Action Potential of Lateral Geniculate Neurons at Low Threshold Currents: Simulation Study
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) is the relay center
in the visual pathway as it receives most of the input information
from retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and sends to visual cortex. Low
threshold calcium currents (IT) at the membrane are the unique
indicator to characterize this firing functionality of the LGN neurons
gained by the RGC input. According to the LGN functional
requirements such as functional mapping of RGC to LGN, the
morphologies of the LGN neurons were developed. During the
neurological disorders like glaucoma, the mapping between RGC and
LGN is disconnected and hence stimulating LGN electrically using
deep brain electrodes can restore the functionalities of LGN. A
computational model was developed for simulating the LGN neurons
with three predominant morphologies each representing different
functional mapping of RGC to LGN. The firings of action potentials
at LGN neuron due to IT were characterized by varying the
stimulation parameters, morphological parameters and orientation. A
wide range of stimulation parameters (stimulus amplitude, duration
and frequency) represents the various strengths of the electrical
stimulation with different morphological parameters (soma size,
dendrites size and structure). The orientation (0-1800) of LGN
neuron with respect to the stimulating electrode represents the angle
at which the extracellular deep brain stimulation towards LGN
neuron is performed. A reduced dendrite structure was used in the
model using Bush–Sejnowski algorithm to decrease the
computational time while conserving its input resistance and total
surface area. The major finding is that an input potential of 0.4 V is
required to produce the action potential in the LGN neuron which is
placed at 100 μm distance from the electrode. From this study, it can
be concluded that the neuroprostheses under design would need to
consider the capability of inducing at least 0.4V to produce action
potentials in LGN.
[1] K. A. Schneider, M. C. Richter, and S. Kastner, “Retinotopic
organization and functional subdivisions of the human lateral geniculate
nucleus: a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging
study.,” J. Neurosci., vol. 24, no. 41, pp. 8975–85, Oct. 2004.
[2] T. L. Hickey and R. W. Guillery, “A study of Golgi preparations from
the human lateral geniculate nucleus.,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 200, no. 4,
pp. 545–77, Aug. 1981.
[3] R. Zomorrodi, A. S. Ferecskó, K. Kovács, H. Kröger, and I. Timofeev,
“Analysis of morphological features of thalamocortical neurons from the
ventroposterolateral nucleus of the cat,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 518, no.
17, pp. 3541–3556, 2010.
[4] R. W. Guillery, “A study of Golgi preparations from the dorsal lateral
geniculate nucleus of the adult cat.,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 128, no. 1,
pp. 21–50, 1966.
[5] S. LeVay and D. Ferster, “Relay cell classes in the lateral geniculate
nucleus of the cat and the effects of visual deprivation.,” J. Comp.
Neurol., vol. 172, no. 4, pp. 563–84, Apr. 1977.
[6] L. Stanford, M. Friedlander, and S. Sherman, “Morphology of
physiologically identified W-cells in the C laminae of the cat’s lateral
geniculate nucleus,” J. Neurosci., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 578–584, Jun. 1981.
[7] B. Dreher, Y. Fukada, and R. W. Rodieck, “Identification, classification
and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in
the lateral geniculate nucleus of old-world primates.,” J. Physiol., vol.
258, no. 2, pp. 433–452, Jun. 1976.
[8] V. Crunelli, S. Lightowler, and C. E. Pollard, “A T-type Ca2+ current
underlies low-threshold Ca2+ potentials in cells of the cat and rat lateral
geniculate nucleus.,” J. Physiol., vol. 413, no. 1, pp. 543–561, Jun. 1989.
[9] H. Jahnsen and R. Llinás, “Electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig
thalamic neurones: an in vitro study.,” J. Physiol., vol. 349, pp. 205–26,
Apr. 1984.
[10] H. Jahnsen and R. Llinás, “Ionic basis for the electro-responsiveness and
oscillatory properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurones in vitro.,” J.
Physiol., vol. 349, no. 1, pp. 227–247, Apr. 1984.
[11] Y. Amarillo, G. Mato, and M. S. Nadal, “Analysis of the role of the low
threshold currents IT and Ih in intrinsic delta oscillations of
thalamocortical neurons,” Front. Comput. Neurosci., vol. 9, no. May, pp.
1–9, 2015.
[12] C. C. McIntyre, W. M. Grill, D. L. Sherman, and N. V Thakor, “Cellular
effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and
inhibition.” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1457–1469, 2004.
[13] Destexhe, M. Neubig, D. Ulrich, and J. Huguenard, “Dendritic lowthreshold
calcium currents in thalamic relay cells.,” J. Neurosci., vol. 18,
no. 10, pp. 3574–3588, 1998.
[1] K. A. Schneider, M. C. Richter, and S. Kastner, “Retinotopic
organization and functional subdivisions of the human lateral geniculate
nucleus: a high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging
study.,” J. Neurosci., vol. 24, no. 41, pp. 8975–85, Oct. 2004.
[2] T. L. Hickey and R. W. Guillery, “A study of Golgi preparations from
the human lateral geniculate nucleus.,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 200, no. 4,
pp. 545–77, Aug. 1981.
[3] R. Zomorrodi, A. S. Ferecskó, K. Kovács, H. Kröger, and I. Timofeev,
“Analysis of morphological features of thalamocortical neurons from the
ventroposterolateral nucleus of the cat,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 518, no.
17, pp. 3541–3556, 2010.
[4] R. W. Guillery, “A study of Golgi preparations from the dorsal lateral
geniculate nucleus of the adult cat.,” J. Comp. Neurol., vol. 128, no. 1,
pp. 21–50, 1966.
[5] S. LeVay and D. Ferster, “Relay cell classes in the lateral geniculate
nucleus of the cat and the effects of visual deprivation.,” J. Comp.
Neurol., vol. 172, no. 4, pp. 563–84, Apr. 1977.
[6] L. Stanford, M. Friedlander, and S. Sherman, “Morphology of
physiologically identified W-cells in the C laminae of the cat’s lateral
geniculate nucleus,” J. Neurosci., vol. 1, no. 6, pp. 578–584, Jun. 1981.
[7] B. Dreher, Y. Fukada, and R. W. Rodieck, “Identification, classification
and anatomical segregation of cells with X-like and Y-like properties in
the lateral geniculate nucleus of old-world primates.,” J. Physiol., vol.
258, no. 2, pp. 433–452, Jun. 1976.
[8] V. Crunelli, S. Lightowler, and C. E. Pollard, “A T-type Ca2+ current
underlies low-threshold Ca2+ potentials in cells of the cat and rat lateral
geniculate nucleus.,” J. Physiol., vol. 413, no. 1, pp. 543–561, Jun. 1989.
[9] H. Jahnsen and R. Llinás, “Electrophysiological properties of guinea-pig
thalamic neurones: an in vitro study.,” J. Physiol., vol. 349, pp. 205–26,
Apr. 1984.
[10] H. Jahnsen and R. Llinás, “Ionic basis for the electro-responsiveness and
oscillatory properties of guinea-pig thalamic neurones in vitro.,” J.
Physiol., vol. 349, no. 1, pp. 227–247, Apr. 1984.
[11] Y. Amarillo, G. Mato, and M. S. Nadal, “Analysis of the role of the low
threshold currents IT and Ih in intrinsic delta oscillations of
thalamocortical neurons,” Front. Comput. Neurosci., vol. 9, no. May, pp.
1–9, 2015.
[12] C. C. McIntyre, W. M. Grill, D. L. Sherman, and N. V Thakor, “Cellular
effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and
inhibition.” J. Neurophysiol., vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 1457–1469, 2004.
[13] Destexhe, M. Neubig, D. Ulrich, and J. Huguenard, “Dendritic lowthreshold
calcium currents in thalamic relay cells.,” J. Neurosci., vol. 18,
no. 10, pp. 3574–3588, 1998.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:71471", author = "Faris Tarlochan and Siva Mahesh Tangutooru", title = "Action Potential of Lateral Geniculate Neurons at Low Threshold Currents: Simulation Study", abstract = "Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) is the relay center
in the visual pathway as it receives most of the input information
from retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and sends to visual cortex. Low
threshold calcium currents (IT) at the membrane are the unique
indicator to characterize this firing functionality of the LGN neurons
gained by the RGC input. According to the LGN functional
requirements such as functional mapping of RGC to LGN, the
morphologies of the LGN neurons were developed. During the
neurological disorders like glaucoma, the mapping between RGC and
LGN is disconnected and hence stimulating LGN electrically using
deep brain electrodes can restore the functionalities of LGN. A
computational model was developed for simulating the LGN neurons
with three predominant morphologies each representing different
functional mapping of RGC to LGN. The firings of action potentials
at LGN neuron due to IT were characterized by varying the
stimulation parameters, morphological parameters and orientation. A
wide range of stimulation parameters (stimulus amplitude, duration
and frequency) represents the various strengths of the electrical
stimulation with different morphological parameters (soma size,
dendrites size and structure). The orientation (0-1800) of LGN
neuron with respect to the stimulating electrode represents the angle
at which the extracellular deep brain stimulation towards LGN
neuron is performed. A reduced dendrite structure was used in the
model using Bush–Sejnowski algorithm to decrease the
computational time while conserving its input resistance and total
surface area. The major finding is that an input potential of 0.4 V is
required to produce the action potential in the LGN neuron which is
placed at 100 μm distance from the electrode. From this study, it can
be concluded that the neuroprostheses under design would need to
consider the capability of inducing at least 0.4V to produce action
potentials in LGN.", keywords = "Lateral geniculate nucleus, visual cortex, finite
element, glaucoma, neuroprostheses.", volume = "9", number = "12", pages = "836-5", }