Magnesium Alloy: A Biomaterial for Development of Degradation Rate Controllable Esophageal Stent
Magnesium alloy has been widely investigated as
biodegradable cardiovascular stent and bone implant. Its application
for biodegradable esophageal stenting remains unexplored. This
paper reports the biodegradation behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy
in artificial saliva and various types of beverage in vitro. Results
show that the magnesium ion release rate of AZ31 in artificial saliva
for a stent (2cm diameter, 10cm length at 50% stent surface
coverage) is 43 times lower than the daily allowance of human body
magnesium intakes. The degradation rates of AZ31 in different
beverages could also be significantly different. These results suggest
that the esophagus in nature is a less aggressive chemical
environment for degradation of magnesium alloys. The significant
difference in degradation rates of AZ31 in different beverages opens
new opportunities for development of degradation controllable
esophageal stent through customizing ingested beverages.
<p>[1] J. L. Tokar, S. Banerjee, B. A. Barth, D. J. Desilets, V. Kual, S.R. Kethi
et al., Drug-eluting/biodegradable stents. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,
2011. 74(5): p. 954-958.
[2] S. Irani. and R. Kozarek, Esophageal stents: past, present, and future.
2010. 12(4): p. 178-190.
[3] P. Sharma and R. Kozarek, Role of esophageal stents in benign and
malignant Diseases. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009. 105(2): p. 258-273
[4] X. Gu, Y. Zheng, Y. Cheng, S. Zhong, T. Xi, In vitro corrosion and
biocompatibility of binary magnesium alloys. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(4):
p. 484-498.
[5] S. Schumacher, J. Stahl, W. Bäumer, J. M. Seitz, F. W Bach, L. J.
Petersen, Ex vivo examination of the biocompatibility of biodegradable
magnesium via microdialysis in the isolated perfused bovine udder
model. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2011. 34(1): p. 34-43.
[6] G. L. Diamond, P.E. Goodrum, S.P. Felter, W. L. Ruoff, Gastrointestinal
absorption of metals. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 1997. 20(4): p.
345-368.
[7] F. Witte, N. Hort, C. Vogt, S. Cohen, K.U. Kainer, R. Willumeit, et al.,
Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Current
Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 2009. 12(5-6): p. 63-72.
[8] R. C. Orlando, Esophageal mucosal defense mechanisms. GI Mobility
online, 2006.
[9] J-Y. Gal, Y. Fovet, and M. Adib-Yadzi, About a synthetic saliva for in
vitro studies. Talanta, 2001. 53(6): p. 1103-1115.
[10] A. Loos, R. Rohde, A. Haverich and S. Barlach, In vitro and in vivo
biocompatibility testing of absorbable metal stents. Macromolecular
Symposia, 2007. 253: p. 103-108.
[11] H. Sigel and A. Sigel, Bioinorganic Chemistry of Metal toxicity, in
Metal ions in biological systems: concepts on metal ion toxicity, 1986,
CRC Press. p. 25.
[12] G.S. Duffó and S.B. Farina, Corrosion behaviour of a dental alloy in
some beverages and drinks. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009.
115(1): p. 235-238.
[13] J.E. Moore Jr, J.S. Soares, and K.R. Rajagopal, Biodegradable stents:
biomechanical modeling challenges and opportunities. Cardiovascular
Engineering and Technology, 2010. 1(1): p. 52-65.
[14] G.P. Talwar and L.M. Srivastava, Gastrointestinal tract, in Textbook of
Biochemistry and Human Biologiy. 2003. p. 599-602
[15] M. Mobin, M.A. Khan, and M. Parveen, Inhibition of mild steel
corrosion in acidic medium using starch and surfactants additives.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011. 121(3): p. 1558-1565.
[16] E.S. Ferreira, C. Giacomelli, F.C. Giacomelli, A. Spinelli., Evaluation of
the inhibitor effect of l-ascorbic acid on the corrosion of mild steel.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2004. 83(1): p. 129-134.
[17] M.S.S. Morad and A.A.A. Hermas, Influence of some amino acids and
vitamin C on the anodic dissolution of tin in sodium chloride solution.
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2001. 76(4): p. 401-
410.
[18] A. Yamamoto and S. Hiromoto, Effect of inorganic salts, amino acids
and proteins on the degradation of pure magnesium in vitro. Materials
Science and Engineering C, 2009. 29(5): p. 1559-1568.
[19] N.H. Helal and W.A. Badawy, Environmentally safe corrosion inhibition
of Mg–Al–Zn alloy in chloride free neutral solutions by amino acids.
Electrochimica Acta, 2011. 56(19): p. 6581-6587.
[20] L. Ramalingam, L.B. Messer, and E.C. Reynolds, Adding casein
phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to sports drinks to
eliminate in vitro erosion. Pediatric Dentistry, 2005. 27(1): p. 61-67.</p>
<p>[1] J. L. Tokar, S. Banerjee, B. A. Barth, D. J. Desilets, V. Kual, S.R. Kethi
et al., Drug-eluting/biodegradable stents. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy,
2011. 74(5): p. 954-958.
[2] S. Irani. and R. Kozarek, Esophageal stents: past, present, and future.
2010. 12(4): p. 178-190.
[3] P. Sharma and R. Kozarek, Role of esophageal stents in benign and
malignant Diseases. Am J Gastroenterol, 2009. 105(2): p. 258-273
[4] X. Gu, Y. Zheng, Y. Cheng, S. Zhong, T. Xi, In vitro corrosion and
biocompatibility of binary magnesium alloys. Biomaterials, 2009. 30(4):
p. 484-498.
[5] S. Schumacher, J. Stahl, W. Bäumer, J. M. Seitz, F. W Bach, L. J.
Petersen, Ex vivo examination of the biocompatibility of biodegradable
magnesium via microdialysis in the isolated perfused bovine udder
model. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 2011. 34(1): p. 34-43.
[6] G. L. Diamond, P.E. Goodrum, S.P. Felter, W. L. Ruoff, Gastrointestinal
absorption of metals. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 1997. 20(4): p.
345-368.
[7] F. Witte, N. Hort, C. Vogt, S. Cohen, K.U. Kainer, R. Willumeit, et al.,
Degradable biomaterials based on magnesium corrosion. Current
Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 2009. 12(5-6): p. 63-72.
[8] R. C. Orlando, Esophageal mucosal defense mechanisms. GI Mobility
online, 2006.
[9] J-Y. Gal, Y. Fovet, and M. Adib-Yadzi, About a synthetic saliva for in
vitro studies. Talanta, 2001. 53(6): p. 1103-1115.
[10] A. Loos, R. Rohde, A. Haverich and S. Barlach, In vitro and in vivo
biocompatibility testing of absorbable metal stents. Macromolecular
Symposia, 2007. 253: p. 103-108.
[11] H. Sigel and A. Sigel, Bioinorganic Chemistry of Metal toxicity, in
Metal ions in biological systems: concepts on metal ion toxicity, 1986,
CRC Press. p. 25.
[12] G.S. Duffó and S.B. Farina, Corrosion behaviour of a dental alloy in
some beverages and drinks. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2009.
115(1): p. 235-238.
[13] J.E. Moore Jr, J.S. Soares, and K.R. Rajagopal, Biodegradable stents:
biomechanical modeling challenges and opportunities. Cardiovascular
Engineering and Technology, 2010. 1(1): p. 52-65.
[14] G.P. Talwar and L.M. Srivastava, Gastrointestinal tract, in Textbook of
Biochemistry and Human Biologiy. 2003. p. 599-602
[15] M. Mobin, M.A. Khan, and M. Parveen, Inhibition of mild steel
corrosion in acidic medium using starch and surfactants additives.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2011. 121(3): p. 1558-1565.
[16] E.S. Ferreira, C. Giacomelli, F.C. Giacomelli, A. Spinelli., Evaluation of
the inhibitor effect of l-ascorbic acid on the corrosion of mild steel.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2004. 83(1): p. 129-134.
[17] M.S.S. Morad and A.A.A. Hermas, Influence of some amino acids and
vitamin C on the anodic dissolution of tin in sodium chloride solution.
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2001. 76(4): p. 401-
410.
[18] A. Yamamoto and S. Hiromoto, Effect of inorganic salts, amino acids
and proteins on the degradation of pure magnesium in vitro. Materials
Science and Engineering C, 2009. 29(5): p. 1559-1568.
[19] N.H. Helal and W.A. Badawy, Environmentally safe corrosion inhibition
of Mg–Al–Zn alloy in chloride free neutral solutions by amino acids.
Electrochimica Acta, 2011. 56(19): p. 6581-6587.
[20] L. Ramalingam, L.B. Messer, and E.C. Reynolds, Adding casein
phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to sports drinks to
eliminate in vitro erosion. Pediatric Dentistry, 2005. 27(1): p. 61-67.</p>
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:60001", author = "Li Hong Chen and Wei Zhou and Chu Sing Lim and Eng Kiong Teo and Ngai Moh Law", title = "Magnesium Alloy: A Biomaterial for Development of Degradation Rate Controllable Esophageal Stent", abstract = "Magnesium alloy has been widely investigated as
biodegradable cardiovascular stent and bone implant. Its application
for biodegradable esophageal stenting remains unexplored. This
paper reports the biodegradation behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy
in artificial saliva and various types of beverage in vitro. Results
show that the magnesium ion release rate of AZ31 in artificial saliva
for a stent (2cm diameter, 10cm length at 50% stent surface
coverage) is 43 times lower than the daily allowance of human body
magnesium intakes. The degradation rates of AZ31 in different
beverages could also be significantly different. These results suggest
that the esophagus in nature is a less aggressive chemical
environment for degradation of magnesium alloys. The significant
difference in degradation rates of AZ31 in different beverages opens
new opportunities for development of degradation controllable
esophageal stent through customizing ingested beverages.
", keywords = "Biodegradable esophageal stent, beverages,
magnesium alloy, saliva.", volume = "7", number = "7", pages = "395-4", }
