Principal Type of Water Responsible for Damage of Concrete Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycles
The first and basic cause of the failure of concrete is repeated freezing (thawing) of moisture contained in the pores, microcracks, and cavities of the concrete. On transition to ice, water existing in the free state in cracks increases in volume, expanding the recess in which freezing occurs. A reduction in strength below the initial value is to be expected and further cycle of freezing and thawing have a further marked effect. By using some experimental parameters like nuclear magnetic resonance variation (NMR), enthalpy-temperature (or heat capacity) variation, we can resolve between the various water states and their effect on concrete properties during cooling through the freezing transition temperature range. The main objective of this paper is to describe the principal type of water responsible for the reduction in strength and structural damage (frost damage) of concrete following repeated freeze –thaw cycles. Some experimental work was carried out at the institute of cryogenics to determine what happens to water in concrete during the freezing transition.
<p>[1] CALLAGHAN, P.T., “Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Microscopy”, Oxford Science Publications, 1991, New York.
[2] Dahmani, L., Khennane, A., Kaci,S. , “Behavior of the reinforced
concrete at cryogenic temperature”, Cryogenics , Volume 47, Issues 9-
10, September-October 2007, Pages 517-525.
[3] GEIKER, M; THAULOW, N, “Ingress of Moisture due to Freeze/Thaw
Exposure”, in ,Frost Resistance of Building Materials, Ed. S. Lindmark,
Report TVBM-3072, Lund Institute of Technology, Div. Building
Materials, 1996.
[4] HANAOR A. , Microcracking and permeability of concrete to Liquide
Nitrogen , J. Am. Concr. Institute, 1985.
[5] HANSEN, E.W; STOCKER, M.; and SCHMIDT,R., Low-temperature
phase transition of water confined in mesopores probed by NMR.
Influence on pore size distribution, J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 2195–
2200, 1996.
[6] HEDENBLAD, G. , “Moisture Permeability of Mature Concrete,
Cement Mortar and Cement Paste”, Lund Institute of Technology, Div.
of Building Materials, Report TVBM-1014, 1993.
[7] MARCHAND, J. ; PLEAU, R.; GAGNÉ, R. , “Deterioration of
Concrete Due to Freezing and Thawing” , in Materials Science of
Concrete IV. Jan Skalny, Sidney Mindess, Eds.,1995.
[8] MOHD YUSOF ,K.B., “The effects of moisture on the thermal
properties of concrete between -80 degrees and 0 degrees C”, University
of Southampton, UK, Ph.D. thesis, 1984.
[9] PEL, L., “Moisture Transport in Porous Building Materials”, Ph.D.
thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1995.
[10] PIGEON, M. ; and PLEAU, R., “Durability of Concrete in Cold
Climates”. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.
[11] PRADO P. J., BALCOM B. J., BEYEA S. D., BREMNER T. W.,
ARMSTRONG R. L. and GRATTAN-BELLEW P. E., “Concrete
freeze/thaw as studied by magnetic resonance imaging". Cement and
Concrete Research, 28, No. 2, 261–270, 1998.
[12] SCURLOCK , R.G.; and KAMARUDIN M.YUSOF, “Thermal
behaviour of concretes between -80degrees C and +20 degrees C” Proc.
2nd Int Conf Cryogenic Concrete, Amsterdam, 1983.
[13] SCURLOCK , R.G.; and MOHD YUSOF, K.B.; (2000] ,” Cryogenic
and Frostproof Concrete made from conventional aggregates and
Portland cement”, Adv. Cryo. Engineering 45, 1779, 2000.
[14] SCURLOCK, R.G.; LOW LOSS DEWARS,”Cryogenic and Frostproof
Concrete”, 35-37, Low Loss Dewars and Tanks, published by Cryogenic
Society of America, 2005.
[15] SCURLOCK, R.G., “Cryogenics at the University of Southampton: a
review”, Institute of Cryogenics, University of Southampton,
Southampton S09 5N H, U K, (19 February), pp.439-466, 1988.
[16] WOLTER B, DOBMANN G, “Nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool for
the characterisation of concrete in different stages of its development”.
Proc. Int. Symp. on Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering
(NDT-CE), Vol. 1, Berlin, Germany, p. 181, 1995.</p>
<p>[1] CALLAGHAN, P.T., “Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Microscopy”, Oxford Science Publications, 1991, New York.
[2] Dahmani, L., Khennane, A., Kaci,S. , “Behavior of the reinforced
concrete at cryogenic temperature”, Cryogenics , Volume 47, Issues 9-
10, September-October 2007, Pages 517-525.
[3] GEIKER, M; THAULOW, N, “Ingress of Moisture due to Freeze/Thaw
Exposure”, in ,Frost Resistance of Building Materials, Ed. S. Lindmark,
Report TVBM-3072, Lund Institute of Technology, Div. Building
Materials, 1996.
[4] HANAOR A. , Microcracking and permeability of concrete to Liquide
Nitrogen , J. Am. Concr. Institute, 1985.
[5] HANSEN, E.W; STOCKER, M.; and SCHMIDT,R., Low-temperature
phase transition of water confined in mesopores probed by NMR.
Influence on pore size distribution, J. Phys. Chem., vol. 100, pp. 2195–
2200, 1996.
[6] HEDENBLAD, G. , “Moisture Permeability of Mature Concrete,
Cement Mortar and Cement Paste”, Lund Institute of Technology, Div.
of Building Materials, Report TVBM-1014, 1993.
[7] MARCHAND, J. ; PLEAU, R.; GAGNÉ, R. , “Deterioration of
Concrete Due to Freezing and Thawing” , in Materials Science of
Concrete IV. Jan Skalny, Sidney Mindess, Eds.,1995.
[8] MOHD YUSOF ,K.B., “The effects of moisture on the thermal
properties of concrete between -80 degrees and 0 degrees C”, University
of Southampton, UK, Ph.D. thesis, 1984.
[9] PEL, L., “Moisture Transport in Porous Building Materials”, Ph.D.
thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 1995.
[10] PIGEON, M. ; and PLEAU, R., “Durability of Concrete in Cold
Climates”. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.
[11] PRADO P. J., BALCOM B. J., BEYEA S. D., BREMNER T. W.,
ARMSTRONG R. L. and GRATTAN-BELLEW P. E., “Concrete
freeze/thaw as studied by magnetic resonance imaging". Cement and
Concrete Research, 28, No. 2, 261–270, 1998.
[12] SCURLOCK , R.G.; and KAMARUDIN M.YUSOF, “Thermal
behaviour of concretes between -80degrees C and +20 degrees C” Proc.
2nd Int Conf Cryogenic Concrete, Amsterdam, 1983.
[13] SCURLOCK , R.G.; and MOHD YUSOF, K.B.; (2000] ,” Cryogenic
and Frostproof Concrete made from conventional aggregates and
Portland cement”, Adv. Cryo. Engineering 45, 1779, 2000.
[14] SCURLOCK, R.G.; LOW LOSS DEWARS,”Cryogenic and Frostproof
Concrete”, 35-37, Low Loss Dewars and Tanks, published by Cryogenic
Society of America, 2005.
[15] SCURLOCK, R.G., “Cryogenics at the University of Southampton: a
review”, Institute of Cryogenics, University of Southampton,
Southampton S09 5N H, U K, (19 February), pp.439-466, 1988.
[16] WOLTER B, DOBMANN G, “Nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool for
the characterisation of concrete in different stages of its development”.
Proc. Int. Symp. on Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering
(NDT-CE), Vol. 1, Berlin, Germany, p. 181, 1995.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:59238", author = "L. Dahmani", title = "Principal Type of Water Responsible for Damage of Concrete Repeated Freeze-Thaw Cycles", abstract = "The first and basic cause of the failure of concrete is repeated freezing (thawing) of moisture contained in the pores, microcracks, and cavities of the concrete. On transition to ice, water existing in the free state in cracks increases in volume, expanding the recess in which freezing occurs. A reduction in strength below the initial value is to be expected and further cycle of freezing and thawing have a further marked effect. By using some experimental parameters like nuclear magnetic resonance variation (NMR), enthalpy-temperature (or heat capacity) variation, we can resolve between the various water states and their effect on concrete properties during cooling through the freezing transition temperature range. The main objective of this paper is to describe the principal type of water responsible for the reduction in strength and structural damage (frost damage) of concrete following repeated freeze –thaw cycles. Some experimental work was carried out at the institute of cryogenics to determine what happens to water in concrete during the freezing transition.
", keywords = "Concrete, frost proof, strength, water diffusion.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "478-4", }
