From I.A Richards to Web 3.0: Preparing Our Students for Tomorrow's World
This paper offers suggestions for educators at all levels about how to better prepare our students for the future, by building on the past. The discussion begins with a summary of changes in the World Wide Web, especially as the term Web 3.0 is being heard. The bulk of the discussion is retrospective and concerned with an overview of traditional teaching and research approaches as they evolved during the 20th century beginning with those grounded in the Cartesian reality of IA Richards- (1929) Practical Criticism. The paper concludes with a proposal of five strategies which incorporate timeless elements from the past as well as cutting-edge elements from today, in order to better prepare our students for the future.
[1] J. Strickland. ( 2008, January 28). Is there a Web 1.0? How stuff works.
Available at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-101.htm
[2] S.Spalding. ( 2007, July 14). How to define Web 3.0.How to split an
atom. Available: http://howtosplitanatom.com/news/how-to-defineweb-
30-2/
[3] Wikipedia. ( 2009, June 22) Semantic Web. Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web
[4] J. Calacanis. (2009, June 22). Web 3.0 Official definition. http://calacanis.com/2007/10/03/web-3-0-the-official-definition/
[5] E. Schmidt. (2009, May 27) Web 2.0 vs 3.0 Available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0QJmmdw3b0
[6] United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Statistics of Educational attainment and illiteracy. Paris: UNESCO, 1983.
[7] UNESCO Education Sector. The Plurality of Literacy and its
implications for Policies and Programs: Position Paper. Paris: United
National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004, p. 13,
citing an international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO. Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001362/136246e.pdf
[8] Wikipedia. (2009, June 22) Literacy. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy
[9] K. Armstrong (Eberdt). "Research conceptions of adult and college
reader response to literature"-. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1991.
[10] P. Pearson. (2000) Reading in the 20th century. In T.Good.
[Ed.].American education: yesterday, today and tomorrow.yearbook of
the national society for the study of education, 2000, pp 152-208.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Available at:
http://www.ciera.org/library/archive/2001-08/0108pdp.pdf
[11] R. Allington & A. McGill-Frazen. Looking back, looking forward: a
conversation about teaching reading in the 21st century. In R. Ruddell &
N. Unrau. [Eds]. Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition.Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 2004, pp. 5-32.
[12] P. Alexander & E. Fox. A historical perspective on reading research and
practice. In R. Ruddell & N. Unrau. [Eds]. Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition. Newark, DE: International Reading
Association, 2004, pp. 33-68.
[13] Wikipedia.(2009, June 22). History of reading education in the US.
Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_education#History_of_reading_education_in_the_U.S.
[14] A. Purves & R. Beach. Literature and the reader: research in response
to literature, reading interests and the teaching of literature. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1972.
[15] R. Beach & S. Hynds. Research on the learning and teaching of
response to literature. Albany, NY: Center for the teaching and learning
of literature, 1989.
[16] C. Cooper. Empirical studies of response to literature: review and
suggestions. Journal of aesthetic education, 10, 1976, pp 77-93.
[17] A. Applebee. ERIC/RCS report: the elements of response to a literary
work: what we have learned. Research in the teaching of English,
11,1978, pp. 255-71.
[18] E. Klemenz-Belgardt. American research on response to literature: the
empirical studies. Poetics, 10, 1981, pp. 357-80.
[19] L. Galda. Research in response to literature. Journal of research and
development in education, 16, 1983, pp. 1-10.
[20] A. Abbott & M. Trabue. A measure of ability to judge poetry. Teachers
College Record, 22, 1921, pp. 101-26.
[21] C. Patrick. How responses to good and poor poetry differ. Journal of
psychology, 8, 1939, pp 253-283.
[22] I. Richards. Practical criticism. New York: Harcourt Brace and World,
1929.
[23] H. Carroll. Influence of the sex factor upon appreciation of literature.
School and society, 27, 1933, pp. 468-472.
[24] Toronto Mike blog. (2004, March 14). In the beginning. Available at:
http://www.torontomike.com/2004/03/in_the_beginning.html
[25] A. Vergara. A critical study of a group of college women’s responses to
poetry. Teachers college contributions to education, No. 923. New
York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University,
1946.
[26] C. Glicksberg. Psychology and the teaching of English. Peabody journal
of education, 21, 1944, 284-95.
[27] J. Britton. Evidence of improvement in poetic judgment. The British
journal of psychology, 45, 1954, 196-208.
[28] L. Thayer. & N. Pronko. Factors affecting conceptual perception in
reading. Journal of general psychology, 61, 1959, 51-9.
[29] W. Gray. (1947). The social effects of reading. School review, 55, 1947,
269-77.
[30] R. Strang. Explorations in reading patterns. Chicago: University of
Illinois Press, 1942.
[31] B. Berelson. The public library, book reading and political behavior.
Library quarterly, 15, 1945, 281-99.
[32] A. Hallowell. Myth, culture and personality. American anthropology,
44, 1947, 544-56.
[33] D. Waples, B. Berelson & F. Bradshaw. What reading does to people.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1940.
[34] R. Hunt. The parallel socialization of research and literary theory. In D.
Bogdan & S. Straw. Beyond communication: reading comprehension
and criticism. New Hampshire: Boynton Cook, 1990, pp. 91-105.
[35] A. Purves with V. Ripperre. Elements of writing about a literary work.
Champagne, ILL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1968.
[36] K. Edgar & R. Hazley. Validation of poetry therapy as an adjunct to
group therapy. Poetry therapy: the uses of poetry in the treatment of
emotional disorders. Philadelphia, Penn: J. P Lippincott, 1969a.
[37] K. Edgar & R. Hazley. Poetry therapy with hospitalized schizophrenics.
Poetry therapy: the uses of poetry in the treatment of emotional
disorders. Philadelphia, Penn: J. P Lippincott, 1969b.
[38] M. Saper. Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to group therapy. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 28, 4302A. University microfilms No 68-3615,
1967.
[39] C. Riggs. Bibliotherapy: an annotated bibliography. Newark Delaware:
International Reading Association, 1968.
[40] L. Rosenblatt. Literature as exploration. New York: Noble & Noble,
1938.
[41] C. Svensson. The construction of poetic meaning. Poetics, 16, 1987,
471-503.
[42] E. Kintgen. Studying the perception of poetry. In C. Cooper [Ed.].
Researching response to literature and the teaching of literature. New
Jersey: Ablex Publishing, 1985.
[43] C. Cooper. Measuring appreciation of literature: a review of attempts.
Research in the teaching of English, 5, 1971, 5-23.
[44] H. Hubert. "The development of English studies in Anglo-Canadian
Colleges”. Unpublished Dissertation. University of British Columbia,
1989.
[45] D. Leu, Jr, C. Kinzer, C. Coiro & D. Cammack . Toward a theory of new
literacies emerging from the internet and other information and
communication technologies. In R. Ruddell & N. Unrau. [Eds].
Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition. Newark,
DE: International Reading Association, 2004, pp. 1570-1613
[46] Ontario School Library Association. Together for learning:
transforming school libraries in Ontario: Draft, February 2008.
[47] The Toronto Star. " Paradigm shifts: Gov Schwarzenegger terminates
textbooks” June 13, 2009. Available at: http://www.thestar.com
[48] S. Straw & D. Bogdan. In Beyond Communication: reading
comprehension and criticism. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton Cook, 1990,
pp. 1-20.
[49] V. Froese. (1990). Literacy: a paradigm shift? English quarterly, 22,
1990, pp. 5-6.
[50] N. Johnson. Reader response and the pathos principle. Rhetoric review,
6, 1988, 152-166.
[51] K. Armstrong. Dynamics of change: speculation on a forthcoming model
of response to literature. In C. Kinzer & D. Leu. [Eds.]. Literacy
research, theory and practice: views from many perspectives. Forty-first
yearbook of the National Reading conference, 1992, pp. 275-281.
[52] T. Manzo & U. Manzo. Teaching children to be literate: a reflective
approach. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995, pp.
137-139.
[53] C. Gersick. Revolutionary change theories: a multi-level exploration of
the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of management review,
16, 1991, 10-36.
[54] D. Levinson The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Knopf, 1978.
[55] C. Gersick. Time and transition in work teams: toward a new model of
group development. Academy of management journal, 31, 1988, 9-14.
[56] M. Tushman. & E. Romalli. Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis
model of convergence and reorientation. In L. Cummings & B. Straw.
[Eds.] Research in organizational behavior, 7, 1985, pp. 171-222.
[57] T. Kuhn. The structure of scientific revolutions Chicago: Univesity of
Chicago Press, 1970.
[58] I. Prigogine. & I. Stengers. Order out of chaos: man’s new dialogue with
nature. New York: Bantam Books, 1994.
[59] D. Bleich. Subjective criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1978.
[60] L. Rosenblatt. The reader, the text, the poem. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1978.
[61] R. De Beaugrand. Quantum aspects of artistic perception. Poetics, 17,
1988, 305-332.
[62] D. Bohm. Fragmentation and wholeness. Forum for correspondence and
contact, 16, 1986, 5-13.
[63] D. Bohn. Wholeness and the implicate order. London: Ark, 1987.
[64] K. Wilber. A new perspective on reality: the special updated issue of the
brain/mind bulletin. In K. Wlber. [Ed.] The holographic paradigm and
other paradoxes. Boston: new Science Library, 1982, pp. 5-14.
[65] I. Ravn. Using holonomy to inform a transformation methodology for
social research. Paper presented at the Second Carmel valley Conference
on Holonomic Processes in Social Systems. Carmel, California, 1987.
[66] J. Bolter. Are we living in the late age of print? A discussion of
computers, hypertexts, literary criticism and the history of writing. Paper
presented at the meeting of the National Reading Conference, Palm
Springs, CA, 1991.
[67] K. Armstrong Wolf in sheep’s clothing? ‘reading’ online. Paper
presented at International Conference on Open learning and Distance
Education. Paris, France, June 24-26, 2009.
[1] J. Strickland. ( 2008, January 28). Is there a Web 1.0? How stuff works.
Available at: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-101.htm
[2] S.Spalding. ( 2007, July 14). How to define Web 3.0.How to split an
atom. Available: http://howtosplitanatom.com/news/how-to-defineweb-
30-2/
[3] Wikipedia. ( 2009, June 22) Semantic Web. Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web
[4] J. Calacanis. (2009, June 22). Web 3.0 Official definition. http://calacanis.com/2007/10/03/web-3-0-the-official-definition/
[5] E. Schmidt. (2009, May 27) Web 2.0 vs 3.0 Available at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0QJmmdw3b0
[6] United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
Statistics of Educational attainment and illiteracy. Paris: UNESCO, 1983.
[7] UNESCO Education Sector. The Plurality of Literacy and its
implications for Policies and Programs: Position Paper. Paris: United
National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2004, p. 13,
citing an international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO. Available at:
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001362/136246e.pdf
[8] Wikipedia. (2009, June 22) Literacy. Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy
[9] K. Armstrong (Eberdt). "Research conceptions of adult and college
reader response to literature"-. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1991.
[10] P. Pearson. (2000) Reading in the 20th century. In T.Good.
[Ed.].American education: yesterday, today and tomorrow.yearbook of
the national society for the study of education, 2000, pp 152-208.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Available at:
http://www.ciera.org/library/archive/2001-08/0108pdp.pdf
[11] R. Allington & A. McGill-Frazen. Looking back, looking forward: a
conversation about teaching reading in the 21st century. In R. Ruddell &
N. Unrau. [Eds]. Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition.Newark, DE: International Reading Association, 2004, pp. 5-32.
[12] P. Alexander & E. Fox. A historical perspective on reading research and
practice. In R. Ruddell & N. Unrau. [Eds]. Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition. Newark, DE: International Reading
Association, 2004, pp. 33-68.
[13] Wikipedia.(2009, June 22). History of reading education in the US.
Available at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_education#History_of_reading_education_in_the_U.S.
[14] A. Purves & R. Beach. Literature and the reader: research in response
to literature, reading interests and the teaching of literature. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1972.
[15] R. Beach & S. Hynds. Research on the learning and teaching of
response to literature. Albany, NY: Center for the teaching and learning
of literature, 1989.
[16] C. Cooper. Empirical studies of response to literature: review and
suggestions. Journal of aesthetic education, 10, 1976, pp 77-93.
[17] A. Applebee. ERIC/RCS report: the elements of response to a literary
work: what we have learned. Research in the teaching of English,
11,1978, pp. 255-71.
[18] E. Klemenz-Belgardt. American research on response to literature: the
empirical studies. Poetics, 10, 1981, pp. 357-80.
[19] L. Galda. Research in response to literature. Journal of research and
development in education, 16, 1983, pp. 1-10.
[20] A. Abbott & M. Trabue. A measure of ability to judge poetry. Teachers
College Record, 22, 1921, pp. 101-26.
[21] C. Patrick. How responses to good and poor poetry differ. Journal of
psychology, 8, 1939, pp 253-283.
[22] I. Richards. Practical criticism. New York: Harcourt Brace and World,
1929.
[23] H. Carroll. Influence of the sex factor upon appreciation of literature.
School and society, 27, 1933, pp. 468-472.
[24] Toronto Mike blog. (2004, March 14). In the beginning. Available at:
http://www.torontomike.com/2004/03/in_the_beginning.html
[25] A. Vergara. A critical study of a group of college women’s responses to
poetry. Teachers college contributions to education, No. 923. New
York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University,
1946.
[26] C. Glicksberg. Psychology and the teaching of English. Peabody journal
of education, 21, 1944, 284-95.
[27] J. Britton. Evidence of improvement in poetic judgment. The British
journal of psychology, 45, 1954, 196-208.
[28] L. Thayer. & N. Pronko. Factors affecting conceptual perception in
reading. Journal of general psychology, 61, 1959, 51-9.
[29] W. Gray. (1947). The social effects of reading. School review, 55, 1947,
269-77.
[30] R. Strang. Explorations in reading patterns. Chicago: University of
Illinois Press, 1942.
[31] B. Berelson. The public library, book reading and political behavior.
Library quarterly, 15, 1945, 281-99.
[32] A. Hallowell. Myth, culture and personality. American anthropology,
44, 1947, 544-56.
[33] D. Waples, B. Berelson & F. Bradshaw. What reading does to people.
Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1940.
[34] R. Hunt. The parallel socialization of research and literary theory. In D.
Bogdan & S. Straw. Beyond communication: reading comprehension
and criticism. New Hampshire: Boynton Cook, 1990, pp. 91-105.
[35] A. Purves with V. Ripperre. Elements of writing about a literary work.
Champagne, ILL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1968.
[36] K. Edgar & R. Hazley. Validation of poetry therapy as an adjunct to
group therapy. Poetry therapy: the uses of poetry in the treatment of
emotional disorders. Philadelphia, Penn: J. P Lippincott, 1969a.
[37] K. Edgar & R. Hazley. Poetry therapy with hospitalized schizophrenics.
Poetry therapy: the uses of poetry in the treatment of emotional
disorders. Philadelphia, Penn: J. P Lippincott, 1969b.
[38] M. Saper. Bibliotherapy as an adjunct to group therapy. Dissertation
Abstracts International, 28, 4302A. University microfilms No 68-3615,
1967.
[39] C. Riggs. Bibliotherapy: an annotated bibliography. Newark Delaware:
International Reading Association, 1968.
[40] L. Rosenblatt. Literature as exploration. New York: Noble & Noble,
1938.
[41] C. Svensson. The construction of poetic meaning. Poetics, 16, 1987,
471-503.
[42] E. Kintgen. Studying the perception of poetry. In C. Cooper [Ed.].
Researching response to literature and the teaching of literature. New
Jersey: Ablex Publishing, 1985.
[43] C. Cooper. Measuring appreciation of literature: a review of attempts.
Research in the teaching of English, 5, 1971, 5-23.
[44] H. Hubert. "The development of English studies in Anglo-Canadian
Colleges”. Unpublished Dissertation. University of British Columbia,
1989.
[45] D. Leu, Jr, C. Kinzer, C. Coiro & D. Cammack . Toward a theory of new
literacies emerging from the internet and other information and
communication technologies. In R. Ruddell & N. Unrau. [Eds].
Theoretical models and processes of reading. Fifth Edition. Newark,
DE: International Reading Association, 2004, pp. 1570-1613
[46] Ontario School Library Association. Together for learning:
transforming school libraries in Ontario: Draft, February 2008.
[47] The Toronto Star. " Paradigm shifts: Gov Schwarzenegger terminates
textbooks” June 13, 2009. Available at: http://www.thestar.com
[48] S. Straw & D. Bogdan. In Beyond Communication: reading
comprehension and criticism. Portsmouth, NH: Boynton Cook, 1990,
pp. 1-20.
[49] V. Froese. (1990). Literacy: a paradigm shift? English quarterly, 22,
1990, pp. 5-6.
[50] N. Johnson. Reader response and the pathos principle. Rhetoric review,
6, 1988, 152-166.
[51] K. Armstrong. Dynamics of change: speculation on a forthcoming model
of response to literature. In C. Kinzer & D. Leu. [Eds.]. Literacy
research, theory and practice: views from many perspectives. Forty-first
yearbook of the National Reading conference, 1992, pp. 275-281.
[52] T. Manzo & U. Manzo. Teaching children to be literate: a reflective
approach. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1995, pp.
137-139.
[53] C. Gersick. Revolutionary change theories: a multi-level exploration of
the punctuated equilibrium paradigm. Academy of management review,
16, 1991, 10-36.
[54] D. Levinson The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Knopf, 1978.
[55] C. Gersick. Time and transition in work teams: toward a new model of
group development. Academy of management journal, 31, 1988, 9-14.
[56] M. Tushman. & E. Romalli. Organizational evolution: a metamorphosis
model of convergence and reorientation. In L. Cummings & B. Straw.
[Eds.] Research in organizational behavior, 7, 1985, pp. 171-222.
[57] T. Kuhn. The structure of scientific revolutions Chicago: Univesity of
Chicago Press, 1970.
[58] I. Prigogine. & I. Stengers. Order out of chaos: man’s new dialogue with
nature. New York: Bantam Books, 1994.
[59] D. Bleich. Subjective criticism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press, 1978.
[60] L. Rosenblatt. The reader, the text, the poem. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press, 1978.
[61] R. De Beaugrand. Quantum aspects of artistic perception. Poetics, 17,
1988, 305-332.
[62] D. Bohm. Fragmentation and wholeness. Forum for correspondence and
contact, 16, 1986, 5-13.
[63] D. Bohn. Wholeness and the implicate order. London: Ark, 1987.
[64] K. Wilber. A new perspective on reality: the special updated issue of the
brain/mind bulletin. In K. Wlber. [Ed.] The holographic paradigm and
other paradoxes. Boston: new Science Library, 1982, pp. 5-14.
[65] I. Ravn. Using holonomy to inform a transformation methodology for
social research. Paper presented at the Second Carmel valley Conference
on Holonomic Processes in Social Systems. Carmel, California, 1987.
[66] J. Bolter. Are we living in the late age of print? A discussion of
computers, hypertexts, literary criticism and the history of writing. Paper
presented at the meeting of the National Reading Conference, Palm
Springs, CA, 1991.
[67] K. Armstrong Wolf in sheep’s clothing? ‘reading’ online. Paper
presented at International Conference on Open learning and Distance
Education. Paris, France, June 24-26, 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:52971", author = "Karen Armstrong", title = "From I.A Richards to Web 3.0: Preparing Our Students for Tomorrow's World", abstract = "This paper offers suggestions for educators at all levels about how to better prepare our students for the future, by building on the past. The discussion begins with a summary of changes in the World Wide Web, especially as the term Web 3.0 is being heard. The bulk of the discussion is retrospective and concerned with an overview of traditional teaching and research approaches as they evolved during the 20th century beginning with those grounded in the Cartesian reality of IA Richards- (1929) Practical Criticism. The paper concludes with a proposal of five strategies which incorporate timeless elements from the past as well as cutting-edge elements from today, in order to better prepare our students for the future.
", keywords = "Web 3.0, Web 2.0 IA Richards, literacy education, new literacies, technology, paradigm shifts.", volume = "3", number = "10", pages = "1886-8", }
