Effects of Synchronous Music on Gymnastics' Motor Skills Performance among Undergraduate Female Students in Physical Education College
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of
synchronous music in Gymnastics' motor skill performance among
undergraduate female students in physical education college at Basra
University. The researcher used experimental design. 20 female
students of physical education divided equally into two groups, (10)
experimental group with music, (10) control group without music.
All participants complete 6 weeks in testing. Data analysis based on
T-test shows significant difference at (α = 0.05) in all skills level
between experimental and control groups in favor of experimental
group. Results of this study contribute to developing the role of
synchronous music in improving gymnastic skills performance.
[1] Southard, Dan and Andrew Mircale, “Rhythmicity ritual, and motor
performance: a Study of free throw shooting in rashet ball” Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 64(3), 284-290. 1993.
[2] Southrad, Dan, Amos, Blake, “Rhythmicity and pre performance ritual:
stabilizing a flexible system”, Research Quarterly for Exercise and sport,
67(3), 288-296. 1996.
[3] Crust, L.. Perceived importance of components of asynchronous music
during circuit training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1547-1555. 2008.
Doi: 10.1080/02640410802315427.
[4] Crust L., Clough P.J. The influence of rhythm and personality in the
endurance response to motivational asynchronous music .Journal of
Sports Sciences.24:187–195. 2006 (PubMed).
[5] Terry, P. C., Dinsdale, S. L., Karageorghis, C. I., & Lane, A. M. Use and
perceived effectiveness of pre-competition mood regulation strategies
among athletes. In M. Katsikitis (Ed.), Psychology bridging the Tasman:
Science culture and practice – Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference
of the Australian Psychological Society and the New Zealand
Psychological Society (pp. 420-424). 2006. Melbourne, VIC: Australian
Psychological Society.
[6] Ayers, L. P. The influence of music on speed in the six day bicycle race.
American Physical Education Review, 16, 321-325. 1911.
[7] Becker, N., Chambliss, C., Marsh, C., and Montemayor, R... Effect of
mellow and frenetic music and stimulating and relaxing scents on
walking by seniors. Erceptual & Motor Skills, 80, 411-415.
doi:10.2466/PMS.80.2.411-415. 1995.
[8] Simpson, S. D., &Karageorghis, C. I. The effects of synchronous music
on400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1095-1102.
2006. Doi:10.1080/0264041050043278.
[9] Karageorghis, C. I., Mouzourides, D. A., Priest, D., Sasso, T. A.,
Morrish, D. J., &Walley, C. L. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of
synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 31, 18-36. 2009. Retrieved from
http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep.
[10] Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. The psychological, psychophysical
and ergogenic effects of music in sport: a review and synthesis. In A. J.
Bateman& J. R. Bale (Eds.), Sporting sounds: relationships between
sport and music. 2008. (pp. 59-84). London, United Kingdom:
Routledge.
[11] Hall, K. G., & Erickson, B. The effects of preparatory arousal on sixty
meter dash performance. The Applied Research in Coaching and
Athletics Annual, 10, 70-79. 1995.
[12] Karageorghis, C. I., Drew, K. M., & Terry, P. C. Effects of pretest
stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Perceptual & Motor
Skills, 83, 1347-1352. doi:10.2466/PMS.83.7.1347-1352. 1996.
[13] Eliakim, M., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., & Eliakim, A. The effect of music
during warm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite
adolescent volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine,
28, 321-325. 2007. Doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924360.
[14] Atkinson, G., Wilson, D., & Eubank, M. Effects of music on work-rate
distribution during a cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports.
Medicine, 25, 611-615. 2004. doi:10.1055/s-2004-815715.
[15] Elliott, D., Carr, S., & Orme, D. The effect of motivational music on
submaximal exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 5, 97-106.
2005. Doi: 10.1080/17461390500171310.
[16] Lim, H. B. T., Atkinson, G., Karageorghis, C., & Eubank, M. Effects of
differentiated music on cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports
Medicine, 30, 435-442. 2009. Doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1112140.
[17] Rendi, M., Szabo, A., &Szabo, T. Performance enhancement with music
in rowing sprint. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 175-182. 2008. Retrieved
from http://journals.humankinetics.com/tsp.
[18] Bharani, A., Sahu, A., & Mathew, V. Effect of passive distraction on
treadmill exercise test performance in healthy males using music.
International Journal of Cardiology, 97, 305-306. 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.05.048.
[19] Hayakawa, Y., Miki, H., Takada, K., & Tanaka, K. (2000). Effects of
music on mood during bench stepping exercise. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 90, 307–314. 2009.
[20] Anshel, M.H., & Marisi, D.Q. Effects of music and rhythm on physical
performance. Research Quarterly, 49, 109–113. 1978.
[21] Uppal, A.K., &Datta, U. Cardio respiratory response of junior high
school girls to exercise performed with and without music. Journal of
Physical Education and Sports Science, 2, 52–56. 1990.
[22] Michel, W., &Wanner, H.U. Effect of music on sports performance.
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Sport medizin, 23, 141–159. 1973.
[23] Terry, P. C., & Karageorghis, C. I. Psychophysical effects of music in
sport and exercise: An update on theory, research, and application. In M.
Katsikitis (Ed.), Psychology bridging the Tasman: Science, culture, and
practice- Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference of the APS and
NZPS. 2006, (pp.415-424). Melbourne, VIC: Australian Psychological
Society. Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/4364/1/Terry-
Karageorghis.pdf.
[24] Shmidt, R.A, Treffener, p.J, Shaw, B.K. &Turvey, M.T, “Dynamical
aspects of learning on inter limbi rhythmic movement pattern”, Journal
of Motor Behavior, 24(6), 67-84. 1992.
[25] SmolenskyV.M. Gymnastics for physical Education majors, Physical
Education and Culture, Muscow, 1996.
[26] Karageorghis, C.I., Jones, L., & Stuart, D.P. Psychological effects of
music tempi during exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine,
29, 613–619. 2008.
[27] Karageorghis, C.I., & Terry, P.C. The magic of music in movement.
Sport and Medicine Today, 5, 38-41. 2001.
[28] M. Clynes and J. Walker, Neurobiologic functions of rhythm time and
pulse in music. In: M. Clynes, Editor, Music, mind and brain: The
neuropsychology of music, Plenum Press, New York, NY. 1982, pp.
171–216.
[29] Styns, F., van Noorden, L., Moelants, D., Leman, and M.: Walking on
music. Hum. Mov. Sci. 26(5), 769-85. 2007.
[30] Karageorghis, C. I., & Jones, J. (2000).Effects of synchronous and
asynchronous music in cycle ergometry. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18,
16.
[31] Steinbach, P. Rocking the house. Athletic Business, 8, 66-69. 2008.
Retrieved from http://athleticbusiness.com/.
[32] Tubino, M. J. G., de Souza, B. C., &Valladão, R. An analysis about the
contents of the officials and popular anthems of the main soccer teams of
the city of Rio de Janeiro from the Primeira República to the Estado
Novo. Fitness & Performance Journal, 8, 56-67. 2009. Retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/28295933.
[33] Zatorre, R. J. Halpern, A. R. Perry, D. W. Meyer E., and Evans, A.C.
Hearing in the mind’s ear: a PET investigation of musical imagery and
perception, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, 1996, pp. 29–46.
[34] Chaudhary, Laura. "Brain Workout". South China Morning Post,
2004.online.
[35] Biddle, S, and Mutrie, N. Psychology of physical activity and exercise.
A health related perspective. Springer Vertag London Ltd. 1991.
[36] Copeland, B. L., & Franks, B. D. Effects of types and intensities of
background music on treadmill endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness, 31, 100-103.1991. Retrieved from
http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sports-med-physical-fitness/.
[37] Szmedra, L., & Bacharach, D. W. Effect of music on perceived exertion,
plasma lactate, norepinephrine and cardiovascular hemodynamics during
treadmill running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 32-37.
1998. Doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971876. [38] Bacon, C., Myers, T., & Karageorghis, C. I. Effect of music-movement
synchrony on exercise oxygen consumption. Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness, 52, 359-365 2012.
[39] Khalfa, S., Dalla Bella, S., Roy, M., Peretz, I., &Lupien, S. J. Effects of
relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 364-376. 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.045.
[40] Karageorghis, C. I. Music in sport and exercise: Theory and practice.
The Sport Journal, 2. 1999. Retrieved from
http://www.thesportjournal.org.
[41] Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. Music in sport and exercise: An update
on research and application. The Sport Journal, 11.2008. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.thesportjournal.org/article/music-sport-and-exerciseupdateresearch-
and-application.
[42] Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. Music in the exercise domain: A review
and synthesis (Part I). International Review of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 5, 44-66. 2012a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.631026.
[43] Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., MecozziSaha, A., &D’Auria, S. Effects
of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite tri athletes.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, 52-57. 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.003.
[44] Priest, D. L., Karageorghis, C. I., & Sharp, N. C. C. The characteristics
and effects of motivational music in exercise settings: The possible
influence of gender, age, frequency of attendance, and time of
attendance. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, 44, 77-86.
2004. Retrieved fromhttp://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sportsmed-
physical-fitness/.
[1] Southard, Dan and Andrew Mircale, “Rhythmicity ritual, and motor
performance: a Study of free throw shooting in rashet ball” Research
Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, Vol. 64(3), 284-290. 1993.
[2] Southrad, Dan, Amos, Blake, “Rhythmicity and pre performance ritual:
stabilizing a flexible system”, Research Quarterly for Exercise and sport,
67(3), 288-296. 1996.
[3] Crust, L.. Perceived importance of components of asynchronous music
during circuit training. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1547-1555. 2008.
Doi: 10.1080/02640410802315427.
[4] Crust L., Clough P.J. The influence of rhythm and personality in the
endurance response to motivational asynchronous music .Journal of
Sports Sciences.24:187–195. 2006 (PubMed).
[5] Terry, P. C., Dinsdale, S. L., Karageorghis, C. I., & Lane, A. M. Use and
perceived effectiveness of pre-competition mood regulation strategies
among athletes. In M. Katsikitis (Ed.), Psychology bridging the Tasman:
Science culture and practice – Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference
of the Australian Psychological Society and the New Zealand
Psychological Society (pp. 420-424). 2006. Melbourne, VIC: Australian
Psychological Society.
[6] Ayers, L. P. The influence of music on speed in the six day bicycle race.
American Physical Education Review, 16, 321-325. 1911.
[7] Becker, N., Chambliss, C., Marsh, C., and Montemayor, R... Effect of
mellow and frenetic music and stimulating and relaxing scents on
walking by seniors. Erceptual & Motor Skills, 80, 411-415.
doi:10.2466/PMS.80.2.411-415. 1995.
[8] Simpson, S. D., &Karageorghis, C. I. The effects of synchronous music
on400-m sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 1095-1102.
2006. Doi:10.1080/0264041050043278.
[9] Karageorghis, C. I., Mouzourides, D. A., Priest, D., Sasso, T. A.,
Morrish, D. J., &Walley, C. L. Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of
synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of Sport &
Exercise Psychology, 31, 18-36. 2009. Retrieved from
http://journals.humankinetics.com/jsep.
[10] Karageorghis, C. I., & Terry, P. C. The psychological, psychophysical
and ergogenic effects of music in sport: a review and synthesis. In A. J.
Bateman& J. R. Bale (Eds.), Sporting sounds: relationships between
sport and music. 2008. (pp. 59-84). London, United Kingdom:
Routledge.
[11] Hall, K. G., & Erickson, B. The effects of preparatory arousal on sixty
meter dash performance. The Applied Research in Coaching and
Athletics Annual, 10, 70-79. 1995.
[12] Karageorghis, C. I., Drew, K. M., & Terry, P. C. Effects of pretest
stimulative and sedative music on grip strength. Perceptual & Motor
Skills, 83, 1347-1352. doi:10.2466/PMS.83.7.1347-1352. 1996.
[13] Eliakim, M., Meckel, Y., Nemet, D., & Eliakim, A. The effect of music
during warm-up on consecutive anaerobic performance in elite
adolescent volleyball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine,
28, 321-325. 2007. Doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924360.
[14] Atkinson, G., Wilson, D., & Eubank, M. Effects of music on work-rate
distribution during a cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports.
Medicine, 25, 611-615. 2004. doi:10.1055/s-2004-815715.
[15] Elliott, D., Carr, S., & Orme, D. The effect of motivational music on
submaximal exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 5, 97-106.
2005. Doi: 10.1080/17461390500171310.
[16] Lim, H. B. T., Atkinson, G., Karageorghis, C., & Eubank, M. Effects of
differentiated music on cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports
Medicine, 30, 435-442. 2009. Doi: 10.1055/s-0028-1112140.
[17] Rendi, M., Szabo, A., &Szabo, T. Performance enhancement with music
in rowing sprint. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 175-182. 2008. Retrieved
from http://journals.humankinetics.com/tsp.
[18] Bharani, A., Sahu, A., & Mathew, V. Effect of passive distraction on
treadmill exercise test performance in healthy males using music.
International Journal of Cardiology, 97, 305-306. 2004.
doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.05.048.
[19] Hayakawa, Y., Miki, H., Takada, K., & Tanaka, K. (2000). Effects of
music on mood during bench stepping exercise. Perceptual and Motor
Skills, 90, 307–314. 2009.
[20] Anshel, M.H., & Marisi, D.Q. Effects of music and rhythm on physical
performance. Research Quarterly, 49, 109–113. 1978.
[21] Uppal, A.K., &Datta, U. Cardio respiratory response of junior high
school girls to exercise performed with and without music. Journal of
Physical Education and Sports Science, 2, 52–56. 1990.
[22] Michel, W., &Wanner, H.U. Effect of music on sports performance.
Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Sport medizin, 23, 141–159. 1973.
[23] Terry, P. C., & Karageorghis, C. I. Psychophysical effects of music in
sport and exercise: An update on theory, research, and application. In M.
Katsikitis (Ed.), Psychology bridging the Tasman: Science, culture, and
practice- Proceedings of the 2006 Joint Conference of the APS and
NZPS. 2006, (pp.415-424). Melbourne, VIC: Australian Psychological
Society. Retrieved from http://eprints.usq.edu.au/4364/1/Terry-
Karageorghis.pdf.
[24] Shmidt, R.A, Treffener, p.J, Shaw, B.K. &Turvey, M.T, “Dynamical
aspects of learning on inter limbi rhythmic movement pattern”, Journal
of Motor Behavior, 24(6), 67-84. 1992.
[25] SmolenskyV.M. Gymnastics for physical Education majors, Physical
Education and Culture, Muscow, 1996.
[26] Karageorghis, C.I., Jones, L., & Stuart, D.P. Psychological effects of
music tempi during exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine,
29, 613–619. 2008.
[27] Karageorghis, C.I., & Terry, P.C. The magic of music in movement.
Sport and Medicine Today, 5, 38-41. 2001.
[28] M. Clynes and J. Walker, Neurobiologic functions of rhythm time and
pulse in music. In: M. Clynes, Editor, Music, mind and brain: The
neuropsychology of music, Plenum Press, New York, NY. 1982, pp.
171–216.
[29] Styns, F., van Noorden, L., Moelants, D., Leman, and M.: Walking on
music. Hum. Mov. Sci. 26(5), 769-85. 2007.
[30] Karageorghis, C. I., & Jones, J. (2000).Effects of synchronous and
asynchronous music in cycle ergometry. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18,
16.
[31] Steinbach, P. Rocking the house. Athletic Business, 8, 66-69. 2008.
Retrieved from http://athleticbusiness.com/.
[32] Tubino, M. J. G., de Souza, B. C., &Valladão, R. An analysis about the
contents of the officials and popular anthems of the main soccer teams of
the city of Rio de Janeiro from the Primeira República to the Estado
Novo. Fitness & Performance Journal, 8, 56-67. 2009. Retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/28295933.
[33] Zatorre, R. J. Halpern, A. R. Perry, D. W. Meyer E., and Evans, A.C.
Hearing in the mind’s ear: a PET investigation of musical imagery and
perception, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 8, 1996, pp. 29–46.
[34] Chaudhary, Laura. "Brain Workout". South China Morning Post,
2004.online.
[35] Biddle, S, and Mutrie, N. Psychology of physical activity and exercise.
A health related perspective. Springer Vertag London Ltd. 1991.
[36] Copeland, B. L., & Franks, B. D. Effects of types and intensities of
background music on treadmill endurance. Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness, 31, 100-103.1991. Retrieved from
http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sports-med-physical-fitness/.
[37] Szmedra, L., & Bacharach, D. W. Effect of music on perceived exertion,
plasma lactate, norepinephrine and cardiovascular hemodynamics during
treadmill running. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 19, 32-37.
1998. Doi: 10.1055/s-2007-971876. [38] Bacon, C., Myers, T., & Karageorghis, C. I. Effect of music-movement
synchrony on exercise oxygen consumption. Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness, 52, 359-365 2012.
[39] Khalfa, S., Dalla Bella, S., Roy, M., Peretz, I., &Lupien, S. J. Effects of
relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999, 364-376. 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.045.
[40] Karageorghis, C. I. Music in sport and exercise: Theory and practice.
The Sport Journal, 2. 1999. Retrieved from
http://www.thesportjournal.org.
[41] Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. Music in sport and exercise: An update
on research and application. The Sport Journal, 11.2008. Retrieved
fromhttp://www.thesportjournal.org/article/music-sport-and-exerciseupdateresearch-
and-application.
[42] Karageorghis, C. I., & Priest, D. Music in the exercise domain: A review
and synthesis (Part I). International Review of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 5, 44-66. 2012a.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2011.631026.
[43] Terry, P. C., Karageorghis, C. I., MecozziSaha, A., &D’Auria, S. Effects
of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite tri athletes.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, 52-57. 2012.
doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.06.003.
[44] Priest, D. L., Karageorghis, C. I., & Sharp, N. C. C. The characteristics
and effects of motivational music in exercise settings: The possible
influence of gender, age, frequency of attendance, and time of
attendance. Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness, 44, 77-86.
2004. Retrieved fromhttp://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/sportsmed-
physical-fitness/.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:70527", author = "Sanaa Ali Ahmed Alrashid", title = "Effects of Synchronous Music on Gymnastics' Motor Skills Performance among Undergraduate Female Students in Physical Education College", abstract = "The present study aimed to investigate the effect of
synchronous music in Gymnastics' motor skill performance among
undergraduate female students in physical education college at Basra
University. The researcher used experimental design. 20 female
students of physical education divided equally into two groups, (10)
experimental group with music, (10) control group without music.
All participants complete 6 weeks in testing. Data analysis based on
T-test shows significant difference at (α = 0.05) in all skills level
between experimental and control groups in favor of experimental
group. Results of this study contribute to developing the role of
synchronous music in improving gymnastic skills performance.", keywords = "Performance, motor skill, music, synchronous.", volume = "9", number = "8", pages = "646-5", }
