Application of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Maintainability Using Object-Oriented Metrics
Importance of software quality is increasing leading to development of new sophisticated techniques, which can be used in constructing models for predicting quality attributes. One such technique is Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This paper examined the application of ANN for software quality prediction using Object- Oriented (OO) metrics. Quality estimation includes estimating maintainability of software. The dependent variable in our study was maintenance effort. The independent variables were principal components of eight OO metrics. The results showed that the Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) was 0.265 of ANN model. Thus we found that ANN method was useful in constructing software quality model.
[1] A.Binkley and S.Schach, "Validation of the Coupling Dependency
Metric as a risk Predictor", Proceedings in ICSE 98, 452-455, 1998.
[2] A.Lake, C.Cook, "Use of factor analysis to develop OOP software
complexity metrics". Proc. 6th Annual Oregon Workshop on Software
Metrics, Silver Falls, Oregon, 1994.
[3] B.Henderson-sellers, "Object-Oriented Metrics, Measures of
Complexity", Prentice Hall, 1996.
[4] C.R.Kothari. "Research Methodology. Methods and Techniques", New
Age International Limited.
[5] D.Tegarden, S. Sheetz, D.Monarchi, "A Software Complexity Model of
Object-Oriented Systems. Decision Support Systems", vol. 13, pp.241-
262.
[6] G.Finnie and G. Witting, "AI Tools for Software Development Effort
Estimation", International Conference on Software Engineering:
Education and practice, 1996.
[7] J.Bieman, B.Kang, "Cohesion and Reuse in an Object-Oriented System",
Proc. ACM Symp. Software Reusability (SSR-94), pp.259-262, 1995.
[8] J.Han, M. Kamber, "Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques", Harchort
India Private Limited, 2001.
[9] K.El Emam , S.Benlarbi , N.Goel , Rai, "A Validation of Object-
Oriented Metrics", Technical Report ERB-1063, NRC, 1999.
[10] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, "A Neural Net Based
Approach to Test Oracle", ACM SIGSOFT, vol. 29, issue 3, 2004.
[11] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Analysis of Object-Oriented Metrics", International Workshop on
Software Measurement (IWSM), 2005.
[12] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Empirical Study of Object-Oriented Metrics", Accepted to be published
in Journal of Object-Technology.
[13] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Software Reuse Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems", Third ACIS Int'l
Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and
Applications (SERA'05), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 48-55, 2005.
[14] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "Unified Framework for Cohesion
Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems", Empirical Software
Engineering, vol. 3, pp.65-117, 1998.
[15] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "A Unified Framework for Coupling
Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. IEEE Transactions on
software Engineering", Vol. 25, pp.91-121, 1999.
[16] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "Exploring the relationships between
design measures and software quality", Journal of Systems and
Software, Vol. 5, pp.245-273, 2000.
[17] M.Cartwright, M.Shepperd, "An Empirical Investigation of an Object-
Oriented Software System", IEEE Transactions of Software
Engineering, 1999.
[18] M.Hitz, B. Montazeri, "Measuring Coupling and Cohesion in Object-
Oriented Systems", Proc. Int. Symposium on Applied Corporate
Computing, Monterrey, Mexico, 1995.
[19] M.Lorenz, and J.Kidd, "Object-Oriented Software Metrics", Prentice-
Hall, 1994.
[20] R.Harrison, S.J.Counsell, and R.V.Nithi, "An Evaluation of MOOD set
of Object-Oriented Software Metrics", IEEE Trans. Software
Engineering, vol. SE-24, no.6, pp. 491-496, June 1998.
[21] S.Chidamber and C.F.Kamerer, "A metrics Suite for Object-Oriented
Design", IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, vol. SE-20, no.6, 476-493,
1994.
[22] S.Chidamber, C. Kemerer, "Towards a Metrics Suite for Object Oriented
design". Proc. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Systems,
Languages and Applications (OOPSLA-91). Published in SIGPLAN
Notices, vol 26 no. 11, pp.197-211, 1991.
[23] S.Chidamber, D. Darcy, C. Kemerer, "Managerial use of Metrics for
Object-Oriented Software: An Exploratory Analysis", IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.24 no.8, 629-639, 1998.
[24] T.Gyimothy , R.Ferenc , I.Siket , "Empirical validation of objectoriented
metrics on open source software for fault prediction", IEEE
Trans. Software Engineering, vol. 31, Issue 10, pp.897 - 910, Oct.
2005.
[25] T.M.Khoshgaftaar, E.D.Allen, J.P Hudepohl, S.J Aud,., "Application of
neural networks to software quality modeling of a very large
telecommunications system," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,
Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 902--909, 1997.
[26] V.Basili, L.Briand, W.Melo, "A Validation of Object-Oriented Design
Metrics as Quality Indicators", IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering, vol. 22 no.10, pp. 751-761, 1996.
[27] W.Li, S.Henry, "Object-Oriented Metrics that Predict Maintainability",
Journal of Systems and Software, vol 23 no.2, pp.111-122, 1993.
[28] Y.Lee, B.Liang, S.Wu and F.Wang, "Measuring the Coupling and
Cohesion of an Object-Oriented program based on Information flow",
1995.
[29] Yu Ping, Ma Xiaoxing, Lu Jian , "Predicting Fault-Proneness using OO
Metrics: An Industrial Case Study", CSMR 2002, Budapest, Hungary,
pp.99-107, 2002.
[1] A.Binkley and S.Schach, "Validation of the Coupling Dependency
Metric as a risk Predictor", Proceedings in ICSE 98, 452-455, 1998.
[2] A.Lake, C.Cook, "Use of factor analysis to develop OOP software
complexity metrics". Proc. 6th Annual Oregon Workshop on Software
Metrics, Silver Falls, Oregon, 1994.
[3] B.Henderson-sellers, "Object-Oriented Metrics, Measures of
Complexity", Prentice Hall, 1996.
[4] C.R.Kothari. "Research Methodology. Methods and Techniques", New
Age International Limited.
[5] D.Tegarden, S. Sheetz, D.Monarchi, "A Software Complexity Model of
Object-Oriented Systems. Decision Support Systems", vol. 13, pp.241-
262.
[6] G.Finnie and G. Witting, "AI Tools for Software Development Effort
Estimation", International Conference on Software Engineering:
Education and practice, 1996.
[7] J.Bieman, B.Kang, "Cohesion and Reuse in an Object-Oriented System",
Proc. ACM Symp. Software Reusability (SSR-94), pp.259-262, 1995.
[8] J.Han, M. Kamber, "Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques", Harchort
India Private Limited, 2001.
[9] K.El Emam , S.Benlarbi , N.Goel , Rai, "A Validation of Object-
Oriented Metrics", Technical Report ERB-1063, NRC, 1999.
[10] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, "A Neural Net Based
Approach to Test Oracle", ACM SIGSOFT, vol. 29, issue 3, 2004.
[11] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Analysis of Object-Oriented Metrics", International Workshop on
Software Measurement (IWSM), 2005.
[12] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Empirical Study of Object-Oriented Metrics", Accepted to be published
in Journal of Object-Technology.
[13] K.K.Aggarwal, Yogesh Singh, Arvinder Kaur, Ruchika Malhotra,
"Software Reuse Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems", Third ACIS Int'l
Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and
Applications (SERA'05), IEEE Computer Society, pp. 48-55, 2005.
[14] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "Unified Framework for Cohesion
Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems", Empirical Software
Engineering, vol. 3, pp.65-117, 1998.
[15] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "A Unified Framework for Coupling
Measurement in Object-Oriented Systems. IEEE Transactions on
software Engineering", Vol. 25, pp.91-121, 1999.
[16] L.Briand , W.Daly and J. Wust, "Exploring the relationships between
design measures and software quality", Journal of Systems and
Software, Vol. 5, pp.245-273, 2000.
[17] M.Cartwright, M.Shepperd, "An Empirical Investigation of an Object-
Oriented Software System", IEEE Transactions of Software
Engineering, 1999.
[18] M.Hitz, B. Montazeri, "Measuring Coupling and Cohesion in Object-
Oriented Systems", Proc. Int. Symposium on Applied Corporate
Computing, Monterrey, Mexico, 1995.
[19] M.Lorenz, and J.Kidd, "Object-Oriented Software Metrics", Prentice-
Hall, 1994.
[20] R.Harrison, S.J.Counsell, and R.V.Nithi, "An Evaluation of MOOD set
of Object-Oriented Software Metrics", IEEE Trans. Software
Engineering, vol. SE-24, no.6, pp. 491-496, June 1998.
[21] S.Chidamber and C.F.Kamerer, "A metrics Suite for Object-Oriented
Design", IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, vol. SE-20, no.6, 476-493,
1994.
[22] S.Chidamber, C. Kemerer, "Towards a Metrics Suite for Object Oriented
design". Proc. Conference on Object-Oriented Programming: Systems,
Languages and Applications (OOPSLA-91). Published in SIGPLAN
Notices, vol 26 no. 11, pp.197-211, 1991.
[23] S.Chidamber, D. Darcy, C. Kemerer, "Managerial use of Metrics for
Object-Oriented Software: An Exploratory Analysis", IEEE
Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.24 no.8, 629-639, 1998.
[24] T.Gyimothy , R.Ferenc , I.Siket , "Empirical validation of objectoriented
metrics on open source software for fault prediction", IEEE
Trans. Software Engineering, vol. 31, Issue 10, pp.897 - 910, Oct.
2005.
[25] T.M.Khoshgaftaar, E.D.Allen, J.P Hudepohl, S.J Aud,., "Application of
neural networks to software quality modeling of a very large
telecommunications system," IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks,
Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 902--909, 1997.
[26] V.Basili, L.Briand, W.Melo, "A Validation of Object-Oriented Design
Metrics as Quality Indicators", IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering, vol. 22 no.10, pp. 751-761, 1996.
[27] W.Li, S.Henry, "Object-Oriented Metrics that Predict Maintainability",
Journal of Systems and Software, vol 23 no.2, pp.111-122, 1993.
[28] Y.Lee, B.Liang, S.Wu and F.Wang, "Measuring the Coupling and
Cohesion of an Object-Oriented program based on Information flow",
1995.
[29] Yu Ping, Ma Xiaoxing, Lu Jian , "Predicting Fault-Proneness using OO
Metrics: An Industrial Case Study", CSMR 2002, Budapest, Hungary,
pp.99-107, 2002.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:52216", author = "K. K. Aggarwal and Yogesh Singh and Arvinder Kaur and Ruchika Malhotra", title = "Application of Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Maintainability Using Object-Oriented Metrics", abstract = "Importance of software quality is increasing leading to development of new sophisticated techniques, which can be used in constructing models for predicting quality attributes. One such technique is Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This paper examined the application of ANN for software quality prediction using Object- Oriented (OO) metrics. Quality estimation includes estimating maintainability of software. The dependent variable in our study was maintenance effort. The independent variables were principal components of eight OO metrics. The results showed that the Mean Absolute Relative Error (MARE) was 0.265 of ANN model. Thus we found that ANN method was useful in constructing software quality model.
", keywords = "Software quality, Measurement, Metrics, Artificial neural network, Coupling, Cohesion, Inheritance, Principal component analysis.", volume = "2", number = "10", pages = "3312-5", }
