Spatial Structure and Spatial Impacts of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Southeast Asian EMR Perspective
This paper investigates the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), with reference to the concept of the Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR). A combination of factor analysis and local Getis-Ord (Gi*) hot-spot analysis is used to identify clusters of employment in the region, including those of the urban and agriculture sectors. Spatial statistical analysis is further used to probe the spatial association of identified employment clusters with their surroundings on several dimensions, including the spatial association between the central business district (CBD) in Jakarta city on employment density in the region, the spatial impacts of urban expansion on population growth and the degree of urban-rural interaction. The degree of spatial interaction for the whole JMA is measured by the patterns of commuting trips destined to the various employment clusters. Results reveal the strong role of the urban core of Jakarta, and the regional CBD, as the centre for mixed job sectors such as retail, wholesale, services and finance. Manufacturing and local government services, on the other hand, form corridors radiating out of the urban core, reaching out to the agriculture zones in the fringes. Strong associations between the urban expansion corridors and population growth, and urban-rural mix, are revealed particularly in the eastern and western parts of JMA. Metropolitan wide commuting patterns are focussed on the urban core of Jakarta and the CBD, while relatively local commuting patterns are shown to be prevalent for the employment corridors.
[1] Soegijoko, B. T. and B S Kusbiantoro. 2001. Globalization and the
sustainability of Jabotabek, Indonesia. In Lo, F-C. and P.J.
Marcotullio(Eds). Globalization and the sustainability of cities in the
Asia Pacific region. United Nations University Press.
[2] Firman, T. 1998. The restructuring of Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A
"global city" in Asia. Cities 4:229-243.
[3] Soegijoko, B. T. 1996. Jabotabek and globalization. In Yeung, Y. and F.
Lo (Eds). Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia. New York: United
Nations University Press.
[4] Winarso, H. and T. Firman. 2002. Residential land development in
Jabotabek, Indonesia: triggering economic crisis? Habitat International
26:487-506.
[5] Winarso, H. 2000. Residential land developers' behaviour in Jabotabek,
Indonesia. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bartlett School of Architecture and
Planning. London: University of London.
[6] Jones, G. W. 2002. Southeast Asian urbanization and the growth of
mega-urban regions. Journal of Population Research 19 (2):119-136.
[7] Kelly, P. 1999. Everyday urbanization: The social dynamics of
development in Manila's extended metropolitan region. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (2):283-303.
[8] McGee, T and I. Robinson. 1995. Preface. In McGee, T. and I. M.
Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver:
UBC Press, pp. ix-x.
[9] McGee, T. 1989. Urbanisasi or kotadesasi? Evolving patterns of
urbanization in Asia. In: Costa, F.J., A.K. Dutt, L.C.J. Ma and A.G.
Noble (eds). Urbanization in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
[10] Firman, T. 1996. Urban development in Bandung Metropolitan Region.
Third World Planning Review 18 (1):1-21.
[11] Jones, G. W. 2001. Studying extended metropolitan regions in Southeast
Asia. Paper presented at The XXIV General Conference of the IUSSP, at
Salvador, Brazil.
[12] McGee, T. 1994. Labour force change and mobility in the extended
metropolitan regions of Asia. In Fuchs, R.J. and U. N. University. Megacity
growth and the future. New York: United Nations University Press.
[13] Jones, G. W., C-L. Tsay and B. Bajracharya. 1999. Demographic and
employment change in megacities of Southeast and East Asia.
Demographic Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian
National University.
[14] Suara Karya online. August 24, 2008. Indonesia movieland di Jababeka
selesai 2011 /Indonesian Movieland in Jababeka to be completed in
2011. http://www.suarakarya-online.com/
[15] Asian Development Bank. 1997. The Asian Development Bank on
Asia's Megacities. Population and Development Review 23 (2):451-459.
[16] Mamas, S., G. Jones and T. Sastrasuanda. 2001. A zonal analysis of
demographic change in Indonesia's megacities. Third World Planning
Review 23 (2):155-175.
[17] Ocampo, R. B. 1995. The Metro Manila mega-region. In McGee, T. and
I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia.
Vancouver: UBC Press.
[18] Dharmapatni, I. and T. Firman. 1995. Problems and challenges of megaurban
regions in Indonesia: the case of Jabotabek and the Bandung
Metropolitan Area. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The megaurban
regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[19] Douglass, M. 1989. The environmental sustainability of development:
Coordination, incentives and political will in land use planning for the
Jakarta Metropolis. Third World Planning Review 11 (2):211-238.
[20] Steinberg, F. 2007. Jakarta: environmental problems and sustainability.
Habitat International 31:354-365.
[21] Soegijoko, B. T. 1999. National urban development strategy in
Indonesia - case study: Jabotabek. In Brotchie, J., P. Newton, P. Hall and
J. Dickey (Eds). East West Perspectives on 21st century urban
development. Aldershot: Ashgate.
[22] Winarso, H. 2005. City for the rich. Paper presented at 8th International
Conference of the Asian Planning Schools Association, 11-14
September, 2005, at Penang, Malaysia.
[23] Firman, T. 2004. New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan
Region: a perspective of spatial segregation. Habitat International
28:349-368.
[24] Douglass, M. 2005. Globalization, mega-projects and the environment:
Urban form and water in Jakarta. Paper presented at The UCLA
Globalization Research Center - Africa.
[25] Kaothien, U. 1995. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region: policies and
issues in the seventh plan. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The
mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[26] Susilo, Y., W. Santosa, T. Joewono and D. Parikesit. 2007. A reflection
of motorization and public transport in Jakarta Metropolitan Area.
IATSS Research 31 (1):59-68.
[27] Marcotullio, P. J, and Y-S. Lee. 2003. Urban environmental transitions
and urban transportation systems. IDPR 25 (4):325-354.
[28] Hanson, Mark E. 1989. The motor vehicle dominated city as a nonsustainable
urban form: Mexico City and Jakarta. Computers,
Enviroment and Urban Systems 13:95-108.
[29] Richardson, H. W. 1993. Efficiency and welfare in LDC mega-cities. In
Kasarda, J.D. and A.M. Parnell (Eds). Third world cities: problems,
policies, and prospects. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
[30] Kittiprapas, S. 2001. The extended Bangkok region: globalization and
sustainability. In F-C. Lo and P. J. Marcotullio (Eds). Globalization and
the sustainability of cities in the Asia Pacific region. United Nations
University Press.
[31] Webster, D. 1995. Mega-urbanizations in ASEAN: new phenomenon or
transitional phase to the ÔÇÿLos Angeles World City-? In McGee, T. and I.
M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia.
Vancouver: UBC Press.
[32] Hadiwinoto, S. and J. Leitmann. 1994. Urban enviromental profile:
Jakarta. Cities 11 (3):153-157.
[33] Mohan, R. 1994. Understanding the developing metropolis: lessons
from the city study of Bogota and Cali, Colombia. New York: Oxford
University Press.
[34] Rustiadi, E. and D. R. Panuju. 2002. Spatial pattern of suburbanization
and land-use change process: case study in Jakarta suburb. In Himiyama,
Y., M. Hwang and T. Ichinose (Eds). Land-use changes in comparative
perspective. Enfield: Science Publishers.
[35] Getis, A. and J.K. Ord. 1992. The analysis of spatial association by use
of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis 24 (3): 189-206.
[36] Giuliano, G. and K. A. Small. 1991. Subcenters in the Los Angeles
region. Regional Science and Urban Economics 21:163-182.
[37] Anas, A., R. Arnott and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure.
Journal of Economic Literature 26:1426-1464.
[38] Baumont, C., C. Ertur and J. Le Gallo. 2004. Spatial analysis of
employment and population density: the case of the agglomeration of
Dijon, 1999. Geographical Analysis 36: 146-176.
[39] Guillain, R., J. Le Gallo and C. Boiteux-Orain 2006. Changes in spatial
and sectoral patterns of employment in Ile-de-France, 1978-97. Urban
Studies 43 (11): 2075-2098.
[40] Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA.
Geographical Analysis 27 (2): 93-115.
[41] Ord, J.K. and A. Getis. 1995. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics:
distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis 27: 286-
306.
[42] Bappenas-JICA. 2004. The Study on Integrated Transportation Master
Plan for Jabodetabek - SITRAMP Phase II: Working Paper Vol. 01 -
Transportation Survey. PCI - Almec Corporation.
[43] Field, A. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage
Publications, pp. 632-634.
[44] Fotheringham, A., C. Brunsdon and M. Charlton. 2002. Geographically
weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships.
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, p. 183.
[45] Bao, S., M.S. Henry and D. Barkley. 1995. RAS: a regional analysis
system integrated with Arc/Info. Computers, Environment and Urban
Systems 19 (1): 37-56.
[46] Ministry of Public Works. 1981. Jabotabek Metropolitan Development
Plan: Executive Summary. Jakarta: Indonesia, p.6.
[47] Bourne, L S. 1987. Evaluating the aggregate spatial structure of
Canadian metropolitan areas. The Canadian Geographer 31 (3):194-208.
[1] Soegijoko, B. T. and B S Kusbiantoro. 2001. Globalization and the
sustainability of Jabotabek, Indonesia. In Lo, F-C. and P.J.
Marcotullio(Eds). Globalization and the sustainability of cities in the
Asia Pacific region. United Nations University Press.
[2] Firman, T. 1998. The restructuring of Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A
"global city" in Asia. Cities 4:229-243.
[3] Soegijoko, B. T. 1996. Jabotabek and globalization. In Yeung, Y. and F.
Lo (Eds). Emerging world cities in Pacific Asia. New York: United
Nations University Press.
[4] Winarso, H. and T. Firman. 2002. Residential land development in
Jabotabek, Indonesia: triggering economic crisis? Habitat International
26:487-506.
[5] Winarso, H. 2000. Residential land developers' behaviour in Jabotabek,
Indonesia. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Bartlett School of Architecture and
Planning. London: University of London.
[6] Jones, G. W. 2002. Southeast Asian urbanization and the growth of
mega-urban regions. Journal of Population Research 19 (2):119-136.
[7] Kelly, P. 1999. Everyday urbanization: The social dynamics of
development in Manila's extended metropolitan region. International
Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23 (2):283-303.
[8] McGee, T and I. Robinson. 1995. Preface. In McGee, T. and I. M.
Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver:
UBC Press, pp. ix-x.
[9] McGee, T. 1989. Urbanisasi or kotadesasi? Evolving patterns of
urbanization in Asia. In: Costa, F.J., A.K. Dutt, L.C.J. Ma and A.G.
Noble (eds). Urbanization in Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii
Press.
[10] Firman, T. 1996. Urban development in Bandung Metropolitan Region.
Third World Planning Review 18 (1):1-21.
[11] Jones, G. W. 2001. Studying extended metropolitan regions in Southeast
Asia. Paper presented at The XXIV General Conference of the IUSSP, at
Salvador, Brazil.
[12] McGee, T. 1994. Labour force change and mobility in the extended
metropolitan regions of Asia. In Fuchs, R.J. and U. N. University. Megacity
growth and the future. New York: United Nations University Press.
[13] Jones, G. W., C-L. Tsay and B. Bajracharya. 1999. Demographic and
employment change in megacities of Southeast and East Asia.
Demographic Program, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian
National University.
[14] Suara Karya online. August 24, 2008. Indonesia movieland di Jababeka
selesai 2011 /Indonesian Movieland in Jababeka to be completed in
2011. http://www.suarakarya-online.com/
[15] Asian Development Bank. 1997. The Asian Development Bank on
Asia's Megacities. Population and Development Review 23 (2):451-459.
[16] Mamas, S., G. Jones and T. Sastrasuanda. 2001. A zonal analysis of
demographic change in Indonesia's megacities. Third World Planning
Review 23 (2):155-175.
[17] Ocampo, R. B. 1995. The Metro Manila mega-region. In McGee, T. and
I. M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia.
Vancouver: UBC Press.
[18] Dharmapatni, I. and T. Firman. 1995. Problems and challenges of megaurban
regions in Indonesia: the case of Jabotabek and the Bandung
Metropolitan Area. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The megaurban
regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[19] Douglass, M. 1989. The environmental sustainability of development:
Coordination, incentives and political will in land use planning for the
Jakarta Metropolis. Third World Planning Review 11 (2):211-238.
[20] Steinberg, F. 2007. Jakarta: environmental problems and sustainability.
Habitat International 31:354-365.
[21] Soegijoko, B. T. 1999. National urban development strategy in
Indonesia - case study: Jabotabek. In Brotchie, J., P. Newton, P. Hall and
J. Dickey (Eds). East West Perspectives on 21st century urban
development. Aldershot: Ashgate.
[22] Winarso, H. 2005. City for the rich. Paper presented at 8th International
Conference of the Asian Planning Schools Association, 11-14
September, 2005, at Penang, Malaysia.
[23] Firman, T. 2004. New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan
Region: a perspective of spatial segregation. Habitat International
28:349-368.
[24] Douglass, M. 2005. Globalization, mega-projects and the environment:
Urban form and water in Jakarta. Paper presented at The UCLA
Globalization Research Center - Africa.
[25] Kaothien, U. 1995. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region: policies and
issues in the seventh plan. In McGee, T. and I. M. Robinson (Eds). The
mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia. Vancouver: UBC Press.
[26] Susilo, Y., W. Santosa, T. Joewono and D. Parikesit. 2007. A reflection
of motorization and public transport in Jakarta Metropolitan Area.
IATSS Research 31 (1):59-68.
[27] Marcotullio, P. J, and Y-S. Lee. 2003. Urban environmental transitions
and urban transportation systems. IDPR 25 (4):325-354.
[28] Hanson, Mark E. 1989. The motor vehicle dominated city as a nonsustainable
urban form: Mexico City and Jakarta. Computers,
Enviroment and Urban Systems 13:95-108.
[29] Richardson, H. W. 1993. Efficiency and welfare in LDC mega-cities. In
Kasarda, J.D. and A.M. Parnell (Eds). Third world cities: problems,
policies, and prospects. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
[30] Kittiprapas, S. 2001. The extended Bangkok region: globalization and
sustainability. In F-C. Lo and P. J. Marcotullio (Eds). Globalization and
the sustainability of cities in the Asia Pacific region. United Nations
University Press.
[31] Webster, D. 1995. Mega-urbanizations in ASEAN: new phenomenon or
transitional phase to the ÔÇÿLos Angeles World City-? In McGee, T. and I.
M. Robinson (Eds). The mega-urban regions of Southeast Asia.
Vancouver: UBC Press.
[32] Hadiwinoto, S. and J. Leitmann. 1994. Urban enviromental profile:
Jakarta. Cities 11 (3):153-157.
[33] Mohan, R. 1994. Understanding the developing metropolis: lessons
from the city study of Bogota and Cali, Colombia. New York: Oxford
University Press.
[34] Rustiadi, E. and D. R. Panuju. 2002. Spatial pattern of suburbanization
and land-use change process: case study in Jakarta suburb. In Himiyama,
Y., M. Hwang and T. Ichinose (Eds). Land-use changes in comparative
perspective. Enfield: Science Publishers.
[35] Getis, A. and J.K. Ord. 1992. The analysis of spatial association by use
of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis 24 (3): 189-206.
[36] Giuliano, G. and K. A. Small. 1991. Subcenters in the Los Angeles
region. Regional Science and Urban Economics 21:163-182.
[37] Anas, A., R. Arnott and K. A. Small. 1998. Urban spatial structure.
Journal of Economic Literature 26:1426-1464.
[38] Baumont, C., C. Ertur and J. Le Gallo. 2004. Spatial analysis of
employment and population density: the case of the agglomeration of
Dijon, 1999. Geographical Analysis 36: 146-176.
[39] Guillain, R., J. Le Gallo and C. Boiteux-Orain 2006. Changes in spatial
and sectoral patterns of employment in Ile-de-France, 1978-97. Urban
Studies 43 (11): 2075-2098.
[40] Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association: LISA.
Geographical Analysis 27 (2): 93-115.
[41] Ord, J.K. and A. Getis. 1995. Local spatial autocorrelation statistics:
distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis 27: 286-
306.
[42] Bappenas-JICA. 2004. The Study on Integrated Transportation Master
Plan for Jabodetabek - SITRAMP Phase II: Working Paper Vol. 01 -
Transportation Survey. PCI - Almec Corporation.
[43] Field, A. 2005. Discovering statistics using SPSS. London: Sage
Publications, pp. 632-634.
[44] Fotheringham, A., C. Brunsdon and M. Charlton. 2002. Geographically
weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships.
Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, p. 183.
[45] Bao, S., M.S. Henry and D. Barkley. 1995. RAS: a regional analysis
system integrated with Arc/Info. Computers, Environment and Urban
Systems 19 (1): 37-56.
[46] Ministry of Public Works. 1981. Jabotabek Metropolitan Development
Plan: Executive Summary. Jakarta: Indonesia, p.6.
[47] Bourne, L S. 1987. Evaluating the aggregate spatial structure of
Canadian metropolitan areas. The Canadian Geographer 31 (3):194-208.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:49803", author = "Ikhwan Hakim and Bruno Parolin", title = "Spatial Structure and Spatial Impacts of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area: A Southeast Asian EMR Perspective", abstract = "This paper investigates the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA), with reference to the concept of the Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR). A combination of factor analysis and local Getis-Ord (Gi*) hot-spot analysis is used to identify clusters of employment in the region, including those of the urban and agriculture sectors. Spatial statistical analysis is further used to probe the spatial association of identified employment clusters with their surroundings on several dimensions, including the spatial association between the central business district (CBD) in Jakarta city on employment density in the region, the spatial impacts of urban expansion on population growth and the degree of urban-rural interaction. The degree of spatial interaction for the whole JMA is measured by the patterns of commuting trips destined to the various employment clusters. Results reveal the strong role of the urban core of Jakarta, and the regional CBD, as the centre for mixed job sectors such as retail, wholesale, services and finance. Manufacturing and local government services, on the other hand, form corridors radiating out of the urban core, reaching out to the agriculture zones in the fringes. Strong associations between the urban expansion corridors and population growth, and urban-rural mix, are revealed particularly in the eastern and western parts of JMA. Metropolitan wide commuting patterns are focussed on the urban core of Jakarta and the CBD, while relatively local commuting patterns are shown to be prevalent for the employment corridors.
", keywords = "Jakarta Metropolitan Area, Southeast Asian EMR, spatial association, spatial statistics, spatial structure.", volume = "2", number = "10", pages = "216-9", }
