Enhancement of Mechanical Properties for Al-Mg-Si Alloy Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of
commercial Al-Mg-Si alloy was conducted using two strain rates.
The ECAP processing was conducted at room temperature and at
250°C. Route A was adopted up to a total number of four passes in
the present work. Structural evolution of the aluminum alloy discs
was investigated before and after ECAP processing using optical
microscopy (OM). Following ECAP, simple compression tests and
Vicker’s hardness were performed. OM micrographs showed that, the
average grain size of the as-received Al-Mg-Si disc tends to be larger
than the size of the ECAP processed discs. Moreover, significant
difference in the grain morphologies of the as-received and processed
discs was observed. Intensity of deformation was observed via the
alignment of the Al-Mg-Si consolidated particles (grains) in the
direction of shear, which increased with increasing the number of
passes via ECAP. Increasing the number of passes up to 4 resulted in
increasing the grains aspect ratio up to ~5. It was found that the
pressing temperature has a significant influence on the
microstructure, Hv-values, and compressive strength of the processed
discs. Hardness measurements demonstrated that 1-pass resulted in
increase of Hv-value by 42% compared to that of the as-received
alloy. 4-passes of ECAP processing resulted in additional increase in
the Hv-value. A similar trend was observed for the yield and
compressive strength. Experimental data of the Hv-values
demonstrated that there is a lack of any significant dependence on the
processing strain rate.
[1] Y. Estrin, and A. Vingoradov, Extreme Grain Refinement by Severe
Plastic Deformation: A Wealth Of Challenging Science, Acta Materialia
61, 2013, pp. 782-817.
[2] X.Z. Liao, X.Z. Liao, Y. H. Zhao, E.J. Laverina, S.P. Ringer, Z. Horita,
T.G. Langdon, and Y.T. Zhu, The Role of Stacking Faults and Twin
Boundaries in Grain Refinement of A Cu–Zn Alloy Processed by High-
Pressure Torsion, Materials Science and Engineering A 527, 2010, pp.
4959-4966.
[3] R.Z. Valiev and T.G. Langdon, Principles of Equal-Channel Angular
Pressing as A Processing Tool For Grain Refinement, Prog. Mater. Sci.
51, 2006, pp. 881-981.
[4] R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, and I.V. Alexandrov, Bulk
Nanostructured Materials from Severe Plastic Deformation, Prog. Mat.
Sci. 45, 2000, pp.103-189.
[5] S. Ji, D. Watson, Y. Wang, M. White, and Z. Fan, Effect of Ti Addition
on Mechanical Properties of High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si Alloys,
Materials Science Forum Vol. 765, 2013, pp 23-27.
[6] Y. Birol, Precipitation During Homogenization Cooling in AlMgSi
alloys, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23,2013, pp. 1875-1881.
[7] Hirsch, B. Skrotzki, and G. Gottstein, Aluminium Alloys, Their
Physical and Mechanical Properties, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany,
2008.
[8] W. Hufnagel, Key to Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium Publication,
Dusseldorf, Germany, 1999. [9] G. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw-Hill,
London, UK, 1988.
[10] J.K. Kim, H.K. Kim, J.W. Park and W.J. Kim, Large enhancement in
mechanical properties of the 6061 Al alloys after a single pressing by
ECAP, Scripta Mater. 53 ,2005, pp. 1207-1211.
[11] W.J. Kim, J.K. Kim, T.J. Park, S.I. Hong, D.I. Kim, Y.S. Kim and J.D.
Lee, Enhancement of strength and superplasticity in a 6061 Al alloy
processed by equal-channel-angular-pressing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A33
2002, pp. 3155-3164.
[12] S. Ferrasse, V.M. Segal, K.T. Hartwig and R.E. Goforth, Development
of a submicrometer-grained microstructure in aluminum 6061 using
ECAE, J. Mater. Res. 5,1997, pp. 1253-1261.
[13] E.A. El-Danaf, M.S. Soliman, A.A. Almajid, and M.M. El-Rayes,
Enhancement of mechanical properties and grain size refinement of
commercial purity aluminum 1050 processed by ECAP, Materials
Science and Engineering A 458 ,2007, pp. 226-234.
[14] Ruslan Z. Valiev, and Terence G. Langdon, Principles of equal-channel
angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement, Progress in
Materials Science 51, 2006 pp. 881-981.
[15] Terence G. Langdon, The principles of grain refinement in equalchannel
angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A 462,
2007, pp. 3-11.
[16] T. kovářík , J. Zrník , M. Cieslar, Mechanical Properties and
Microstructure Evolution in ECAP Processed Al-Mg-Si Alloy, Rožnov
pod Radhoštěm , 2010, pp. 1-6.
[17] G. Angella, B.E. Jahromi, M.Vedani, A comparison between equal
channel angular pressing and asymmetric rolling of silver in the severe
plastic deformation regime, Materials Science & Engineering A 559,
2013, pp. 742-750.
[18] C. Mallikarjuna, S.M. Shashidhara, U.S. Mallik, Evaluation of grain
refinement and variation in mechanical properties of ECA pressed 2014
aluminum alloy, Mat. and Design 30, 2009, pp. 1638-1642
[19] J. Jiang, Y.Wang , J. Qu, Microstructure and mechanical properties of
AZ61 alloys with large cross-sectional size fabricated by multi-pass
ECAP, Mat. Science & Engineering A 560, 2013, pp. 473-480.
[20] I. Mazurina, T. Sakai, H. Miura, O. Sitdikov, and R. Kaibyshev, Grain
refinement in aluminum alloy 2219 during ECAP at 250 ◦C, Materials
Science and Engineering A 473, 2008, pp. 297-305.
[21] C. Xu, M. Furukawa, Z. Horita, Terence G. Langdon, The evolution of
homogeneity and grain refinement during equal-channel angular
pressing: A model for grain refinement in ECAP, Materials Science and
Engineering A 398, 2005, pp. 66-76.
[22] H.G. Salem, and A.A. Sadek," Fabrication of High Performance PM
Nanocrystalline Bulk AA2124", Journal of Materials Engineering and
Performance,2009, pp. 356-367.
[23] R.Z. Valiev, H.J. Rovan, M. Liu, M. Murashkin, A.R. Kilmametov, T.
Ungar, and L. Balogh," Nanostructures and Microhardness in Al and Al–
Mg Alloys Subjected to SPD", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 604-605,
2009, pp. 179-185.
[24] F. Wetscher, A. Vorhauer, and R. Pippan, "Strain hardening during high
pressure torsion deformation", Material Science and Engineering, A410-
411, 2005, pp. 213-216.
[25] D.J. Chakrabarti, D.E. Laughlin, "Phase relation and precipitation in Al-
Mg-Si alloys with Cu additions", Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 49,
2004, pp. 389-410.
[26] J. Zhang, N. Gao, M. J. Starink, "Al–Mg–Cu based alloys and pure Al
processed by high pressure torsion: The influence of alloying additions
on strengthening", Materials Science and Engineering, A 527, 2010, pp.
3472–3479.
[1] Y. Estrin, and A. Vingoradov, Extreme Grain Refinement by Severe
Plastic Deformation: A Wealth Of Challenging Science, Acta Materialia
61, 2013, pp. 782-817.
[2] X.Z. Liao, X.Z. Liao, Y. H. Zhao, E.J. Laverina, S.P. Ringer, Z. Horita,
T.G. Langdon, and Y.T. Zhu, The Role of Stacking Faults and Twin
Boundaries in Grain Refinement of A Cu–Zn Alloy Processed by High-
Pressure Torsion, Materials Science and Engineering A 527, 2010, pp.
4959-4966.
[3] R.Z. Valiev and T.G. Langdon, Principles of Equal-Channel Angular
Pressing as A Processing Tool For Grain Refinement, Prog. Mater. Sci.
51, 2006, pp. 881-981.
[4] R.Z. Valiev, R.K. Islamgaliev, and I.V. Alexandrov, Bulk
Nanostructured Materials from Severe Plastic Deformation, Prog. Mat.
Sci. 45, 2000, pp.103-189.
[5] S. Ji, D. Watson, Y. Wang, M. White, and Z. Fan, Effect of Ti Addition
on Mechanical Properties of High Pressure Die Cast Al-Mg-Si Alloys,
Materials Science Forum Vol. 765, 2013, pp 23-27.
[6] Y. Birol, Precipitation During Homogenization Cooling in AlMgSi
alloys, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 23,2013, pp. 1875-1881.
[7] Hirsch, B. Skrotzki, and G. Gottstein, Aluminium Alloys, Their
Physical and Mechanical Properties, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany,
2008.
[8] W. Hufnagel, Key to Aluminium Alloys, Aluminium Publication,
Dusseldorf, Germany, 1999. [9] G. Dieter, Mechanical Metallurgy, SI Metric Edition, McGraw-Hill,
London, UK, 1988.
[10] J.K. Kim, H.K. Kim, J.W. Park and W.J. Kim, Large enhancement in
mechanical properties of the 6061 Al alloys after a single pressing by
ECAP, Scripta Mater. 53 ,2005, pp. 1207-1211.
[11] W.J. Kim, J.K. Kim, T.J. Park, S.I. Hong, D.I. Kim, Y.S. Kim and J.D.
Lee, Enhancement of strength and superplasticity in a 6061 Al alloy
processed by equal-channel-angular-pressing, Metall. Mater. Trans. A33
2002, pp. 3155-3164.
[12] S. Ferrasse, V.M. Segal, K.T. Hartwig and R.E. Goforth, Development
of a submicrometer-grained microstructure in aluminum 6061 using
ECAE, J. Mater. Res. 5,1997, pp. 1253-1261.
[13] E.A. El-Danaf, M.S. Soliman, A.A. Almajid, and M.M. El-Rayes,
Enhancement of mechanical properties and grain size refinement of
commercial purity aluminum 1050 processed by ECAP, Materials
Science and Engineering A 458 ,2007, pp. 226-234.
[14] Ruslan Z. Valiev, and Terence G. Langdon, Principles of equal-channel
angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement, Progress in
Materials Science 51, 2006 pp. 881-981.
[15] Terence G. Langdon, The principles of grain refinement in equalchannel
angular pressing, Materials Science and Engineering A 462,
2007, pp. 3-11.
[16] T. kovářík , J. Zrník , M. Cieslar, Mechanical Properties and
Microstructure Evolution in ECAP Processed Al-Mg-Si Alloy, Rožnov
pod Radhoštěm , 2010, pp. 1-6.
[17] G. Angella, B.E. Jahromi, M.Vedani, A comparison between equal
channel angular pressing and asymmetric rolling of silver in the severe
plastic deformation regime, Materials Science & Engineering A 559,
2013, pp. 742-750.
[18] C. Mallikarjuna, S.M. Shashidhara, U.S. Mallik, Evaluation of grain
refinement and variation in mechanical properties of ECA pressed 2014
aluminum alloy, Mat. and Design 30, 2009, pp. 1638-1642
[19] J. Jiang, Y.Wang , J. Qu, Microstructure and mechanical properties of
AZ61 alloys with large cross-sectional size fabricated by multi-pass
ECAP, Mat. Science & Engineering A 560, 2013, pp. 473-480.
[20] I. Mazurina, T. Sakai, H. Miura, O. Sitdikov, and R. Kaibyshev, Grain
refinement in aluminum alloy 2219 during ECAP at 250 ◦C, Materials
Science and Engineering A 473, 2008, pp. 297-305.
[21] C. Xu, M. Furukawa, Z. Horita, Terence G. Langdon, The evolution of
homogeneity and grain refinement during equal-channel angular
pressing: A model for grain refinement in ECAP, Materials Science and
Engineering A 398, 2005, pp. 66-76.
[22] H.G. Salem, and A.A. Sadek," Fabrication of High Performance PM
Nanocrystalline Bulk AA2124", Journal of Materials Engineering and
Performance,2009, pp. 356-367.
[23] R.Z. Valiev, H.J. Rovan, M. Liu, M. Murashkin, A.R. Kilmametov, T.
Ungar, and L. Balogh," Nanostructures and Microhardness in Al and Al–
Mg Alloys Subjected to SPD", Materials Science Forum, Vols. 604-605,
2009, pp. 179-185.
[24] F. Wetscher, A. Vorhauer, and R. Pippan, "Strain hardening during high
pressure torsion deformation", Material Science and Engineering, A410-
411, 2005, pp. 213-216.
[25] D.J. Chakrabarti, D.E. Laughlin, "Phase relation and precipitation in Al-
Mg-Si alloys with Cu additions", Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 49,
2004, pp. 389-410.
[26] J. Zhang, N. Gao, M. J. Starink, "Al–Mg–Cu based alloys and pure Al
processed by high pressure torsion: The influence of alloying additions
on strengthening", Materials Science and Engineering, A 527, 2010, pp.
3472–3479.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:68976", author = "A. Nassef and S. Samy and W. H. El Garaihy", title = "Enhancement of Mechanical Properties for Al-Mg-Si Alloy Using Equal Channel Angular Pressing", abstract = "Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) of
commercial Al-Mg-Si alloy was conducted using two strain rates.
The ECAP processing was conducted at room temperature and at
250°C. Route A was adopted up to a total number of four passes in
the present work. Structural evolution of the aluminum alloy discs
was investigated before and after ECAP processing using optical
microscopy (OM). Following ECAP, simple compression tests and
Vicker’s hardness were performed. OM micrographs showed that, the
average grain size of the as-received Al-Mg-Si disc tends to be larger
than the size of the ECAP processed discs. Moreover, significant
difference in the grain morphologies of the as-received and processed
discs was observed. Intensity of deformation was observed via the
alignment of the Al-Mg-Si consolidated particles (grains) in the
direction of shear, which increased with increasing the number of
passes via ECAP. Increasing the number of passes up to 4 resulted in
increasing the grains aspect ratio up to ~5. It was found that the
pressing temperature has a significant influence on the
microstructure, Hv-values, and compressive strength of the processed
discs. Hardness measurements demonstrated that 1-pass resulted in
increase of Hv-value by 42% compared to that of the as-received
alloy. 4-passes of ECAP processing resulted in additional increase in
the Hv-value. A similar trend was observed for the yield and
compressive strength. Experimental data of the Hv-values
demonstrated that there is a lack of any significant dependence on the
processing strain rate.
", keywords = "Al-Mg-Si alloy, Equal channel angular pressing,
Grain refinement, Severe plastic deformation.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "131-6", }
