Wavelet Based Qualitative Assessment of Femur Bone Strength Using Radiographic Imaging
In this work, the primary compressive strength
components of human femur trabecular bone are qualitatively
assessed using image processing and wavelet analysis. The Primary
Compressive (PC) component in planar radiographic femur trabecular
images (N=50) is delineated by semi-automatic image processing
procedure. Auto threshold binarization algorithm is employed to
recognize the presence of mineralization in the digitized images. The
qualitative parameters such as apparent mineralization and total area
associated with the PC region are derived for normal and abnormal
images.The two-dimensional discrete wavelet transforms are utilized
to obtain appropriate features that quantify texture changes in medical
images .The normal and abnormal samples of the human femur are
comprehensively analyzed using Harr wavelet.The six statistical
parameters such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, mean
absolute deviation and median absolute deviation are derived at level
4 decomposition for both approximation and horizontal wavelet
coefficients. The correlation coefficient of various wavelet derived
parameters with normal and abnormal for both approximated and
horizontal coefficients are estimated. It is seen that in almost all cases
the abnormal show higher degree of correlation than normals. Further
the parameters derived from approximation coefficient show more
correlation than those derived from the horizontal coefficients. The
parameters mean and median computed at the output of level 4 Harr
wavelet channel was found to be a useful predictor to delineate the
normal and the abnormal groups.
[1] Tony M.K, Elise F.M, Glen L.N, Oscar C.Y, "Biomechanics of trabecular
bone," Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 307-333 ,
2001.
[2] Smyth P.P. Adams J.E., Whitehouse R.W. and Taylor C. J, "Application
of computer texture analysis to the Singh index,"The British Journal of
Radiology, Vol. 70, pp. 242-247, 1997.
[3] Erben R.G, "Trabecular and endocortical bone surfaces in the rat
:Modeling or remodeling," Anatomical Record, Vol. 246, pp. 39-46,
1996.
[4] Lespessailles E, Chappard C, Bonnet N, Benhamou C. L, "Imaging
techniques for evaluating bone microarchitecture," Joint bone spine,
Vol.73 (3), pp.254-61, 2006.
[5] Martin R. B, "Determinants of the mechanical properties of
bones,".Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 79-88, 1991
Biomechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 79-88, 1991.
[6] Landis W. J, "The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the
molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in
their organic matrix," Bone, Vol. 16, pp. 533-544, 1995.
[7] Chung H. W, Wehrli F. W, Williams J. L, Wehrli S. L, "Threedimensional
nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging of trabecular
bone," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 101, pp.1452-1461,
1995.
[8] Goulet R. W, Goldstein S. A, Ciarelli M. J, Kuhn J. L, Brown M. B,
Feldkamp L. A, "The relationship between the structural and orthogonal
compressive properties of trabecular bone," Journal of Biomechanics,
Vol. 27, pp.375-398, 1994.
[9] Ebbesen E, Thomsen J, Beck-Nielsen H, Nepper-Rasmussen H,
Mosekilde,"Lumbar vertebral body compressive strength evaluated by
Dual energy Xray Absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography,
and ashing". Bone, Vol. 25, pp.713-724, 1997.
[10] Strid K, Kalebo P, "Bone mass determination from microradiographs by
computer assisted videodensitometry," I Methodology. Acta Radiologica,
Vol. 29, pp. 611-617,1998.
[11] Strid K, Kalebo P, "Bone mass determination from microradiographs by
computer assisted videodensitometry," II Aluminium as a reference
substance. Acta Radiologica, Vol. 29, pp. 465-472, 1998.
[12] Luo G, Kinney J, Kaufman J, Haupt D, Chiabrera A, Siffert R,
"Relationship between plain radiographic patterns and three dimensional
trabecular architecture in the human calcaneus," Osteoporosis
International, Vol. 9, pp. 339-345, 1999.
[13] Dunn, S. M., Van der Stelt, P. F., Ponce, A., Fenesy, K. & Shah, S, "A
comparison of two registration techniques for digital subtraction
radiography," Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 22, 77-80, 1993.
[14] Grondahl, H. G., Grondahl, K. & Webber, R. L, "A digital
subtraction technique for dental radiography," Oral Sur. Oral Med.
Oral Pathol. 55, 96-102, 1983.
[15] Kaufman J, Mont M, Hakim N, Ohley W, Lundahl T, Soifer T, Siffert R,
"Texture analysis of radiographic trabecular patterns in diffuse
osteopenia," Transactions of Orthopedic Research Society, Vol. 33, pp.
265, 1987.
[16] Laine, A. & Fan, J, "Texture classification by wavelet packet signatures,"
IEEE Transaction PAMI, Vol. 11, pp. 1186-1191, 1993.
[17] Unser, M, "Texture classification and segmentation using wavelet
frames," IEEE Transaction on Image processing, Vol. 11(4), pp. 1549-
1560, 1995.
[18] Bullmore. E, Fadili. J, Maxim. V, Xendur. L, Mhitcher. B,Suckling. J,
Brammer. M. J and Breakspear. M. J, "Wavelets and functional magneti
resonance imaging of the human brain," NeuroImage, Vol 23, pp.234-
249, 2004.
[19] Lee W. L, Chen Y. C and Hsieh K. S, "Ultrasonic liver tissues
classification by fractal feature vector based on M-band wavelet
transform," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag, Vol. 22(3), pp. 382-392.
[20] Faber T. D., Yoon D. C., Service S. K. & White S. C, "Fourier and
wavelet analyses of dental radiographs detect trabecular changes in
osteoporosis," Bone, Vol. 35(2), pp. 403-411, 2004.
[21] Jakubas-Przewlocka J., Sawicki A. and Przewlocki P, "Assessment of
trabecular bone structure in postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis in
women by image analysis," Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, Vol.
32, pp. 295-299, 2003.
[22] Jesu Christopher J, and Ramakrishnan S, "Assessment and classification
of mechanical strength of human femur trabeculae bone using texture
analysis and neural networks," Journal of Medical System, Springer
Publishers, Vol. 35, pp.117-122, 2007.
[23] Singh, M., Nagarath, A.R. and Maini, P.S, "Changes in trabecular pattern
of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis,"Journal of
Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 52, pp. 457- 467, 1970.
[24] Stiehl J B, Jacobson D, Carrera G, "Morphological analysis of the
proximal femur using quantitative computed tomography,"Int orthop,
Vol. 31(3), pp.287-92, 2007.
[25] Smith M. J and Barewell T. P, "Exact reconstruction techniques for tree
structured subband coders," IEEE Trans.Acoust., Speech, Signal
Process., Vol. 34, pp. 434 441,1986.
[26] Daubechies, I, "Ten lectures on wavelets,"Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia: 1992.
[27] Goldstein, S.A, "The mechanical properties of trabecular bone:
dependence on anatomic location and function,"J. Biomech, Vol. 20, pp.
1055-1061, 1987.
[28] Goulet R.W, Goldstein S.A, Ciarelli M. J, Kuhn J. L, Brown M.B and
Feldkampt L.A , "The relation between the structural and orthogonal
compressive properties of trabecular bone," J. Biomech, Vol. 27, pp.
375-389, 1994.
[29] Faulkner K.G, Gluer C.C, Majumdar S, Lang P, Engelke K and Genant
H.K., "Noninvasive measurements of bone mass, structure and strength:
current methods and experimental techniques," AJR , Vol. 157, pp.
1229-1237, 1991.
[30] Link T.M., Majumdar S, Grampp S, Guglielmi G, van Kuijk C, Imhof
H, Glueer C and Adams J.E, " Imaging of trabecular bone structure in
osteoporosis," European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 9, pp. 1781-1788,
1999.
[31] Pothuaud L, Porion P, Lespessailles E, Benhamou C.L and Levitz P, "A
new method for three-dimensional skeleton graph analysis of porous
media: application to trabecular bone microarchitecture," Journal of
Microscopy, Vol. 199, pp 41- 161, 2000.
[1] Tony M.K, Elise F.M, Glen L.N, Oscar C.Y, "Biomechanics of trabecular
bone," Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 307-333 ,
2001.
[2] Smyth P.P. Adams J.E., Whitehouse R.W. and Taylor C. J, "Application
of computer texture analysis to the Singh index,"The British Journal of
Radiology, Vol. 70, pp. 242-247, 1997.
[3] Erben R.G, "Trabecular and endocortical bone surfaces in the rat
:Modeling or remodeling," Anatomical Record, Vol. 246, pp. 39-46,
1996.
[4] Lespessailles E, Chappard C, Bonnet N, Benhamou C. L, "Imaging
techniques for evaluating bone microarchitecture," Joint bone spine,
Vol.73 (3), pp.254-61, 2006.
[5] Martin R. B, "Determinants of the mechanical properties of
bones,".Journal of Biomechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 79-88, 1991
Biomechanics, Vol. 24, pp. 79-88, 1991.
[6] Landis W. J, "The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the
molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in
their organic matrix," Bone, Vol. 16, pp. 533-544, 1995.
[7] Chung H. W, Wehrli F. W, Williams J. L, Wehrli S. L, "Threedimensional
nuclear magnetic resonance microimaging of trabecular
bone," Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, Vol. 101, pp.1452-1461,
1995.
[8] Goulet R. W, Goldstein S. A, Ciarelli M. J, Kuhn J. L, Brown M. B,
Feldkamp L. A, "The relationship between the structural and orthogonal
compressive properties of trabecular bone," Journal of Biomechanics,
Vol. 27, pp.375-398, 1994.
[9] Ebbesen E, Thomsen J, Beck-Nielsen H, Nepper-Rasmussen H,
Mosekilde,"Lumbar vertebral body compressive strength evaluated by
Dual energy Xray Absorptiometry, quantitative computed tomography,
and ashing". Bone, Vol. 25, pp.713-724, 1997.
[10] Strid K, Kalebo P, "Bone mass determination from microradiographs by
computer assisted videodensitometry," I Methodology. Acta Radiologica,
Vol. 29, pp. 611-617,1998.
[11] Strid K, Kalebo P, "Bone mass determination from microradiographs by
computer assisted videodensitometry," II Aluminium as a reference
substance. Acta Radiologica, Vol. 29, pp. 465-472, 1998.
[12] Luo G, Kinney J, Kaufman J, Haupt D, Chiabrera A, Siffert R,
"Relationship between plain radiographic patterns and three dimensional
trabecular architecture in the human calcaneus," Osteoporosis
International, Vol. 9, pp. 339-345, 1999.
[13] Dunn, S. M., Van der Stelt, P. F., Ponce, A., Fenesy, K. & Shah, S, "A
comparison of two registration techniques for digital subtraction
radiography," Dentomaxillofac. Radiol. 22, 77-80, 1993.
[14] Grondahl, H. G., Grondahl, K. & Webber, R. L, "A digital
subtraction technique for dental radiography," Oral Sur. Oral Med.
Oral Pathol. 55, 96-102, 1983.
[15] Kaufman J, Mont M, Hakim N, Ohley W, Lundahl T, Soifer T, Siffert R,
"Texture analysis of radiographic trabecular patterns in diffuse
osteopenia," Transactions of Orthopedic Research Society, Vol. 33, pp.
265, 1987.
[16] Laine, A. & Fan, J, "Texture classification by wavelet packet signatures,"
IEEE Transaction PAMI, Vol. 11, pp. 1186-1191, 1993.
[17] Unser, M, "Texture classification and segmentation using wavelet
frames," IEEE Transaction on Image processing, Vol. 11(4), pp. 1549-
1560, 1995.
[18] Bullmore. E, Fadili. J, Maxim. V, Xendur. L, Mhitcher. B,Suckling. J,
Brammer. M. J and Breakspear. M. J, "Wavelets and functional magneti
resonance imaging of the human brain," NeuroImage, Vol 23, pp.234-
249, 2004.
[19] Lee W. L, Chen Y. C and Hsieh K. S, "Ultrasonic liver tissues
classification by fractal feature vector based on M-band wavelet
transform," IEEE Trans. Med. Imag, Vol. 22(3), pp. 382-392.
[20] Faber T. D., Yoon D. C., Service S. K. & White S. C, "Fourier and
wavelet analyses of dental radiographs detect trabecular changes in
osteoporosis," Bone, Vol. 35(2), pp. 403-411, 2004.
[21] Jakubas-Przewlocka J., Sawicki A. and Przewlocki P, "Assessment of
trabecular bone structure in postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis in
women by image analysis," Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, Vol.
32, pp. 295-299, 2003.
[22] Jesu Christopher J, and Ramakrishnan S, "Assessment and classification
of mechanical strength of human femur trabeculae bone using texture
analysis and neural networks," Journal of Medical System, Springer
Publishers, Vol. 35, pp.117-122, 2007.
[23] Singh, M., Nagarath, A.R. and Maini, P.S, "Changes in trabecular pattern
of the upper end of the femur as an index of osteoporosis,"Journal of
Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 52, pp. 457- 467, 1970.
[24] Stiehl J B, Jacobson D, Carrera G, "Morphological analysis of the
proximal femur using quantitative computed tomography,"Int orthop,
Vol. 31(3), pp.287-92, 2007.
[25] Smith M. J and Barewell T. P, "Exact reconstruction techniques for tree
structured subband coders," IEEE Trans.Acoust., Speech, Signal
Process., Vol. 34, pp. 434 441,1986.
[26] Daubechies, I, "Ten lectures on wavelets,"Society for Industrial and
Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia: 1992.
[27] Goldstein, S.A, "The mechanical properties of trabecular bone:
dependence on anatomic location and function,"J. Biomech, Vol. 20, pp.
1055-1061, 1987.
[28] Goulet R.W, Goldstein S.A, Ciarelli M. J, Kuhn J. L, Brown M.B and
Feldkampt L.A , "The relation between the structural and orthogonal
compressive properties of trabecular bone," J. Biomech, Vol. 27, pp.
375-389, 1994.
[29] Faulkner K.G, Gluer C.C, Majumdar S, Lang P, Engelke K and Genant
H.K., "Noninvasive measurements of bone mass, structure and strength:
current methods and experimental techniques," AJR , Vol. 157, pp.
1229-1237, 1991.
[30] Link T.M., Majumdar S, Grampp S, Guglielmi G, van Kuijk C, Imhof
H, Glueer C and Adams J.E, " Imaging of trabecular bone structure in
osteoporosis," European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 9, pp. 1781-1788,
1999.
[31] Pothuaud L, Porion P, Lespessailles E, Benhamou C.L and Levitz P, "A
new method for three-dimensional skeleton graph analysis of porous
media: application to trabecular bone microarchitecture," Journal of
Microscopy, Vol. 199, pp 41- 161, 2000.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:59201", author = "Sundararajan Sangeetha and Joseph Jesu Christopher and Swaminathan Ramakrishnan", title = "Wavelet Based Qualitative Assessment of Femur Bone Strength Using Radiographic Imaging", abstract = "In this work, the primary compressive strength
components of human femur trabecular bone are qualitatively
assessed using image processing and wavelet analysis. The Primary
Compressive (PC) component in planar radiographic femur trabecular
images (N=50) is delineated by semi-automatic image processing
procedure. Auto threshold binarization algorithm is employed to
recognize the presence of mineralization in the digitized images. The
qualitative parameters such as apparent mineralization and total area
associated with the PC region are derived for normal and abnormal
images.The two-dimensional discrete wavelet transforms are utilized
to obtain appropriate features that quantify texture changes in medical
images .The normal and abnormal samples of the human femur are
comprehensively analyzed using Harr wavelet.The six statistical
parameters such as mean, median, mode, standard deviation, mean
absolute deviation and median absolute deviation are derived at level
4 decomposition for both approximation and horizontal wavelet
coefficients. The correlation coefficient of various wavelet derived
parameters with normal and abnormal for both approximated and
horizontal coefficients are estimated. It is seen that in almost all cases
the abnormal show higher degree of correlation than normals. Further
the parameters derived from approximation coefficient show more
correlation than those derived from the horizontal coefficients. The
parameters mean and median computed at the output of level 4 Harr
wavelet channel was found to be a useful predictor to delineate the
normal and the abnormal groups.", keywords = "Image processing, planar radiographs, trabecular
bone and wavelet analysis.", volume = "2", number = "5", pages = "1635-4", }