Cloud Forest Characteristics of Khao Nan, Thailand
A better understanding of cloud forest characteristic in a tropical montane cloud forest at Khao Nan, Nakhon Si Thammarat on climatic, vegetation, soil and hydrology were studied during 18-21 April 2007. The results showed that as air temperature at Sanyen cloud forest increased, the percent relative humidity decreased. The amount of solar radiation at Sanyen cloud forest had a positive association with the amount of solar radiation at Parah forest. The amount of solar radiation at Sanyen cloud forest was very low with a range of 0-19 W/m2. On the other hand, the amount of solar radiation at Parah forest was high with a range of 0-1000 W/m2. There was no difference between leaf width, leaf length, leaf thickness and leaf area with increasing in elevations. As the elevations increased, bush height and tree height decreased. There was no association between bush width and bush ratio with elevation. As the elevations increased, the percent epiphyte cover and the percent soil moisture increased but water temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen decreased. The percent soil moistures and organic contents were higher at elevations above 900 m than elevations below.
[1] L. A. Bruijnzeel and L. S. Hamilton, "Decision Time for Cloud Forests,"
IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series no. 13, IHP-UNESCO, Paris,
IUCN-NL, Amsterdam and WWF International, Gland, 2000, pp. 44.
[2] P. Bubb, I. May, L. Miles and J. Sayer, Cloud Forest Agenda. UNEPWCMC,
Cambridge, UK. 2004.
[3] S. -C. Chang, I. -L. Lai and J. -T. Wu, "Estimation of fog deposition on
epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in
northeastern Taiwan," Atmos. Reserve vol. 64, pp. 159-167, 2002.
[4] T. Eguchi, W. Wildpret and M. Del Arco, 1999. "Synoptic analysis of
thermal and moisture conditions in Anaga, Tenerife, Canary Islands." In:
J. M. González-Mancebo, F. Romaguera, A. Losada-Lima, and A.
Suárez, A. Epiphytic bryophytes growing on Laurus azorica (Seub.)
Franco in three laurel forest areas in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Acta
Oecol. vol. 25, pp. 159-167, 1999.
[5] P. Foster, "The potential negative impacts of global climate change on
tropical montane cloud forests," Earth-Science Reviews vol. 55, pp 73 -
106, 2001.
[6] J. P. Frahm, "The Ecology of Epiphytic Bryophytes on Mt Kinabalu,
Sabah (Malaysia)," In: Y. Wård, Tropical montane cloud forest-fire
disturbance and water input after disturbance. Licentiate dissertation.
Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden 1990.
[7] J. M. González-Mancebo, F. Romaguera, A. Losada-Lima and A.
Suárez, 2004. Epiphytic bryophytes growing on Laurus azorica (Seub.)
Franco in three laurel forest areas in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Acta
Oecol. vol. 25, pp. 159-167, 2004.
[8] L. S. Hamilton, J. O. Juvik and F. N. Scatena, "The Puerto Rico Tropical
Cloud Forest Symposium: Introduction and Workshop Synthesis," In:
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests - fire disturbance and water input after
disturbance. Licentiate dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden 1995.
[9] K. Kitayama, "Biophysical Conditions of the Montane Cloud Forest of
Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia," In: Tropical Montane Cloud
Forests. Edited by L.S. Hamilton, F.N. Scatena & J.O. Juvik. Springer-
Verlag. New York. Pp. 183-197, 1995.
[10] L. KÖhler, T. Gieger and C. Leuschner, "Altitudinal change in soil and
foliar nutrient concentrations and in microclimate across the tree line on
the subtropical island mountain Mt. Teide (Canary Islands)," Flora vol.
201, pp 202-214, 2006.
[11] I. -L. Lai, S. -C. Chang, P. -H. Lin, C. -H. Chou and J. -T. Wu,
"Climatic Characteristics of the Subtropical Mountainous Cloud Forest
at the Yuanyang Lake Long-Term Ecological Research Site Taiwan".
Taiwania vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 317-329, 2006.
[12] K. R. Lips, "Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna," Conserv.
Biol. vol. 12, pp. 106-117, 1998.
[13] S. Negrete-Yankelevich, C. Fragoso, A. C. Newton and O. W. Heal,
"Successional changes in soil, litter and macroinvertebrate parameters
following selective logging in a Mexican Cloud Forest," Appl. Soil Ecol.
vol. 35, pp. 340-355, 2007.
[14] M. Oosterhoorn and M. Kappelle, "Vegetation structure and
composition along an interior-edge-exterior gradient in a Costa Rican
montane cloud forest," Forest Ecol. Manage. vol. 126, pp. 291-307,
2000.
[15] M. Schawe, S. Glatzel and G. Gerold, Soil development along an
altitudinal transect in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest:
Podzolization vs. hydromorphy. Catena vol. 69, pp. 83-90, 2007.
[16] S. Schmid, "Water and Ion Fluxes to a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest
Ecosystem in Costa Rica," Geographisches Institut der Universitat Bern.
Ph. D. thesis, University of Bern, 2004.
[17] E. M. Soto and M. Go' mez, "Atlas clima'tico del municipio de Xalapa.
Instituto de Ecolog─▒'a, AC, Xalapa. In: Pineda, E., Halffter, G. Species
diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropical montane
landscape in Mexico," Biol. Conserv. vol. 117, pp. 499-508, 1990.
[18] T. Stadtm├╝ller, "Cloud forests in the humid tropic. A bibliographic
review," United Nations University, Tokyo and CATIE, Turrialba. Costa
Rica, 1987.
[19] C. J. Still, P. N. Foster and S. H. Schneider, "Simulating the effects of
climate change on tropical montane cloud forests," Nature vol. 398, pp.
608-610, 1999.
[20] S. O. Te' Llez-Valde', P. Da' Vila-Aranda and R. Lira-Saade, "The
effects of climate change on the long-term conservation of Fagus
grandifolia var. mexicana, an important species of the Cloud Forest in
Eastern Mexico," Biodiv. Conserv. vol. 15, pp. 1095-1107, 2004.
[21] E. J. Veneklaas and R. Van Ek, "Rainfall Interception in 2 Tropical
Montane Rain-Forests, Colombia," In: Wård, Y, Tropical montane cloud
forest- fire disturbance and water input after disturbance. Licentiate
dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden, 1990.
[22] Y. Wård, "Tropical montane cloud forest- fire disturbance and water
input after disturbance," Licentiate dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå,
Sweden, 2007.
[1] L. A. Bruijnzeel and L. S. Hamilton, "Decision Time for Cloud Forests,"
IHP Humid Tropics Programme Series no. 13, IHP-UNESCO, Paris,
IUCN-NL, Amsterdam and WWF International, Gland, 2000, pp. 44.
[2] P. Bubb, I. May, L. Miles and J. Sayer, Cloud Forest Agenda. UNEPWCMC,
Cambridge, UK. 2004.
[3] S. -C. Chang, I. -L. Lai and J. -T. Wu, "Estimation of fog deposition on
epiphytic bryophytes in a subtropical montane forest ecosystem in
northeastern Taiwan," Atmos. Reserve vol. 64, pp. 159-167, 2002.
[4] T. Eguchi, W. Wildpret and M. Del Arco, 1999. "Synoptic analysis of
thermal and moisture conditions in Anaga, Tenerife, Canary Islands." In:
J. M. González-Mancebo, F. Romaguera, A. Losada-Lima, and A.
Suárez, A. Epiphytic bryophytes growing on Laurus azorica (Seub.)
Franco in three laurel forest areas in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Acta
Oecol. vol. 25, pp. 159-167, 1999.
[5] P. Foster, "The potential negative impacts of global climate change on
tropical montane cloud forests," Earth-Science Reviews vol. 55, pp 73 -
106, 2001.
[6] J. P. Frahm, "The Ecology of Epiphytic Bryophytes on Mt Kinabalu,
Sabah (Malaysia)," In: Y. Wård, Tropical montane cloud forest-fire
disturbance and water input after disturbance. Licentiate dissertation.
Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden 1990.
[7] J. M. González-Mancebo, F. Romaguera, A. Losada-Lima and A.
Suárez, 2004. Epiphytic bryophytes growing on Laurus azorica (Seub.)
Franco in three laurel forest areas in Tenerife (Canary Islands). Acta
Oecol. vol. 25, pp. 159-167, 2004.
[8] L. S. Hamilton, J. O. Juvik and F. N. Scatena, "The Puerto Rico Tropical
Cloud Forest Symposium: Introduction and Workshop Synthesis," In:
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests - fire disturbance and water input after
disturbance. Licentiate dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden 1995.
[9] K. Kitayama, "Biophysical Conditions of the Montane Cloud Forest of
Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia," In: Tropical Montane Cloud
Forests. Edited by L.S. Hamilton, F.N. Scatena & J.O. Juvik. Springer-
Verlag. New York. Pp. 183-197, 1995.
[10] L. KÖhler, T. Gieger and C. Leuschner, "Altitudinal change in soil and
foliar nutrient concentrations and in microclimate across the tree line on
the subtropical island mountain Mt. Teide (Canary Islands)," Flora vol.
201, pp 202-214, 2006.
[11] I. -L. Lai, S. -C. Chang, P. -H. Lin, C. -H. Chou and J. -T. Wu,
"Climatic Characteristics of the Subtropical Mountainous Cloud Forest
at the Yuanyang Lake Long-Term Ecological Research Site Taiwan".
Taiwania vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 317-329, 2006.
[12] K. R. Lips, "Decline of a tropical montane amphibian fauna," Conserv.
Biol. vol. 12, pp. 106-117, 1998.
[13] S. Negrete-Yankelevich, C. Fragoso, A. C. Newton and O. W. Heal,
"Successional changes in soil, litter and macroinvertebrate parameters
following selective logging in a Mexican Cloud Forest," Appl. Soil Ecol.
vol. 35, pp. 340-355, 2007.
[14] M. Oosterhoorn and M. Kappelle, "Vegetation structure and
composition along an interior-edge-exterior gradient in a Costa Rican
montane cloud forest," Forest Ecol. Manage. vol. 126, pp. 291-307,
2000.
[15] M. Schawe, S. Glatzel and G. Gerold, Soil development along an
altitudinal transect in a Bolivian tropical montane rainforest:
Podzolization vs. hydromorphy. Catena vol. 69, pp. 83-90, 2007.
[16] S. Schmid, "Water and Ion Fluxes to a Tropical Montane Cloud Forest
Ecosystem in Costa Rica," Geographisches Institut der Universitat Bern.
Ph. D. thesis, University of Bern, 2004.
[17] E. M. Soto and M. Go' mez, "Atlas clima'tico del municipio de Xalapa.
Instituto de Ecolog─▒'a, AC, Xalapa. In: Pineda, E., Halffter, G. Species
diversity and habitat fragmentation: frogs in a tropical montane
landscape in Mexico," Biol. Conserv. vol. 117, pp. 499-508, 1990.
[18] T. Stadtm├╝ller, "Cloud forests in the humid tropic. A bibliographic
review," United Nations University, Tokyo and CATIE, Turrialba. Costa
Rica, 1987.
[19] C. J. Still, P. N. Foster and S. H. Schneider, "Simulating the effects of
climate change on tropical montane cloud forests," Nature vol. 398, pp.
608-610, 1999.
[20] S. O. Te' Llez-Valde', P. Da' Vila-Aranda and R. Lira-Saade, "The
effects of climate change on the long-term conservation of Fagus
grandifolia var. mexicana, an important species of the Cloud Forest in
Eastern Mexico," Biodiv. Conserv. vol. 15, pp. 1095-1107, 2004.
[21] E. J. Veneklaas and R. Van Ek, "Rainfall Interception in 2 Tropical
Montane Rain-Forests, Colombia," In: Wård, Y, Tropical montane cloud
forest- fire disturbance and water input after disturbance. Licentiate
dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå, Sweden, 1990.
[22] Y. Wård, "Tropical montane cloud forest- fire disturbance and water
input after disturbance," Licentiate dissertation. Arkitektkopia, Umeå,
Sweden, 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:63452", author = "P. Sangarun and W. Srisang and K. Jaroensutasinee and M. Jaroensutasinee", title = "Cloud Forest Characteristics of Khao Nan, Thailand", abstract = "A better understanding of cloud forest characteristic in a tropical montane cloud forest at Khao Nan, Nakhon Si Thammarat on climatic, vegetation, soil and hydrology were studied during 18-21 April 2007. The results showed that as air temperature at Sanyen cloud forest increased, the percent relative humidity decreased. The amount of solar radiation at Sanyen cloud forest had a positive association with the amount of solar radiation at Parah forest. The amount of solar radiation at Sanyen cloud forest was very low with a range of 0-19 W/m2. On the other hand, the amount of solar radiation at Parah forest was high with a range of 0-1000 W/m2. There was no difference between leaf width, leaf length, leaf thickness and leaf area with increasing in elevations. As the elevations increased, bush height and tree height decreased. There was no association between bush width and bush ratio with elevation. As the elevations increased, the percent epiphyte cover and the percent soil moisture increased but water temperature, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen decreased. The percent soil moistures and organic contents were higher at elevations above 900 m than elevations below.
", keywords = "Cloud forest, climate, vegetation, soil, hydrology.", volume = "1", number = "8", pages = "97-6", }
