{
  "title": "The Influence of Biofuels on the Permeability of Sand-Bentonite Liners",
  "abstract": "Liners are made to protect the groundwater table from\nthe infiltration of leachate which normally carries different kinds of\ntoxic materials from landfills. Although these liners are engineered to\nlast for long period of time; unfortunately these liners fail; therefore,\ntoxic materials pass to groundwater. This paper focuses on the\nchanges of the hydraulic conductivity of a sand-bentonite liner due to\nthe infiltration of biofuel and ethanol fuel. Series of laboratory tests\nwere conducted in 20-cm-high PVC columns. Several compositions\nof sand-bentonite liners were tested: 95% sand: 5% bentonite; 90%\nsand: 10% bentonite; and 100% sand (passed mesh #40). The\ncolumns were subjected to extreme pressures of 40 kPa, and 100 kPa\nto evaluate the transport of alternative fuels (biofuel and ethanol\nfuel). For comparative studies, similar tests were carried out using\nwater. Results showed that hydraulic conductivity increased due to\nthe infiltration of alternative fuels through the liners. Accordingly,\nthe increase in the hydraulic conductivity showed significant\ndependency on the type of liner mixture and the characteristics of the\nliquid. The hydraulic conductivity of a liner (subjected to biofuel\ninfiltration) consisting of 5% bentonite: 95% sand under pressure of\n40 kPa and 100 kPa had increased by one fold. In addition, the\nhydraulic conductivity of a liner consisting of 10% bentonite: 90%\nsand under pressure of 40 kPa and 100 kPa and infiltrated by biofuel\nhad increased by three folds. On the other hand, the results obtained\nby water infiltration under 40 kPa showed lower hydraulic\nconductivities of 1.50×10-5 and 1.37×10-9 cm/s for 5% bentonite:\n95% sand, and 10% bentonite: 90% sand, respectively. Similarly,\nunder 100 kPa, the hydraulic conductivities were 2.30×10-5 and\n1.90×10-9 cm/s for 5% bentonite: 95% sand, and 10% bentonite: 90%\nsand, respectively.",
  "keywords": [
    "Biofuel",
    "Ethanol; Hydraulic conductivity Landfill",
    "Leakage",
    "Liner failure",
    "Liner performance Fine-grained soils",
    "Particle\nsize",
    "Sand-bentonite."
  ],
  "authors": [
    "Mousa Bani Baker",
    "Maria Elektorowicz",
    "Adel Hanna",
    "Altayeb Qasem"
  ],
  "values": 6,
  "issue": 12,
  "issn": null,
  "page_start": 823,
  "page_end": 4,
  "year": "2012",
  "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1085020",
  "journal": "International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences",
  "categories": [
    "Environmental and Ecological Engineering"
  ],
  "files": [
    "http://scholarly.org/pdf/display/the-influence-of-biofuels-on-the-permeability-of-sand-bentonite-liners"
  ]
}