Stresses Distribution in Spot, Bonded, and Weld- Bonded Joints during the Process of Axial Load
In this study the elastic-plastic stress distribution in
weld-bonded joint, fabricated from austenitic stainless steel (AISI
304) sheet of 1.00 mm thickness and Epoxy adhesive Araldite 2011,
subjected to axial loading is investigated. This is needed to improve
design procedures and welding codes, and saving efforts in the
cumbersome experiments and analysis. Therefore, a complete 3-D
finite element modelling and analysis of spot welded, bonded and
weld-bonded joints under axial loading conditions is carried out. A
comprehensive systematic experimental program is conducted to
determine many properties and quantities, of the base metals and the
adhesive, needed for FE modelling, such like the elastic – plastic
properties, modulus of elasticity, fracture limit, the nugget and heat
affected zones (HAZ) properties, etc. Consequently, the finite
element models developed, for each case, are used to evaluate
stresses distributions across the entire joint, in both the elastic and
plastic regions. The stress distribution curves are obtained,
particularly in the elastic regions and found to be consistent and in
excellent agreement with the published data. Furthermore, the
stresses distributions are obtained in the weld-bonded joint and
display the best results with almost uniform smooth distribution
compared to spot and bonded cases. The stress concentration peaks at
the edges of the weld-bonded region, are almost eliminated resulting
in achieving the strongest joint of all processes.
[1] P. K. Ghosh, and Vivek, "Weld-bonding of stainless steel", ISIJ
International, Vol. 43, pp. 85-94, 2003.
[2] Q. D. Yang, M. D. Thouless, and S. M. Ward, "Elastic-plastic mode-II
fracture of adhesive joints", International Journal of Solids and
Structures, Vol. 38, pp. 3251-3262, 2001.
[3] A. Hasanbasoglu, and R. Kacar, "Resistance spot welding of dissimilar
materials (AISI 316L-DIN EN 10130-99)", Journal of Materials and
Design, Vol. 28, pp. 1794-1800, 2007
[4] I. R. Nodeh, S. Serajzadeh, and A. H. Kokabi, "Simulation of welding
residual stresses in resistance spot welding, FE Modeling and X-ray
verification", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 205, pp.
60-69, 2008
[5] A. De, M. P. Thaddeus, and L. Lorn, "Numerical modeling of resistance
spot welding of aluminum alloy", ISIJ International, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.
238-244, 2003.
[6] J. Z. Chen, and D. F. Farson, "Analytical modeling of heat conduction
for small scale resistance spot welding process", Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, Vol. 178, pp. 251-258, 2006.
[7] X. Kong, Q. Yang, B. Li, G. Rothwell, R. English, and H. J. Ren,
"Numerical Study of spot-welded joints of steel", Journal of Materials
and Design, Vol. 29, pp. 1554-1561, 2008.
[8] S. L, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D. Zavattieri,
"Use of mode I cohesive zone models to describe the fracture of an
adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite", Journal of Composite
Science and Technology, Vol. 65, pp. 281-293, 2005.
[9] S. Li, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D.
Zavattieri, "Mixed-mode cohesive-zone models for fracture of an
adhesively bonded polymer-matrix composite", Journal of Engineering
Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 73, pp. 64-78, 2006.
[10] M. You, Z. Li, X. Zheng, S. Yu, G. Li, and D. Sun, "A numerical and
experimental study of performed angle in the lap zone on adhesively
bonded steel single lap joint", International Journal of Adhesion and
Adhesives, Vol. 29, pp. 280-285, 2009.
[11] M. N. Cavalli, M. D. Thouless, and Q. D. Yang, "Cohesive-zone
modeling of the deformation and fracture of weld-bonded joints",
Welding Journal, Vol. 83, p. 133S-139S, 2004.
[12] Y. Xia, Q. Zhou, P. C. Wang, N. L. Johnson, X. Q. Gayden, and J. D.
Fickers, "Development of high-efficiency modeling technique for weldbonded
steel joints in vehicle structures-part I: static experiments and
simulations", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 29,
pp. 414-426, 2009.
[13] Z. Hou, I. S. Kim, Y. Wang, C. Li, and C. Chen, "Finite element
analysis for the mechanical features of resistance spot welding process",
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 185, pp. 160-165,
2007.
[14] X. Deng, W. Chen, and G. Shi, "Three-dimensional finite element
analysis of mechanical behavior of spot welds", Journal of Finite
Element Analysis and Design, Vol. 35, pp. 17-39, 2000.
[15] E. Al-bahkali , M. Es-saheb, and J. Herwan, "Finite Element Modeling
of Weld-Bonded Joint", 4th International Conference on Advanced
Computational Engineering and Experimenting, Paris, 2010.
[16] J. Herwan, "Load-Displacement Curve Prediction of Weld-Bonded
Stainless Steel Using Finite Element Method", MSc thesis, King Saud
University, KSA, 2010.
[17] ASTM, "Standard method of tension testing of metallic materials",
Annual Book of standard, ASTM-E8-81, 1981.
[18] Huntsman Corp, "Technical data sheet of structural adhesives araldite-
201", Huntsman Advanced Materials, 2007.
[19] E. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, M. K. Baik, S. H. Kim, J. S. Park, and D. Kwon,
"Optimum definition of true strain beneath a spherical indenter for
deriving indentation flow curves", Journal of Materials Science and
Engineering, Vol. A419, pp. 196-201, 2006.
[20] Y. Bao," Dependence of ductile crack formation in tensile tests on stress
triaxiality stress and strain ratios", Journal of Engineering Fracture
Mechanics, Vol. 72, pp. 502-522, 2005.
[21] M. Alves, and N. Jones, "Influence of hydrostatics stress on failure of
axi-symmetric notched specimens", Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids, Vol. 47, pp. 643-667, 1999.
[22] A. C. Mackenzie, J. W. Hancock, and D. K. Brown, "On the influence of
state of stress on ductile failure initiation in high strength steels",
Journal of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 167-188, 1977.
[23] C. Sun, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D.
Zavattieri, "Rate effects for mixed-mode fracture of plasticallydeforming
adhesively-bonded structures", International Journal of
Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 29, pp. 434-443, 2009.
[24] M. Arai, Y. Noro, K. Sugimoto, and M. Endo, "Mode I and mode II
interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates toughened by carbon
nanofiber interlayer", Journal of Composite Science and Technology,
Vol. 68, pp. 516-525, 2008.
[25] ABAQUS, User-s Manual, Version 6.9, 2010.
[1] P. K. Ghosh, and Vivek, "Weld-bonding of stainless steel", ISIJ
International, Vol. 43, pp. 85-94, 2003.
[2] Q. D. Yang, M. D. Thouless, and S. M. Ward, "Elastic-plastic mode-II
fracture of adhesive joints", International Journal of Solids and
Structures, Vol. 38, pp. 3251-3262, 2001.
[3] A. Hasanbasoglu, and R. Kacar, "Resistance spot welding of dissimilar
materials (AISI 316L-DIN EN 10130-99)", Journal of Materials and
Design, Vol. 28, pp. 1794-1800, 2007
[4] I. R. Nodeh, S. Serajzadeh, and A. H. Kokabi, "Simulation of welding
residual stresses in resistance spot welding, FE Modeling and X-ray
verification", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 205, pp.
60-69, 2008
[5] A. De, M. P. Thaddeus, and L. Lorn, "Numerical modeling of resistance
spot welding of aluminum alloy", ISIJ International, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.
238-244, 2003.
[6] J. Z. Chen, and D. F. Farson, "Analytical modeling of heat conduction
for small scale resistance spot welding process", Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, Vol. 178, pp. 251-258, 2006.
[7] X. Kong, Q. Yang, B. Li, G. Rothwell, R. English, and H. J. Ren,
"Numerical Study of spot-welded joints of steel", Journal of Materials
and Design, Vol. 29, pp. 1554-1561, 2008.
[8] S. L, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D. Zavattieri,
"Use of mode I cohesive zone models to describe the fracture of an
adhesively-bonded polymer-matrix composite", Journal of Composite
Science and Technology, Vol. 65, pp. 281-293, 2005.
[9] S. Li, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D.
Zavattieri, "Mixed-mode cohesive-zone models for fracture of an
adhesively bonded polymer-matrix composite", Journal of Engineering
Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 73, pp. 64-78, 2006.
[10] M. You, Z. Li, X. Zheng, S. Yu, G. Li, and D. Sun, "A numerical and
experimental study of performed angle in the lap zone on adhesively
bonded steel single lap joint", International Journal of Adhesion and
Adhesives, Vol. 29, pp. 280-285, 2009.
[11] M. N. Cavalli, M. D. Thouless, and Q. D. Yang, "Cohesive-zone
modeling of the deformation and fracture of weld-bonded joints",
Welding Journal, Vol. 83, p. 133S-139S, 2004.
[12] Y. Xia, Q. Zhou, P. C. Wang, N. L. Johnson, X. Q. Gayden, and J. D.
Fickers, "Development of high-efficiency modeling technique for weldbonded
steel joints in vehicle structures-part I: static experiments and
simulations", International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 29,
pp. 414-426, 2009.
[13] Z. Hou, I. S. Kim, Y. Wang, C. Li, and C. Chen, "Finite element
analysis for the mechanical features of resistance spot welding process",
Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 185, pp. 160-165,
2007.
[14] X. Deng, W. Chen, and G. Shi, "Three-dimensional finite element
analysis of mechanical behavior of spot welds", Journal of Finite
Element Analysis and Design, Vol. 35, pp. 17-39, 2000.
[15] E. Al-bahkali , M. Es-saheb, and J. Herwan, "Finite Element Modeling
of Weld-Bonded Joint", 4th International Conference on Advanced
Computational Engineering and Experimenting, Paris, 2010.
[16] J. Herwan, "Load-Displacement Curve Prediction of Weld-Bonded
Stainless Steel Using Finite Element Method", MSc thesis, King Saud
University, KSA, 2010.
[17] ASTM, "Standard method of tension testing of metallic materials",
Annual Book of standard, ASTM-E8-81, 1981.
[18] Huntsman Corp, "Technical data sheet of structural adhesives araldite-
201", Huntsman Advanced Materials, 2007.
[19] E. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, M. K. Baik, S. H. Kim, J. S. Park, and D. Kwon,
"Optimum definition of true strain beneath a spherical indenter for
deriving indentation flow curves", Journal of Materials Science and
Engineering, Vol. A419, pp. 196-201, 2006.
[20] Y. Bao," Dependence of ductile crack formation in tensile tests on stress
triaxiality stress and strain ratios", Journal of Engineering Fracture
Mechanics, Vol. 72, pp. 502-522, 2005.
[21] M. Alves, and N. Jones, "Influence of hydrostatics stress on failure of
axi-symmetric notched specimens", Journal of the Mechanics and
Physics of Solids, Vol. 47, pp. 643-667, 1999.
[22] A. C. Mackenzie, J. W. Hancock, and D. K. Brown, "On the influence of
state of stress on ductile failure initiation in high strength steels",
Journal of Engineering Fracture Mechanics, Vol. 9, pp. 167-188, 1977.
[23] C. Sun, M. D. Thouless, A. M. Waas, J. A. Schroeder, and P. D.
Zavattieri, "Rate effects for mixed-mode fracture of plasticallydeforming
adhesively-bonded structures", International Journal of
Adhesion and Adhesives, Vol. 29, pp. 434-443, 2009.
[24] M. Arai, Y. Noro, K. Sugimoto, and M. Endo, "Mode I and mode II
interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP laminates toughened by carbon
nanofiber interlayer", Journal of Composite Science and Technology,
Vol. 68, pp. 516-525, 2008.
[25] ABAQUS, User-s Manual, Version 6.9, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:55286", author = "Essam A. Al-Bahkali and Mahir H. Es-saheb and Jonny Herwan", title = "Stresses Distribution in Spot, Bonded, and Weld- Bonded Joints during the Process of Axial Load", abstract = "In this study the elastic-plastic stress distribution in
weld-bonded joint, fabricated from austenitic stainless steel (AISI
304) sheet of 1.00 mm thickness and Epoxy adhesive Araldite 2011,
subjected to axial loading is investigated. This is needed to improve
design procedures and welding codes, and saving efforts in the
cumbersome experiments and analysis. Therefore, a complete 3-D
finite element modelling and analysis of spot welded, bonded and
weld-bonded joints under axial loading conditions is carried out. A
comprehensive systematic experimental program is conducted to
determine many properties and quantities, of the base metals and the
adhesive, needed for FE modelling, such like the elastic – plastic
properties, modulus of elasticity, fracture limit, the nugget and heat
affected zones (HAZ) properties, etc. Consequently, the finite
element models developed, for each case, are used to evaluate
stresses distributions across the entire joint, in both the elastic and
plastic regions. The stress distribution curves are obtained,
particularly in the elastic regions and found to be consistent and in
excellent agreement with the published data. Furthermore, the
stresses distributions are obtained in the weld-bonded joint and
display the best results with almost uniform smooth distribution
compared to spot and bonded cases. The stress concentration peaks at
the edges of the weld-bonded region, are almost eliminated resulting
in achieving the strongest joint of all processes.", keywords = "Spot Welded, Weld-Bonded, Load-Displacement
curve, Stress distribution", volume = "6", number = "7", pages = "1222-6", }
