Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Fire in a Scaled Underground Station
The objective of this study is to investigate fire
behaviors, experimentally and numerically, in a scaled version of an
underground station. The effect of ventilation velocity on the fire is
examined. Fire experiments are simulated by burning 10 ml
isopropyl alcohol fuel in a fire pool with dimensions 5cm x 10cm x 4
mm at the center of 1/100 scaled underground station model. A
commercial CFD program FLUENT was used in numerical
simulations. For air flow simulations, k-ω SST turbulence model and
for combustion simulation, non-premixed combustion model are
used. This study showed that, the ventilation velocity is increased
from 1 m/s to 3 m/s the maximum temperature in the station is found
to be less for ventilation velocity of 1 m/s. The reason for these
experimental result lies on the relative dominance of oxygen supply
effect on cooling effect. Without piston effect, maximum temperature
occurs above the fuel pool. However, when the ventilation velocity
increased the flame was tilted in the direction of ventilation and the
location of maximum temperature moves along the flow direction.
The velocities measured experimentally in the station at different
locations are well matched by the CFD simulation results. The
prediction of general flow pattern is satisfactory with the smoke
visualization tests. The backlayering in velocity is well predicted by
CFD simulation. However, all over the station, the CFD simulations
predicted higher temperatures compared to experimental
measurements.
[1] W.H. Park, D. H. Kim, H. C. Chang, "Numerical predictions of smoke
movement in a subway station under ventilation," Safety in the
Underground Space - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES 2006 World Tunnel
Congress and 32nd ITA General Assembly, 2006.
[2] Y. Wu, M. Z. A. Bakar, "Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using
longitudinal ventilation systems - a study of critical velocity," Fire
Safety Journal, vol. 35, pp. 363-390, 2000.
[3] H. Xue, J. C. Ho, Y. M. Cheng, "Comparison of different combustion
models in enclosure fire simulation," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 36, pp.
37-54, 2001.
[4] J. S. M. Li, W. K. Chow, "Numerical studies on performance evaluation
of tunnel ventilation safety systems," Tunneling and Underground Space
Technology, vol. 18, pp. 435-452, 2003.
[5] P. Z. Gao, S. L. Liu, W. K. Chow, N. K. Fong, "Large eddy simulations
for studying tunnel smoke ventilation," Tunneling and Underground
Space Technology, vol. 19, pp. 577-586, 2004.
[6] S. R. Lee, H. S. Ryou, "A numerical study on smoke movement in
longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires for different aspect ratio," Building
and Environment, vol. 41, pp. 719-725, 2006.
[7] C. J. Lin, Y. K. Chuah, "Smoke management design and computer
simulation of an underground mass transit station in Taiwan,"
www.ncree.gov.tw/2004tcworkshop/pdf/14.pdf, 2004.
[8] H. Y. Wang, P. Joulain, "Numerical simulation of wind-aided flame
propagation over horizontal surface of liquid fuel in a model tunnel,"
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 20, issues 4-6,
pp. 541-550, 2007.
[9] J. S. Roh, H. S. Ryou, D. H. Kim, W. S. Jung, Y. J. Jang, "Critical
velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation,"
Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 22, pp. 262-271,
2007.
[10] C. C. Hwang, J. C. Edwards, "The critical ventilation velocity in tunnel
fires - a computer simulation," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 40, pp. 213-244,
2005.
[11] P. H. Thomas, "The movement of smoke in horizontal passages against
an air flow," Fire Research Station Note No.723, Fire Research Station
UK, September, 1968.
[1] W.H. Park, D. H. Kim, H. C. Chang, "Numerical predictions of smoke
movement in a subway station under ventilation," Safety in the
Underground Space - Proceedings of the ITA-AITES 2006 World Tunnel
Congress and 32nd ITA General Assembly, 2006.
[2] Y. Wu, M. Z. A. Bakar, "Control of smoke flow in tunnel fires using
longitudinal ventilation systems - a study of critical velocity," Fire
Safety Journal, vol. 35, pp. 363-390, 2000.
[3] H. Xue, J. C. Ho, Y. M. Cheng, "Comparison of different combustion
models in enclosure fire simulation," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 36, pp.
37-54, 2001.
[4] J. S. M. Li, W. K. Chow, "Numerical studies on performance evaluation
of tunnel ventilation safety systems," Tunneling and Underground Space
Technology, vol. 18, pp. 435-452, 2003.
[5] P. Z. Gao, S. L. Liu, W. K. Chow, N. K. Fong, "Large eddy simulations
for studying tunnel smoke ventilation," Tunneling and Underground
Space Technology, vol. 19, pp. 577-586, 2004.
[6] S. R. Lee, H. S. Ryou, "A numerical study on smoke movement in
longitudinal ventilation tunnel fires for different aspect ratio," Building
and Environment, vol. 41, pp. 719-725, 2006.
[7] C. J. Lin, Y. K. Chuah, "Smoke management design and computer
simulation of an underground mass transit station in Taiwan,"
www.ncree.gov.tw/2004tcworkshop/pdf/14.pdf, 2004.
[8] H. Y. Wang, P. Joulain, "Numerical simulation of wind-aided flame
propagation over horizontal surface of liquid fuel in a model tunnel,"
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 20, issues 4-6,
pp. 541-550, 2007.
[9] J. S. Roh, H. S. Ryou, D. H. Kim, W. S. Jung, Y. J. Jang, "Critical
velocity and burning rate in pool fire during longitudinal ventilation,"
Tunneling and Underground Space Technology, vol. 22, pp. 262-271,
2007.
[10] C. C. Hwang, J. C. Edwards, "The critical ventilation velocity in tunnel
fires - a computer simulation," Fire Safety Journal, vol. 40, pp. 213-244,
2005.
[11] P. H. Thomas, "The movement of smoke in horizontal passages against
an air flow," Fire Research Station Note No.723, Fire Research Station
UK, September, 1968.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:53448", author = "Nuri Yucel and Muhammed Ilter Berberoglu and Salih Karaaslan and Nureddin Dinler", title = "Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Fire in a Scaled Underground Station", abstract = "The objective of this study is to investigate fire
behaviors, experimentally and numerically, in a scaled version of an
underground station. The effect of ventilation velocity on the fire is
examined. Fire experiments are simulated by burning 10 ml
isopropyl alcohol fuel in a fire pool with dimensions 5cm x 10cm x 4
mm at the center of 1/100 scaled underground station model. A
commercial CFD program FLUENT was used in numerical
simulations. For air flow simulations, k-ω SST turbulence model and
for combustion simulation, non-premixed combustion model are
used. This study showed that, the ventilation velocity is increased
from 1 m/s to 3 m/s the maximum temperature in the station is found
to be less for ventilation velocity of 1 m/s. The reason for these
experimental result lies on the relative dominance of oxygen supply
effect on cooling effect. Without piston effect, maximum temperature
occurs above the fuel pool. However, when the ventilation velocity
increased the flame was tilted in the direction of ventilation and the
location of maximum temperature moves along the flow direction.
The velocities measured experimentally in the station at different
locations are well matched by the CFD simulation results. The
prediction of general flow pattern is satisfactory with the smoke
visualization tests. The backlayering in velocity is well predicted by
CFD simulation. However, all over the station, the CFD simulations
predicted higher temperatures compared to experimental
measurements.", keywords = "Fire, underground station, flame propagation, CFDsimulation, k-ω SST turbulence model, non-premixed combustionmodel.", volume = "2", number = "4", pages = "426-6", }