Conversion of Jatropha curcas Oil to Ester Biolubricant Using Solid Catalyst Derived from Saltwater Clam Shell Waste (SCSW)
The discarded clam shell waste, fossil and edible oil
as biolubricant feedstocks create environmental impacts and food
chain dilemma, thus this work aims to circumvent these issues by
using activated saltwater clam shell waste (SCSW) as solid catalyst
for conversion of Jatropha curcas oil as non-edible sources to ester
biolubricant. The characterization of solid catalyst was done by
Differential Thermal Analysis-Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (DTATGA),
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The calcined catalyst was used in the
transesterification of Jatropha oil to methyl ester as the first step, and
the second stage was involved the reaction of Jatropha methyl ester
(JME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP) based on the various process
parameters. The formated biolubricant was analyzed using the
capillary column (DB-5HT) equipped Gas Chromatography (GC).
The conversion results of Jatropha oil to ester biolubricant can be
found nearly 96.66%, and the maximum distribution composition
mainly contains 72.3% of triester (TE).
[1] R. G. E. M. Force, and J. J. Salas, “Vegetables oils basestocks for
lubricants,” J. of Fats and Oils., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2011.
[2] A. Kupkinskas, R. Kreivaitis, J. Padgurskas, V. Makareviciene, and M.
Gumbayte, “Oxidation effect on tribological properties of rapeseeds oil
& lard mixtures containing monoglycerides and fatty acids,” J. of Env.
Research, Engineering & Management., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 42-49, 2012.
[3] A. K. Jain, and A. Suhane, “Capability of biolubricants as alternative
lubricant in industrial and maintainance applications,” Int. J. of Current
Engineering and Technology., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 178-183, 2013.
[4] Z. J. Zhang, D. Simionesie, and C. Schaschke, “Review: Graphite and
hybrid nanomaterials as lubricant additives,” J. of Lubricants, vol. 2, no.
2, pp. 44-65, 2014.
[5] C. O. Akerman, Y. Gaber, N. A. Ghani, M. Lamsa, and R. Hatti-Kaul, “
Clean synthesis of biolubricants for low temperature applications using
heterogeneous catalysts,” J. Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic., vol. 72,
no. 3-4, pp. 263-269, 2011.
[6] S. J. Miller, and S. A. Elomari, “Triester-based lubricants and methods
of making same”. U.S. Patent 7 544 645 B2. Jun.9, 2009.
[7] S. H. A. Halim,“Biopetrol synthesized from rubber seed oil through
heterogeneous catalytic cracking using kaolinite as catalyst,” Bachelor
Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, pp. 1- 4, 2010.
[8] T. S. Chang, H. Masood, R. Yunus, U. Rashid, T. S. Y.Choong, and D.
R. A. Biak,“Activity of calcium methoxide catalyst for synthesis of high
oleic palm oil based TMP triesters as lubricant base stock,”J. of I&ECR.,
vol. 51, pp. 5438-5442, 2012.
[9] R. J. Li, L. Chen, and Z. C. Yan,“Synthesis of TMP ester of oleic acid
using a multi-SO3H-Functionalized Ionic Liquid as an Efficient
Catalyst,”J. of AOCS., vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 705-711, 2012.
[10] N. H. Arbain, and J. Salimon, “Synthesis and characterization of ester
trimethylolpropane based jatropha curcas oil as biolubricant based
stocks,” J. of Sci. & Tech., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 47-58, 2010.
[11] S. Z. Erhan, B. K. Sharma, and J. M. Perez, “Oxidation and low
temperature stability of vegetable oil based lubricants,”J. of Industrial
Crops Production., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 292–299, 2006.
[12] Y. Y. Margaretha, H. S. Prastyo, A. Ayucitra, and S. Ismadji, “Calcium
oxide from Pomeca sp. shell as a catalyst for biodiesel production,” Int.
J. of Energy and Environmental Engineering., vol. 3, no. 33, pp. 1- 9,
2012.
[13] A. Birla, B. Singh, S. N. Upadhyay, and Y. C. Sharma, “Kinetics studies
of synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil using a heterogeneous
catalyst derived from snail shell,”J. of Bioresource Tech., vol. 106, pp.
95-100, 2012.
[14] A. K. Endalew, Y. Kiros,and R. Zanzi, “Heterogeneous catalysis for
biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO),”J. of Energy., vol.
36, no. 5, pp. 2693-2700, 2011.
[15] H. J. Berchmans, and S. Hirata, “Biodiesel production from crude
Jatropa curcas L. seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids,” J. of
Bioresource Tech., vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1716-1721, 2008.
[16] J. Salimon, and A. A. Ishak, “Optimization process for esterification of
rubber seed oil (RSO) with trimethylolpropane (TMP),” J. of Sci. &
Tech.,vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81-90, 2012.
[17] A. A. Bakar, R. Yunus, A. L. Chuah, and A. Fakhru’l-Razi, “Study on
effect of hydroxyl group on lubricant properties of palm based
trimetylolpropane ester: development of synthesis method,” J. of App.
Sci., vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 2011-2014, 2007.
[18] S. Z. Sulaiman, A. L. Chuah, and A. Fakhru’l-Razi, “Batch production
of trimeylolpropane ester from palm oil as lubricant base stock,” J. of
App. Sci., vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 2002-2005, 2007.
[1] R. G. E. M. Force, and J. J. Salas, “Vegetables oils basestocks for
lubricants,” J. of Fats and Oils., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2011.
[2] A. Kupkinskas, R. Kreivaitis, J. Padgurskas, V. Makareviciene, and M.
Gumbayte, “Oxidation effect on tribological properties of rapeseeds oil
& lard mixtures containing monoglycerides and fatty acids,” J. of Env.
Research, Engineering & Management., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 42-49, 2012.
[3] A. K. Jain, and A. Suhane, “Capability of biolubricants as alternative
lubricant in industrial and maintainance applications,” Int. J. of Current
Engineering and Technology., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 178-183, 2013.
[4] Z. J. Zhang, D. Simionesie, and C. Schaschke, “Review: Graphite and
hybrid nanomaterials as lubricant additives,” J. of Lubricants, vol. 2, no.
2, pp. 44-65, 2014.
[5] C. O. Akerman, Y. Gaber, N. A. Ghani, M. Lamsa, and R. Hatti-Kaul, “
Clean synthesis of biolubricants for low temperature applications using
heterogeneous catalysts,” J. Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic., vol. 72,
no. 3-4, pp. 263-269, 2011.
[6] S. J. Miller, and S. A. Elomari, “Triester-based lubricants and methods
of making same”. U.S. Patent 7 544 645 B2. Jun.9, 2009.
[7] S. H. A. Halim,“Biopetrol synthesized from rubber seed oil through
heterogeneous catalytic cracking using kaolinite as catalyst,” Bachelor
Thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, pp. 1- 4, 2010.
[8] T. S. Chang, H. Masood, R. Yunus, U. Rashid, T. S. Y.Choong, and D.
R. A. Biak,“Activity of calcium methoxide catalyst for synthesis of high
oleic palm oil based TMP triesters as lubricant base stock,”J. of I&ECR.,
vol. 51, pp. 5438-5442, 2012.
[9] R. J. Li, L. Chen, and Z. C. Yan,“Synthesis of TMP ester of oleic acid
using a multi-SO3H-Functionalized Ionic Liquid as an Efficient
Catalyst,”J. of AOCS., vol. 89, no. 4, pp. 705-711, 2012.
[10] N. H. Arbain, and J. Salimon, “Synthesis and characterization of ester
trimethylolpropane based jatropha curcas oil as biolubricant based
stocks,” J. of Sci. & Tech., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 47-58, 2010.
[11] S. Z. Erhan, B. K. Sharma, and J. M. Perez, “Oxidation and low
temperature stability of vegetable oil based lubricants,”J. of Industrial
Crops Production., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 292–299, 2006.
[12] Y. Y. Margaretha, H. S. Prastyo, A. Ayucitra, and S. Ismadji, “Calcium
oxide from Pomeca sp. shell as a catalyst for biodiesel production,” Int.
J. of Energy and Environmental Engineering., vol. 3, no. 33, pp. 1- 9,
2012.
[13] A. Birla, B. Singh, S. N. Upadhyay, and Y. C. Sharma, “Kinetics studies
of synthesis of biodiesel from waste frying oil using a heterogeneous
catalyst derived from snail shell,”J. of Bioresource Tech., vol. 106, pp.
95-100, 2012.
[14] A. K. Endalew, Y. Kiros,and R. Zanzi, “Heterogeneous catalysis for
biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil (JCO),”J. of Energy., vol.
36, no. 5, pp. 2693-2700, 2011.
[15] H. J. Berchmans, and S. Hirata, “Biodiesel production from crude
Jatropa curcas L. seed oil with a high content of free fatty acids,” J. of
Bioresource Tech., vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1716-1721, 2008.
[16] J. Salimon, and A. A. Ishak, “Optimization process for esterification of
rubber seed oil (RSO) with trimethylolpropane (TMP),” J. of Sci. &
Tech.,vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 81-90, 2012.
[17] A. A. Bakar, R. Yunus, A. L. Chuah, and A. Fakhru’l-Razi, “Study on
effect of hydroxyl group on lubricant properties of palm based
trimetylolpropane ester: development of synthesis method,” J. of App.
Sci., vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 2011-2014, 2007.
[18] S. Z. Sulaiman, A. L. Chuah, and A. Fakhru’l-Razi, “Batch production
of trimeylolpropane ester from palm oil as lubricant base stock,” J. of
App. Sci., vol. 7, no. 15, pp. 2002-2005, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:68224", author = "Said Nurdin and Fatimah A. Misebah and Rosli M. Yunus and Mohd S. Mahmud and Ahmad Z. Sulaiman", title = "Conversion of Jatropha curcas Oil to Ester Biolubricant Using Solid Catalyst Derived from Saltwater Clam Shell Waste (SCSW)", abstract = "The discarded clam shell waste, fossil and edible oil
as biolubricant feedstocks create environmental impacts and food
chain dilemma, thus this work aims to circumvent these issues by
using activated saltwater clam shell waste (SCSW) as solid catalyst
for conversion of Jatropha curcas oil as non-edible sources to ester
biolubricant. The characterization of solid catalyst was done by
Differential Thermal Analysis-Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (DTATGA),
X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD),
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier Transformed Infrared
Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The calcined catalyst was used in the
transesterification of Jatropha oil to methyl ester as the first step, and
the second stage was involved the reaction of Jatropha methyl ester
(JME) with trimethylolpropane (TMP) based on the various process
parameters. The formated biolubricant was analyzed using the
capillary column (DB-5HT) equipped Gas Chromatography (GC).
The conversion results of Jatropha oil to ester biolubricant can be
found nearly 96.66%, and the maximum distribution composition
mainly contains 72.3% of triester (TE).
", keywords = "Conversion, ester biolubricant, Jatropha curcas oil,
solid catalyst.", volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "1033-7", }
