Abstract: While the need for equal access to civil, political as well as economic, social and cultural rights is clear under the international law, the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against women in 1979 made this even clearer. Despite this positive progress, the abuse of refugee women's rights is one of the basic underlying root causes of their marginalisation and violence in their countries of asylum. This paper presents a critical review on the development of refugee women's rights at the international levels and national levels. It provides an array of scholarly literature on this issue and examines the measures taken by the international community to curb the problem of violence against women in their various provisions through the instruments set. It is cognizant of the fact that even if conflict affects both refugee women and men, the effects on women refugees are deep-reaching, due to the cultural strongholds they face. An important aspect of this paper is that it is conceptualised against the fact that refugee women face the problem of sexual and gender based first as refugees and second as women, yet, their rights are stumbled upon. Often times they have been rendered "worthless victims" who are only in need of humanitarian assistance than active participants committed to change their plight through their participation in political, economic and social participation in their societies. Scholars have taken notice of the fact that women's rights in refugee settings have been marginalized and call for a need to incorporate their perspectives in the planning and management of refugee settings in which they live. Underpinning this discussion is feminism theory which gives a clear understanding of the root cause of refugee women's problems. Finally, this paper suggests that these policies should be translated into action at local, national international and regional levels to ensure sustainable peace.
Abstract: Introduction: This work is aimed to represent the use of the OPTI-JET CS MD1 MR prototype for application of neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (NEOW) in magnetic resonance rooms. Material and Methods: We produced and used OPTI-JET CS MD1 MR aerosolisator whereby was performed aerosolization. The presence of microorganisms before and after the aerosolisation was recorded with the help of cyclone air sampling. Colony formed units (CFU) was counted. Results: The number of microorganisms in magnetic resonance 3T room was low as expected. Nevertheless, a possible CFU reduction of 87% was recorded. Conclusions: The research has shown that the use of EOW for the air and hard surface disinfection can considerably reduce the presence of microorganisms and consequently the possibility of hospital infections. It has also demonstrated that the use of OPTI-JET CS MD1 MR is very good. With this research, we started new guidelines for aerosolization in magnetic resonance rooms. Future work: We predict that presented technique works very good but we must focus also on time capacity sensors, and new appropriate toxicological studies.
Abstract: Water suspensions of in-organic (metals and oxides)
and organic nano-objects (chitozan and collagen) were subjected to
the treatment of direct and alternative electrical fields. In addition to
quasi-periodical spatial patterning resonance-like performance of
spatial distributions of these suspensions has been found at low
frequencies of alternating electrical field. These resonances are
explained as the result of creation of equilibrium states of groups of
charged nano-objects with opposite signs of charges at the interparticle
distances where the forces of Coulomb attraction are
compensated by the repulsion forces induced by relatively negative
polarization of hydrated regions surrounding the nanoparticles with
respect to pure water. The low frequencies of these resonances are
explained by comparatively big distances between the particles and
their big masses with t\respect to masses of atoms constituting
molecules with high resonance frequencies. These new resonances
open a new approach to detailed modeling and understanding of
mechanisms of the influence of electrical fields on the functioning of
internal organs of living organisms at the level of cells and neurons.
Abstract: Problem of food preservation is extremely important
for mankind. Viscous damage ("illness") of bread results from
development of Bacillus spp. bacteria. High temperature resistant
spores of this microorganism are steady against 120°C) and remain in
bread during pastries, potentially causing spoilage of the final
product. Scientists are interested in further characterization of bread
spoiling Bacillus spp. species. Our aim was to find weather yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that are able to produce natural
antimicrobial killer factor can preserve bread illness. By diffusion
method, we showed yeast antagonistic activity against spore-forming
bacteria. Experimental technological parameters were the same as for
bakers' yeasts production on the industrial scale. Risograph test
during dough fermentation demonstrated gas production. The major
finding of the study was a clear indication of the presence of killer
yeast strain antagonistic activity against rope in bread causing
bacteria. After demonstrating antagonistic effect of S. cerevisiae on
bacteria using solid nutrient medium, we tested baked bread under
provocative conditions. We also measured formation of carbon
dioxide in the dough, dough-making duration and quality of the final
products, when using different strains of S. cerevisiae. It is
determined that the use of yeast S. cerevisiae RCAM 01730 killer
strain inhibits appearance of rope in bread. Thus, natural yeast
antimicrobial killer toxin, produced by some S. cerevisiae strains is
an anti-rope in bread protector.
Abstract: In this paper, a single phase soft switched Zero Voltage Transition and Zero Current Transition (ZVT-ZCT) Power Factor Correction (PFC) boost converter is proposed. In the proposed PFC converter, the main switch turns on with ZVT and turns off with ZCT without any additional voltage or current stresses. Auxiliary switch turns on and off with zero current switching (ZCS). Also, the main diode turns on with zero voltage switching (ZVS) and turns off with ZCS. The proposed converter has features like low cost, simple control and structure. The output current and voltage are controlled by the proposed PFC converter in wide line and load range. The theoretical analysis of converter is clarified and the operating steps are given in detail. The simulation results of converter are obtained for 500 W and 100 kHz. It is observed that the semiconductor devices operate with soft switching (SS) perfectly. So, the switching power losses are minimum. Also, the proposed converter has 0.99 power factor with sinusoidal current shape.
Abstract: Feedback is a vital element for improving student
learning in a simulation-based training as it guides and refines
learning through scaffolding. A number of studies in literature have
shown that students’ learning is enhanced when feedback is provided
with personalized tutoring that offers specific guidance and adapts
feedback to the learner in a one-to-one environment. Thus, emulating
these adaptive aspects of human tutoring in simulation provides an
effective methodology to train individuals. This paper presents the results of a study that investigated the
effectiveness of automating different types of feedback techniques
such as Knowledge-of-Correct-Response (KCR) and Answer-Until-
Correct (AUC) in software simulation for learning basic information
technology concepts. For the purpose of comparison, techniques like
simulation with zero or no-feedback (NFB) and traditional hands-on
(HON) learning environments are also examined. The paper presents the summary of findings based on quantitative
analyses which reveal that the simulation based instructional
strategies are at least as effective as hands-on teaching methodologies
for the purpose of learning of IT concepts. The paper also compares
the results of the study with the earlier studies and recommends
strategies for using feedback mechanism to improve students’
learning in designing and simulation-based IT training.
Abstract: In this paper, an improved active snubber cell is proposed on account of soft switching (SS) family of pulse width modulation (PWM) DC-DC converters. The improved snubber cell provides zero-voltage transition (ZVT) turn on and zero-current transition (ZCT) turn off for main switch. The snubber cell decreases EMI noise and operates with SS in a wide range of line and load voltages. Besides, all of the semiconductor devices in the converter operate with SS. There is no additional voltage and current stress on the main devices. Additionally, extra voltage stress does not occur on the auxiliary switch and its current stress is acceptable value. The improved converter has a low cost and simple structure. The theoretical analysis of converter is clarified and the operating states are given in detail. The experimental results of converter are obtained by prototype of 500 W and 100 kHz. It is observed that the experimental results and theoretical analysis of converter are suitable with each other perfectly.
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to establish the relationship between models of state organization and the various types of collective identity expressed by the Spanish. The question of nationalism and identity ascription in Spain has always been a topic of special importance due to the presence in that country of territories where the population emits very different opinions of nationalist sentiment than the rest of Spain. The current situation of sovereignty challenge of Catalonia to the central government exemplifies the importance of the subject matter. In order to analyze this process of interrelation, we use a secondary data mining by applying the multiple correspondence analysis technique (MCA). As a main result a typology of four types of expression of collective identity based on models of State organization are shown, which are connected with the party position on this issue.
Abstract: Sun tracking systems are the systems following the sun ray by a right angle or by predetermined certain angle. In this study, we used theoretical trajectory of sun for latitude of central Anatolia in Turkey. A two degree of freedom spherical mechanism was designed to have a large workspace able to follow the sun's theoretical motion by the right angle during the whole year. An inverse kinematic analysis was generated to find the positions of mechanism links for the predicted trajectory. Force and torque analysis were shown for the first day of the year.
Abstract: The importance of culture and tourism in the attractiveness and competitiveness of the countries is central, and many regions are evidencing their cultural assets, tangible and intangible, as a means to create comparative advantages in tourism and produce a distinctive place in response to the pressures of globalization. Culture and tourism are interlinked because of their obvious combination and growth potential. Cultural tourism is a crucial global tourism market with fast growing. Regions can develop significant relations between culture and tourism to increase their attractiveness as places to visit, live and invest, increasing their competitiveness. Accordingly, having new and creative approach to historical areas as cultural value-based destinations can improve their conditions to promote tourism. Furthermore, in 21st century, media become the most important factor affecting the development of urban cities, including public places. As a result of the digital revolution, re-imaging and re-linkage public places by media are essential to create more interactions between public spaces and users, interaction media display, and urban screens, one of the most important defined media. This interaction can transform the urban space from being neglected to be more interactive space with users, especially the pedestrians. The paper focuses on The Walled City of Famagusta. As many other historic quarters elsewhere in the world, is in a process, of decay and deterioration, and its functionally distinctive areas are severely threatened by physical, functional, locational, and image obsolescence at varying degrees. So the focus on the future development of this area through tourism promotion can be an appropriate decision for the monument enhancement of the spatial quality in Walled City of Famagusta. In this paper, it is aimed to identify the effects of these new digital factors to transform public spaces especially in historic urban areas to promote creative tourism. Accordingly, two different analysis methods are used as well as a theoretical review. The first is case study on site and the second is Close ended questionnaire, test many concepts raised in this paper. The physical analysis on site carried out in order to evaluate the walled city restoration for touristic purpose. Besides, theoretical review is done in order to provide background to the subject and cleared Factors to attract tourists.
Abstract: MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNA found in
many different species. They play crucial roles in cancer such as
biological processes of apoptosis and proliferation. The identification
of microRNA-target genes can be an essential first step towards to
reveal the role of microRNA in various cancer types. In this paper,
we predict miRNA-target genes for lung cancer by integrating
prediction scores from miRanda and PITA algorithms used as a
feature vector of miRNA-target interaction. Then, machine-learning
algorithms were implemented for making a final prediction. The
approach developed in this study should be of value for future studies
into understanding the role of miRNAs in molecular mechanisms
enabling lung cancer formation.
Abstract: Cavities are frequently found beneath conduits on pile
foundations in old embankments. Cavity reduces seepage length
significantly and consequently causes piping failure of embankments.
Case studies of embankment failures indicate that the relative
settlement between ground and pile supported-concrete conduit was
the main reason of the cavity. In this paper, an attempt to simulate the
cavity-induced piping failure mechanism was made using finite
element numerical method. Piping potential is examined by carrying
out parametric study for influencing factors such as cavity length,
water level, and flow conditions. The concentration of hydraulic
gradient adjacent to cavity was found. It is found that the hydraulic
gradient close to the cavity exceeds considerably the critical hydraulic
gradient causing piping. Piping failure potential due to the existence of
cavity is evaluated and contour map for the potential risk of an
embankment for piping failure is proposed.
Abstract: Liquid storage tanks have become widespread during the recent decades due to their extensive usage. Analysis of liquid containing tanks is known to be complex due to hydrodynamic force exerted on tank which makes the analysis a complex one. The objective of this research is to carry out analysis of liquid domain along with structural interaction for various geometries of circular tanks considering seismic effects. An attempt has been made to determine hydrodynamic pressure distribution on the tank wall considering impulsive and convective components of liquid mass. To get a better picture, a comparative study of Draft IS 1893 Part 2, ACI 350.3 and Eurocode 8 for Circular Shaped Tank has been performed. Further, the differences in the magnitude of shear and moment at base as obtained from static (IS 3370 IV) and dynamic (Draft IS 1892 Part 2) analysis of ground supported circular tank highlight the need for us to mature from the old code to a newer code, which is more accurate and reliable.
Abstract: Social networks have recently gained a growing
interest on the web. Traditional formalisms for representing social
networks are static and suffer from the lack of semantics. In this
paper, we will show how semantic web technologies can be used to
model social data. The SemTemp ontology aligns and extends
existing ontologies such as FOAF, SIOC, SKOS and OWL-Time to
provide a temporal and semantically rich description of social data.
We also present a modeling scenario to illustrate how our ontology
can be used to model social networks.
Abstract: The effectiveness of microchannels in enhancing heat
transfer has been demonstrated in the semiconductor industry. In
order to tap the microscale heat transfer effects into macro
geometries, overcoming the cost and technological constraints,
microscale passages were created in macro geometries machined
using conventional fabrication methods. A cylindrical insert was
placed within a pipe, and geometrical profiles were created on the
outer surface of the insert to enhance heat transfer under steady-state
single-phase liquid flow conditions. However, while heat transfer
coefficient values of above 10 kW/m2·K were achieved, the heat
transfer enhancement was accompanied by undesirable pressure drop
increment. Therefore, this study aims to address the high pressure
drop issue using Constructal theory, a universal design law for both
animate and inanimate systems. Two designs based on Constructal theory were developed to study
the effectiveness of Constructal features in reducing the pressure drop
increment as compared to parallel channels, which are commonly
found in microchannel fabrication. The hydrodynamic and heat
transfer performance for the Tree insert and Constructal fin (Cfin)
insert were studied using experimental methods, and the underlying
mechanisms were substantiated by numerical results. In technical
terms, the objective is to achieve at least comparable increment in
both heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop, if not higher
increment in the former parameter. Results show that the Tree insert improved the heat transfer
performance by more than 16 percent at low flow rates, as compared
to the Tree-parallel insert. However, the heat transfer enhancement
reduced to less than 5 percent at high Reynolds numbers. On the
other hand, the pressure drop increment stayed almost constant at 20
percent. This suggests that the Tree insert has better heat transfer
performance in the low Reynolds number region. More importantly,
the Cfin insert displayed improved heat transfer performance along
with favourable hydrodynamic performance, as compared to Cfinparallel
insert, at all flow rates in this study. At 2 L/min, the
enhancement of heat transfer was more than 30 percent, with 20
percent pressure drop increment, as compared to Cfin-parallel insert.
Furthermore, comparable increment in both heat transfer coefficient
and pressure drop was observed at 8 L/min. In other words, the Cfin
insert successfully achieved the objective of this study. Analysis of the results suggests that bifurcation of flows is
effective in reducing the increment in pressure drop relative to heat
transfer enhancement. Optimising the geometries of the Constructal
fins is therefore the potential future study in achieving a bigger stride
in energy efficiency at much lower costs.
Abstract: Historic paths in today's cities are facing the pressure
of the urban development due to the rapid urban growth. Every new
development is tearing the old urban fabric and the socio-economic
character of the historic paths. Furthermore, in some cases historic
paths suffer from negligence and decay. Kom El Dekka historic path
was one of those deteriorated paths in the city of Alexandria, Egypt,
in spite of its high heritage and socio-economic value. Therefore,
there was a need to develop urban regeneration strategies as a part of
a wider sustainable development vision, to handle the situation and
revitalize the path as a livable space in the heart of the city. This
study aims to develop a comprehensive assessment methodology to
evaluate the different values of the path and to create community-oriented
and economic-based analysis methodology for its socio-economic
values. These analysis and assessments provide strategies
for any regeneration action plan for Kom El Dekka historic path.
Abstract: The exploitation of flow pulsation in micro- and
mini-channels is a potentially useful technique for enhancing cooling
of high-end photonics and electronics systems. It is thought that
pulsation alters the thickness of the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers, and hence affects the overall thermal resistance
of the heat sink. Although the fluid mechanics and heat transfer
are inextricably linked, it can be useful to decouple the parameters
to better understand the mechanisms underlying any heat transfer
enhancement. Using two-dimensional, two-component particle image
velocimetry, the current work intends to characterize the heat transfer
mechanisms in pulsating flow with a mean Reynolds number of
48 by experimentally quantifying the hydrodynamics of a generic
liquid-cooled channel geometry. Flows circulated through the test
section by a gear pump are modulated using a controller to achieve
sinusoidal flow pulsations with Womersley numbers of 7.45 and
2.36 and an amplitude ratio of 0.75. It is found that the transient
characteristics of the measured velocity profiles are dependent on the
speed of oscillation, in accordance with the analytical solution for
flow in a rectangular channel. A large velocity overshoot is observed
close to the wall at high frequencies, resulting from the interaction
of near-wall viscous stresses and inertial effects of the main fluid
body. The steep velocity gradients at the wall are indicative of
augmented heat transfer, although the local flow reversal may reduce
the upstream temperature difference in heat transfer applications.
While unsteady effects remain evident at the lower frequency, the
annular effect subsides and retreats from the wall. The shear rate at
the wall is increased during the accelerating half-cycle and decreased
during deceleration compared to steady flow, suggesting that the flow
may experience both enhanced and diminished heat transfer during
a single period. Hence, the thickness of the hydrodynamic boundary
layer is reduced for positively moving flow during one half of the
pulsation cycle at the investigated frequencies. It is expected that the
size of the thermal boundary layer is similarly reduced during the
cycle, leading to intervals of heat transfer enhancement.
Abstract: A composite material with carbon fiber and polymer
matrix has been used as adherent for manufacturing adhesive joints.
In order to evaluate different fiber orientations on joint performance,
the adherents with the 0°, ±15°, ±30°, ±45° fiber orientations were
used in the single lap joint configuration. The joints with an overlap
length of 25 mm were prepared according to the ASTM 1002
specifications and subjected to tensile loadings. The structural
adhesive used was a two-part epoxy to be cured at 70°C for an hour.
First, mechanical behaviors of the adherents were measured using
three point bending test. In the test, considerations were given to
stress to failure and elastic modulus. The results were compared with
theoretical ones using rule of mixture. Then, the joints were
manufactured in a specially prepared jig, after a proper surface
preparation. Experimental results showed that the fiber orientations
of the adherents affected the joint performance considerably; the
joints with ±45° adherents experienced the worst shear strength, half
of those with 0° adherents, and in general, there was a great
relationship between the fiber orientations and failure mechanisms.
Delamination problems were observed for many joints, which were
thought to be due to peel effects at the ends of the overlap. It was
proved that the surface preparation applied to the adherent surface
was adequate. For further explanation of the results, a numerical
work should be carried out using a possible non-linear analysis.
Abstract: This paper investigates the application of metallic
coatings on high fiber volume fraction carbon/epoxy polymer matrix
composites. For the grip of the metallic layer, a method of modifying
the surface of the composite by introducing a mixture of copper and
steel powder (filler powders) which can reduce the impact of thermal
spray particles. The powder was introduced to the surface at the time
of the forming. Arc spray was used to project the zinc coating layer.
The substrate was grit blasted to avoid poor adherence. The porosity, microstructure, and morphology of layers are
characterized by optical microscopy, SEM and image analysis. The
samples were studied also in terms of hardness and erosion resistance.
This investigation did not reveal any visible evidence damage to the
substrates. The hardness of zinc layer was about 25.94 MPa and the
porosity was around (∼6.70%). The erosion test showed that the zinc
coating improves the resistance to erosion. Based on the results
obtained, we can conclude that thermal spraying allows the production
of protective coating on PMC. Zinc coating has been identified as a
compatible material with the substrate. The filler powders layer
protects the substrate from the impact of hot particles and allows
avoiding the rupture of brittle carbon fibers.
Abstract: This paper presents the design and analysis of Liquid Crystal (LC) based tunable reflectarray antenna with slot embedded patch element configurations within X-band frequency range. The slots are shown to modify the surface current distribution on the patch element of reflectarray which causes the resonant patch element to provide different resonant frequencies depending on the slot dimensions. The simulated results are supported and verified by waveguide scattering parameter measurements of different reflectarray unit cells. Different rectangular slots on patch element have been fabricated and a change in resonant frequency from 10.46GHz to 8.78GHz has been demonstrated as the width of the rectangular slot is varied from 0.2W to 0.6W. The rectangular slot in the center of the patch element has also been utilized for the frequency tunable reflectarray antenna design based on K-15 Nematic LC. For the active reflectarray antenna design, a frequency tunability of 1.2% from 10GHz to 9.88GHz has been demonstrated with a dynamic phase range of 103° provided by the measured scattering parameter results. Time consumed by liquid crystals for reconfiguration, which is one of the drawback of LC based design, has also been disused in this paper.