Fleetwood, C. He, M. D. Hill, M. Hong, L.
Kolos, J. P. Lehan, J. R. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre,
D. Robinson, R. Russell, T. T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. V. Gubarev, W. D.
Jones, S. L. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. R. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. A.
Podgorski, and P. B. Reid, "Mirror technology development for the
International X-ray Observatory mission," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, 0Q:1-
12, 2009.
[3] M. Ghigo, S. Basso, M. Bavdaz, P. Conconi, O. Citterio, M. Civitani, P.
Friedrich, D. Gallieni, B. Guldimann, F. Martelli, R. Negri, G. Pagano,
G. Pareschi, G. Parodi, L. Proserpio, B. Salmaso, F. Scaglione, D. Spiga,
G. Tagliaferri, L. Terzi, M. Tintori, M. Vongehr, E. Wille, A. Winter and
A. Zambra, "Hot slumping glass technology for the grazing incidence
optics of future missions with particular reference to IXO," Proc. SPIE,
vol. 7732, pp.0C:1-12, 2010.
[4] Y. Ezoe, T. Shirata, T. Ohashi, M. Ishida, K. Mitsuda, K. Fujiwara, K.
Morishita and K. Nakajima, "Development of high-resolution and lightweight
x-ray optics with deformed silicon wafers," Proc. SPIE, vol.
7360, pp. 0B:1-8, 2009.
[5] M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M. Ackermann, R. Partapsing, G. Vacanti, M.
W. Beijersbergen, M. Bavdaz, E. Wille, K. Wallace, M. Olde Riekerink,
B. Lansdorp, L. de Vrede, L., C. van Baren, P. M├╝ller, M. Krumrey, and
M. Freyberg, "Silicon-pore x-ray optics for IXO", Proc. SPIE, vol. 7732,
pp. 1F:1-9, 2010.
[6] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Semencova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, L. Sveda,
M. Mika, V. Brozek, R. Kacerovsky, J. Prokop, J. Sik, "Si and glass -
novel technologies for space," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 166, pp. 258-261,
2007.
[7] R. Hudec, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, A.
Inneman, M. Skulinova, "Advanced x-ray optics with Si wafers and
slumped glass," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0S:1-12, 2009.
[8] H. Wolter, "Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken
f├╝r Röntgenstrahlen (Grazing incidence mirror systems as imaging optics
for x rays)," AnP, vol. 445, pp. 94-114, 1952.
[9] L. Prosperio, M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, and G. Pareschi, "Thermal shaping
of thin glass substrates for segmented grazing incidence active optics,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7803, pp. 0K:1-11, 2010.
[10] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
[11] www.us.schott.com/special_applications/english/products/thinglass/d26
3t/index.html
[12] www.comsol.com
[1] B. Luo, F. E. Bauer, W. N. Brandt, D. M. Alexander, B. D. Lehmer, D.
P. Schneider, M. Brusa, A. Comastri, A. C. Fabian, A. Finoguenov, R.
Gilli, G. Hasinger, A. E. Hornschemeier, A. Koekemoer, V. Mainieri,
M. Paolillo, P. Rosati, O. Shemmer, J. D. Silverman, I. Smail, A. T.
Steffen, and C. Vignali, "The Chandra Deep Field-South survey: 2 Ms
source catalogs," ApJS, vol. 179, pp. 19-36, 2008.
[2] W. W. Zhang, M. Atanassova, P. Augustin, P. N. Blake, G. Byron, T.
Carnahan, K. W. Chan, C. Fleetwood, C. He, M. D. Hill, M. Hong, L.
Kolos, J. P. Lehan, J. R. Mazzarella, R. McClelland, L. Olsen, R. Petre,
D. Robinson, R. Russell, T. T. Saha, M. Sharpe, M. V. Gubarev, W. D.
Jones, S. L. O'Dell, W. Davis, D. R. Caldwell, M. Freeman, W. A.
Podgorski, and P. B. Reid, "Mirror technology development for the
International X-ray Observatory mission," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, 0Q:1-
12, 2009.
[3] M. Ghigo, S. Basso, M. Bavdaz, P. Conconi, O. Citterio, M. Civitani, P.
Friedrich, D. Gallieni, B. Guldimann, F. Martelli, R. Negri, G. Pagano,
G. Pareschi, G. Parodi, L. Proserpio, B. Salmaso, F. Scaglione, D. Spiga,
G. Tagliaferri, L. Terzi, M. Tintori, M. Vongehr, E. Wille, A. Winter and
A. Zambra, "Hot slumping glass technology for the grazing incidence
optics of future missions with particular reference to IXO," Proc. SPIE,
vol. 7732, pp.0C:1-12, 2010.
[4] Y. Ezoe, T. Shirata, T. Ohashi, M. Ishida, K. Mitsuda, K. Fujiwara, K.
Morishita and K. Nakajima, "Development of high-resolution and lightweight
x-ray optics with deformed silicon wafers," Proc. SPIE, vol.
7360, pp. 0B:1-8, 2009.
[5] M. J. Collon, R. G├╝nther, M. Ackermann, R. Partapsing, G. Vacanti, M.
W. Beijersbergen, M. Bavdaz, E. Wille, K. Wallace, M. Olde Riekerink,
B. Lansdorp, L. de Vrede, L., C. van Baren, P. M├╝ller, M. Krumrey, and
M. Freyberg, "Silicon-pore x-ray optics for IXO", Proc. SPIE, vol. 7732,
pp. 1F:1-9, 2010.
[6] R. Hudec, L. Pina, V. Semencova, A. Inneman, M. Skulinova, L. Sveda,
M. Mika, V. Brozek, R. Kacerovsky, J. Prokop, J. Sik, "Si and glass -
novel technologies for space," Nuclear Physics B, vol. 166, pp. 258-261,
2007.
[7] R. Hudec, V. Marsikova, M. Mika, J. Sik, M. Lorenc, L. Pina, A.
Inneman, M. Skulinova, "Advanced x-ray optics with Si wafers and
slumped glass," Proc. SPIE, vol. 7437, pp. 0S:1-12, 2009.
[8] H. Wolter, "Spiegelsysteme streifenden Einfalls als abbildende Optiken
f├╝r Röntgenstrahlen (Grazing incidence mirror systems as imaging optics
for x rays)," AnP, vol. 445, pp. 94-114, 1952.
[9] L. Prosperio, M. Civitani, M. Ghigo, and G. Pareschi, "Thermal shaping
of thin glass substrates for segmented grazing incidence active optics,"
Proc. SPIE, vol. 7803, pp. 0K:1-11, 2010.
[10] K. Nakajima, K. Fujiwara, and K. Morishita, "Systematic studies of Si
and Ge hemispherical concave wafers prepared by plastic deformation,"
J. Cryst. Growth, vol. 311, pp. 4587-4592, 2009.
[11] www.us.schott.com/special_applications/english/products/thinglass/d26
3t/index.html
[12] www.comsol.com
@article{"International Journal of Engineering, Mathematical and Physical Sciences:50017", author = "L. Pina and M. Mika and R. Havlikova and M. Landova and L. Sveda and R. Hudec and V. Marsikova and A. Inneman", title = "In-Situ Monitoring the Thermal Forming of Glass and Si Foils for Space X-Ray Telescopes", abstract = "We developed a non-contact method for the in-situ
monitoring of the thermal forming of glass and Si foils to optimize
the manufacture of mirrors for high-resolution space x-ray
telescopes. Their construction requires precise and light-weight
segmented optics with angular resolution better than 5 arcsec. We
used 75x25 mm Desag D263 glass foils 0.75 mm thick and 0.6 mm
thick Si foils. The glass foils were shaped by free slumping on a
frame at viscosities in the range of 109.3-1012 dPa·s, the Si foils by
forced slumping above 1000°C. Using a Nikon D80 digital camera,
we took snapshots of a foil-s shape every 5 min during its isothermal
heat treatment. The obtained results we can use for computer
simulations. By comparing the measured and simulated data, we can
more precisely define material properties of the foils and optimize
the forming technology.", keywords = "Glass, in-situ monitoring, silicone, thermal forming,
x-ray telescope", volume = "5", number = "10", pages = "1557-4", }