Maya Semantic Technique: A Mathematical Technique Used to Determine Partial Semantics for Declarative Sentences
This research uses computational linguistics, an area of study that employs a computer to process natural language, and aims at discerning the patterns that exist in declarative sentences used in technical texts. The approach is mathematical, and the focus is on instructional texts found on web pages. The technique developed by the author and named the MAYA Semantic Technique is used here and organized into four stages. In the first stage, the parts of speech in each sentence are identified. In the second stage, the subject of the sentence is determined. In the third stage, MAYA performs a frequency analysis on the remaining words to determine the verb and its object. In the fourth stage, MAYA does statistical analysis to determine the content of the web page. The advantage of the MAYA Semantic Technique lies in its use of mathematical principles to represent grammatical operations which assist processing and accuracy if performed on unambiguous text. The MAYA Semantic Technique is part of a proposed architecture for an entire web-based intelligent tutoring system. On a sample set of sentences, partial semantics derived using the MAYA Semantic Technique were approximately 80% accurate. The system currently processes technical text in one domain, namely Cµ programming. In this domain all the keywords and programming concepts are known and understood.
[1] Akman, V. (1999) Situation Semantics as Natural Language Semantics.
(http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~akman/jour-papers/sigart/node3.html)
[2] Allen, J., (1995) Natural Language Understanding. (2nd ed.). Redwood
City, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
[3] Branden, C., & Tooze, J. (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure. New
York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
[4] Brill, E. (2002) Eric Brill Part-of-speech Tagger.
(http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~brill/)
[5] Cowie, C (2004) Semantics. The University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
UK (http://www.shef.ac.uk/english/modules/ell303/docs/3)
[6] De Beaugrande, R. (1991) Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of
Fundamental Works. New York: Longman.
[7] Deitel, H. M., & Deitel, P. J. (1998) C++ How to Program. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
[8] Dinneen, F. P. (1967) An Introduction to General Linguistics. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
[9] Einstein, A.,Lorentz, Weyl, H., & Minkowski, H., (1923) The Principle
of Relativity: A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and
General Theory of Relativity. (A. Sommerfeld , Notes), (W. Perrett & G.
B. Jeffery, Trans.). New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
[10] Fromkin, V. A. (Ed.), Curtiss, S., Hayes, B. P., Hyams, N., Keating, P.
A., Koopman, H., Munro, P., Sportiche, D., Stabler, E. P., Steriade, D.,
Stowell, T., Szabolcsi, A. (2000) Linguistics: An Introduction to
Linguistic Theory. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
[11] Harris A., Korsakov M., Wakefield M., Baxter M., and Farinha D.
(2003) South Bank University, London
.(http://www.scism.sbu.ac.uk/inmandw/tutorials/ka/g1/)
[12] Jurafsky, D., Martin, J. H. (2000) Speech and Language Processing: An
Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational
Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
[13] Jurkat, M. P. personal interview. (1999) Stevens Institute of
Technology.
[14] King, Peter J. B. (1999), November. Heriot-Watt University. Edinburgh,
Scotland. (http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~pjbk/)
[15] Langer, S. K. (1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic. New York:
Dover Publications.
[16] Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics. Volume 1. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
[17] Lyons, J (1995) Linguistics Semantics. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
[18] Manning, C. D., & Sch├╝tze, H. (1999) Foundation of Statistical Natural
Language Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
[19] Matthews, P. (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.
Oxford. Oxford University Press
[20] Nirenburg, S., & Defrise, S. (1992) Application-Oriented Computational
Semantics. In Michael Rosner and Roderick Johnson (Eds.).
Computational Linguistics and Formal Semantics. (pp. 223-256). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
[21] Partee, B. H. (1992) Syntactic Categories and Semantic Type. In
Michael Rosner and Roderick Johnson (Eds.). Computational
Linguistics and Formal Semantics. (pp. 97-126). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[22] Pinker, S. (1995) The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial.
[23] Pinker, S. (2000) The Language Instinct. New York: Perennial.
[24] Prata, S. 1998. C++ Primer Plus. Corte Madera, CA: Mitchell Waite
Group Press.
[25] Lecomte, J. INaLF/CNRS, (1998) WinBrill, http://www.cnrs.fr/
Pustejovsky, J., Boguraev, B.
[26] Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (1995) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
[27] Shapiro, S. C. (Ed.). (1990) Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence (Vols
1 & 2). New York: Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Son.
[1] Akman, V. (1999) Situation Semantics as Natural Language Semantics.
(http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~akman/jour-papers/sigart/node3.html)
[2] Allen, J., (1995) Natural Language Understanding. (2nd ed.). Redwood
City, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
[3] Branden, C., & Tooze, J. (1991) Introduction to Protein Structure. New
York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
[4] Brill, E. (2002) Eric Brill Part-of-speech Tagger.
(http://www.cs.jhu.edu/~brill/)
[5] Cowie, C (2004) Semantics. The University of Sheffield, Sheffield,
UK (http://www.shef.ac.uk/english/modules/ell303/docs/3)
[6] De Beaugrande, R. (1991) Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of
Fundamental Works. New York: Longman.
[7] Deitel, H. M., & Deitel, P. J. (1998) C++ How to Program. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc.
[8] Dinneen, F. P. (1967) An Introduction to General Linguistics. New
York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
[9] Einstein, A.,Lorentz, Weyl, H., & Minkowski, H., (1923) The Principle
of Relativity: A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and
General Theory of Relativity. (A. Sommerfeld , Notes), (W. Perrett & G.
B. Jeffery, Trans.). New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
[10] Fromkin, V. A. (Ed.), Curtiss, S., Hayes, B. P., Hyams, N., Keating, P.
A., Koopman, H., Munro, P., Sportiche, D., Stabler, E. P., Steriade, D.,
Stowell, T., Szabolcsi, A. (2000) Linguistics: An Introduction to
Linguistic Theory. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.
[11] Harris A., Korsakov M., Wakefield M., Baxter M., and Farinha D.
(2003) South Bank University, London
.(http://www.scism.sbu.ac.uk/inmandw/tutorials/ka/g1/)
[12] Jurafsky, D., Martin, J. H. (2000) Speech and Language Processing: An
Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational
Linguistics, and Speech Recognition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
[13] Jurkat, M. P. personal interview. (1999) Stevens Institute of
Technology.
[14] King, Peter J. B. (1999), November. Heriot-Watt University. Edinburgh,
Scotland. (http://www.cee.hw.ac.uk/~pjbk/)
[15] Langer, S. K. (1967) An Introduction to Symbolic Logic. New York:
Dover Publications.
[16] Lyons, J. (1977) Semantics. Volume 1. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
[17] Lyons, J (1995) Linguistics Semantics. Cambridge. Cambridge
University Press.
[18] Manning, C. D., & Sch├╝tze, H. (1999) Foundation of Statistical Natural
Language Processing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
[19] Matthews, P. (1997) The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Linguistics.
Oxford. Oxford University Press
[20] Nirenburg, S., & Defrise, S. (1992) Application-Oriented Computational
Semantics. In Michael Rosner and Roderick Johnson (Eds.).
Computational Linguistics and Formal Semantics. (pp. 223-256). New
York: Cambridge University Press.
[21] Partee, B. H. (1992) Syntactic Categories and Semantic Type. In
Michael Rosner and Roderick Johnson (Eds.). Computational
Linguistics and Formal Semantics. (pp. 97-126). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
[22] Pinker, S. (1995) The Language Instinct. New York: Harper Perennial.
[23] Pinker, S. (2000) The Language Instinct. New York: Perennial.
[24] Prata, S. 1998. C++ Primer Plus. Corte Madera, CA: Mitchell Waite
Group Press.
[25] Lecomte, J. INaLF/CNRS, (1998) WinBrill, http://www.cnrs.fr/
Pustejovsky, J., Boguraev, B.
[26] Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (1995) Artificial Intelligence: A Modern
Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
[27] Shapiro, S. C. (Ed.). (1990) Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence (Vols
1 & 2). New York: Wiley Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Son.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:58707", author = "Marcia T. Mitchell", title = "Maya Semantic Technique: A Mathematical Technique Used to Determine Partial Semantics for Declarative Sentences", abstract = "This research uses computational linguistics, an area of study that employs a computer to process natural language, and aims at discerning the patterns that exist in declarative sentences used in technical texts. The approach is mathematical, and the focus is on instructional texts found on web pages. The technique developed by the author and named the MAYA Semantic Technique is used here and organized into four stages. In the first stage, the parts of speech in each sentence are identified. In the second stage, the subject of the sentence is determined. In the third stage, MAYA performs a frequency analysis on the remaining words to determine the verb and its object. In the fourth stage, MAYA does statistical analysis to determine the content of the web page. The advantage of the MAYA Semantic Technique lies in its use of mathematical principles to represent grammatical operations which assist processing and accuracy if performed on unambiguous text. The MAYA Semantic Technique is part of a proposed architecture for an entire web-based intelligent tutoring system. On a sample set of sentences, partial semantics derived using the MAYA Semantic Technique were approximately 80% accurate. The system currently processes technical text in one domain, namely Cµ programming. In this domain all the keywords and programming concepts are known and understood.
", keywords = "Natural language understanding, computational linguistics, knowledge representation, linguistic theories.", volume = "2", number = "6", pages = "2044-14", }
