A Review on Recycled Use of Solid Wastes in Building Materials
Large quantities of solid wastes being generated
worldwide from sources such as household, domestic, industrial,
commercial and construction demolition activities, leads to
environmental concerns. Utilization of these wastes in making
building construction materials can reduce the magnitude of the
associated problems. When these waste products are used in place of
other conventional materials, natural resources and energy are
preserved and expensive and/or potentially harmful waste disposal is
avoided. Recycling which is regarded as the third most preferred waste
disposal option, with its numerous environmental benefits, stand as a
viable option to offset the environmental impact associated with the
construction industry. This paper reviews the results of laboratory tests and important
research findings, and the potential of using these wastes in building
construction materials with focus on sustainable development.
Research gaps, which includes; the need to develop standard mix
design for solid waste based building materials; the need to develop
energy efficient method of processing solid waste use in concrete; the
need to study the actual behavior or performance of such building
materials in practical application and the limited real life application
of such building materials have also been identified. A research is being proposed to develop an environmentally
friendly, lightweight building block from recycled waste paper,
without the use of cement, and with properties suitable for use as
walling unit. This proposed research intends to incorporate,
laboratory experimentation and modeling to address the identified
research gaps.
[1] US Environmental protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste, 2014
(March) (2014).
[2] M. Safiuddin, M.Z. Jumaat, M. Salam, M. Islam, R. Hashim, Utilization
of solid wastes in construction materials, International Journal of
Physical Sciences. 5 (13) (2010) 1952-1963.
[3] D. Hoornweg, P. Bhada-Tata, What a waste: a global review of solid
waste management, (2012).
[4] J. Lelieveld, P.J. Crutzen, Indirect chemical effects of methane on
climate warming, (1992).
[5] S. Karade, Cement-bonded composites from lignocellulosic wastes,
Construction and Building Materials. 24 (8) (2010) 1323-1330.
[6] R. Siddique, J. Khatib, I. Kaur, Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a
review, Waste Management. 28 (10) (2008) 1835-1852.
[7] V.T. Breslin, U. Senturk, C.C. Berndt, Long-term engineering properties
of recycled plastic lumber used in pier construction, Resources,
Conservation and Recycling. 23 (4) (1998) 243-258.
[8] K. Flaga, Advances in materials applied in civil engineering, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology. 106 (1) (2000) 173-183.
[9] S. Hınıslıoğlu, E. Ağar, Use of waste high density polyethylene as
bitumen modifier in asphalt concrete mix, Materials Letters. 58 (3)
(2004) 267-271.
[10] T.R. Naik, S.S. Singh, C.O. Huber, B.S. Brodersen, Use of postconsumer
waste plastics in cement-based composites, Cement and
Concrete Research. 26 (10) (1996) 1489-1492.
[11] K. Rebeiz, A. Craft, Plastic waste management in construction:
technological and institutional issues, Resources, Conservation and
Recycling. 15 (3) (1995) 245-257.
[12] J. Simonsen, Utilizing straw as a filler in thermoplastic building
materials, Construction and Building Materials. 10 (6) (1996) 435-440. [13] T. Sam, M. Tam, Polymer concrete based on recycled polyethylene
terephtalate (PET), (2002) 226-228.
[14] O.Y. Marzouk, R. Dheilly, M. Queneudec, Valorization of postconsumer
waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites, Waste
Management. 27 (2) (2007) 310-318.
[15] K. Rebeiz, Precast use of polymer concrete using unsaturated polyester
resin based on recycled PET waste, Construction and Building
Materials. 10 (3) (1996) 215-220.
[16] J.V. Vaverka, An analysis of reinforced concrete composites utilizing
recycled polyethylene terephthalate thermoplastic, 1991.
[17] B. Jo, S. Park, C. Kim, Mechanical properties of polyester polymer
concrete using recycled polyethylene terephthalate, ACI Structural
Journal. 103 (2) (2006).
[18] R.M. Rowell, J.A. Youngquist, D. McNatt, Composites from recycled
materials, Composites. 301 (1991) 314.
[19] Marzouk OY, Dheilly RM, Queneudec M., Valorization of Post-
Consumer Waste Plastic in Cementitious Concrete Composites,
PubMed, U.S.National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health.
27 (2) (12) (2006) 310.
[20] M. Sivaraja, S. Kandasamy, Reinforced concrete beams with rural
composites under cyclic loading, J Engg App Sci. 2 (11) (2007) 1620-
1626.
[21] M. Osmani, A. Pappu, An assessment of the compressive strength of
glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in
construction, Concrete Research Letters. 1 (1) (2010) 1-5.
[22] Briga-Sá, D. Nascimento, N. Teixeira, J. Pinto, F. Caldeira, H. Varum,
et al., Textile waste as an alternative thermal insulation building
material solution, Construction and Building Materials. 38 (2013) 155-
160.
[23] M. Matusiak, Investigation of the thermal insulation properties of
multilayer textiles, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (5) (2006)
98-102.
[24] S.B. Stanković, D. Popović, G.B. Poparić, Thermal properties of textile
fabrics made of natural and regenerated cellulose fibers, Polymer
Testing. 27 (1) (2008) 41-48.
[25] D. Bhattacharjee, V. Kothari, Heat transfer through woven textiles,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 52 (7) (2009) 2155-
2160.
[26] L.A. Pereira-de-Oliveira, J.P. Castro-Gomes, M.C. Nepomuceno, Effect
of acrylic fibres geometry on physical, mechanical and durability
properties of cement mortars, Construction and Building Materials. 27
(1) (2012) 189-196.
[27] R. Fangueiro, P. Marques, C.G. Pereira, Directionally oriented fibrous
structures for llghtweight concrete elements reinforcement, ICSA 2010.
(2010) 1462-1469.
[28] Peixoto, J. Vieira, A. Paiva, L. Fernandes, P. Tavares, J. Morais, et al.,
Argamassa de reboco reforçada com resíduos da indústria têxtil, Actas
do. 4 (2012).
[29] T. Vrána, K. Gudmundsson, Comparison of fibrous insulations–
Cellulose and stone wool in terms of moisture properties resulting from
condensation and ice formation, Construction and Building Materials. 24
(7) (2010) 1151-1157.
[30] F. Aspiras, J. Manalo, Utilization of textile waste cuttings as building
material, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 48 (1) (1995)
379-384.
[31] H.M. Algin, P. Turgut, Cotton and limestone powder wastes as brick
material, Construction and Building Materials. 22 (6) (2008) 1074-1080.
[32] H. Binici, R. Gemci, A. Kucukonder, H.H. Solak, Investigating sound
insulation, thermal conductivity and radioactivity of chipboards
produced with cotton waste, fly ash and barite, Construction and
Building Materials. 30 (2012) 826-832.
[33] D. Rajput, S. Bhagade, S. Raut, R. Ralegaonkar, S.A. Mandavgane,
Reuse of cotton and recycle paper mill waste as building material,
Construction and Building Materials. 34 (2012) 470-475.
[34] United States Department of Energy, (2013), Saving Energy: Recycling
saves energy in Production of New Products , 2014 (January).
[35] S. Coventry, S. Hillier, Construction Industry Research and Information
Association., C. Woolveridge, The reclaimed and recycled construction
materials handbook,Construction Industry Research and Information
Association, London, 1999.
[36] [6] A. Pappu, M. Saxena, S.R. Asolekar, Solid wastes generation in
India and their recycling potential in building materials, Building and
Environment. 42 (6) (2007) 2311-2320.
[37] J. Bhattacharyya, A. Shekdar, S. Gaikwad, Recyclability of Some Major
Industrial Solid Waste, Journal of Indian Association for Environmental
Management. 31 (2004) 71-75.
[38] Shi, J. Qian, High performance cementing materials from industrial
slags—a review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 29 (3) (2000)
195-207.
[39] Shi, R. Day, Early strength development and hydration of alkaliactivated
blast furnace slag/fly ash blends, Advances in Cement
Research. 11 (4) (1999) 189-196.
[40] Y. Li, Y. Sun, Preliminary study on combined-alkali–slag paste
materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (6) (2000) 963-966.
[41] P. Shih, Z. Wu, H. Chiang, Characteristics of bricks made from waste
steel slag, Waste Management. 24 (10) (2004) 1043-1047.
[42] Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, D. Rodriguez, Studies on concrete
containing ground waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (1)
(2000) 91-100.
[43] P. Turgut, E. Yahlizade, Research into concrete blocks with waste glass,
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1 (2009)
203-209.
[44] I.B. Topcu, M. Canbaz, Properties of concrete containing waste glass,
Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (2) (2004) 267-274.
[45] S.B. Park, B.C. Lee, J.H. Kim, Studies on mechanical properties of
concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete
Research. 34 (12) (2004) 2181-2189.
[46] T.R. Naik, Z. Wu, Crushed post-consumer glass as partial replacement
of sand in concrete, ACI Special Publication. 200 (2001).
[47] Demir, Reuse of waste glass in building brick production, Waste
management & research: the journal of the International Solid Wastes
and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. 27 (6) (2009) 572-577.
[48] Loryuenyong, T. Panyachai, K. Kaewsimork, C. Siritai, Effects of
recycled glass substitution on the physical and mechanical properties of
clay bricks, Waste Management. 29 (10) (2009) 2717-2721.
[49] S. Chidiac, L. Federico, Effects of waste glass additions on the
properties and durability of fired clay brick. This article is one of a
selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry. Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering. 34 (11) (2007) 1458-1466.
[50] C. Baird, M. Cann, Environmental chemistry,Macmillan 2005.
[51] United states Environmental protection Agency, (US EPA), Municipal
solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal in the United States:
Facts and figures for 2012. , (2014).
[52] European Environment Agency (EEA), European Topic Centre on
Sustainable Consumption and Production. 2014 (January) (2013).
[53] Ashori, T. Tabarsa, I. Valizadeh, Fiber reinforced cement boards made
from recycled newsprint paper, Materials Science and Engineering: A.
528 (25) (2011) 7801-7804.
[54] Sujivorakul, C., Muhummud, T., Narmluk, M., and Yodnumkhum, W.,
Development of Cement Composite Plates Reinforced with Wastepaper
Fibers , (2006) 241-252.
[55] S. Masjuki, B. Mohammed, H. Al-Mattarneh, Hybrid Composite Wall
System by Using Local Waste: Panel of cement Bonded Wood In Filled
with Papercrete, 22 (4) (2008) 239-250.
[56] Gunarto A., Satyarno I., Tjokrodimuljo K., Newsprint Paper Waste
Exploiting for Papercrete Panel, (2008).
[57] B. Fuller, A. Fafitis, J. Santamaria, Structural Properties of a New
Material Made of Waste Paper, (2006) 1-16.
[58] G. Solberg, L. Solberg, Building with Papercrete and paper
adobe,Remedial Planet Communications 2000.
[59] D. Jegatheeswaran, R. Malathy, Comparative Study on Papercrete
Bricks with Conventional Bricks , ICI Journal,. 1 (04) (2011)
15-19.
[60] P. Soroushian, Z. Shah, J.P. Won, Optimization of wastepaper fibercement
composites, ACI Materials Journal. 92 (1) (1995).
[61] E.Y.A. Okino, M.A.E. Santana, M.R. de Souza, Utilization of
wastepaper to manufacture low density boards, Bioresource technology.
73 (1) (2000) 77-79.
[62] M.Y. Massijaya, M. Okuma, Development of boards made from waste
newspapers. I. Production and fundamental properties of wastenewspaper
boards, Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 42 (12) (1996) 1243-1249.
[63] Ashori, A. Nourbakhsh, Characteristics of wood–fiber plastic
composites made of recycled materials, Waste Management. 29 (4)
(2009) 1291-1295.
[64] R.D. Tolêdo Filho, K. Scrivener, G.L. England, K. Ghavami, Durability
of alkali-sensitive sisal and coconut fibres in cement mortar composites,
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crushed concrete as coarse aggregates, (2003) 16-18.
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materials from sawdust and waste paper, Construction and Building
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waste recycling, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 47 (3) (2006)
209-221.
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used timber, ACI Special Publication. 179 (1998).
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materials from sawdust and waste paper, Construction and Building
Materials. 40 (2013) 361-366.
[1] US Environmental protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste, 2014
(March) (2014).
[2] M. Safiuddin, M.Z. Jumaat, M. Salam, M. Islam, R. Hashim, Utilization
of solid wastes in construction materials, International Journal of
Physical Sciences. 5 (13) (2010) 1952-1963.
[3] D. Hoornweg, P. Bhada-Tata, What a waste: a global review of solid
waste management, (2012).
[4] J. Lelieveld, P.J. Crutzen, Indirect chemical effects of methane on
climate warming, (1992).
[5] S. Karade, Cement-bonded composites from lignocellulosic wastes,
Construction and Building Materials. 24 (8) (2010) 1323-1330.
[6] R. Siddique, J. Khatib, I. Kaur, Use of recycled plastic in concrete: a
review, Waste Management. 28 (10) (2008) 1835-1852.
[7] V.T. Breslin, U. Senturk, C.C. Berndt, Long-term engineering properties
of recycled plastic lumber used in pier construction, Resources,
Conservation and Recycling. 23 (4) (1998) 243-258.
[8] K. Flaga, Advances in materials applied in civil engineering, Journal of
Materials Processing Technology. 106 (1) (2000) 173-183.
[9] S. Hınıslıoğlu, E. Ağar, Use of waste high density polyethylene as
bitumen modifier in asphalt concrete mix, Materials Letters. 58 (3)
(2004) 267-271.
[10] T.R. Naik, S.S. Singh, C.O. Huber, B.S. Brodersen, Use of postconsumer
waste plastics in cement-based composites, Cement and
Concrete Research. 26 (10) (1996) 1489-1492.
[11] K. Rebeiz, A. Craft, Plastic waste management in construction:
technological and institutional issues, Resources, Conservation and
Recycling. 15 (3) (1995) 245-257.
[12] J. Simonsen, Utilizing straw as a filler in thermoplastic building
materials, Construction and Building Materials. 10 (6) (1996) 435-440. [13] T. Sam, M. Tam, Polymer concrete based on recycled polyethylene
terephtalate (PET), (2002) 226-228.
[14] O.Y. Marzouk, R. Dheilly, M. Queneudec, Valorization of postconsumer
waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites, Waste
Management. 27 (2) (2007) 310-318.
[15] K. Rebeiz, Precast use of polymer concrete using unsaturated polyester
resin based on recycled PET waste, Construction and Building
Materials. 10 (3) (1996) 215-220.
[16] J.V. Vaverka, An analysis of reinforced concrete composites utilizing
recycled polyethylene terephthalate thermoplastic, 1991.
[17] B. Jo, S. Park, C. Kim, Mechanical properties of polyester polymer
concrete using recycled polyethylene terephthalate, ACI Structural
Journal. 103 (2) (2006).
[18] R.M. Rowell, J.A. Youngquist, D. McNatt, Composites from recycled
materials, Composites. 301 (1991) 314.
[19] Marzouk OY, Dheilly RM, Queneudec M., Valorization of Post-
Consumer Waste Plastic in Cementitious Concrete Composites,
PubMed, U.S.National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health.
27 (2) (12) (2006) 310.
[20] M. Sivaraja, S. Kandasamy, Reinforced concrete beams with rural
composites under cyclic loading, J Engg App Sci. 2 (11) (2007) 1620-
1626.
[21] M. Osmani, A. Pappu, An assessment of the compressive strength of
glass reinforced plastic waste filled concrete for potential applications in
construction, Concrete Research Letters. 1 (1) (2010) 1-5.
[22] Briga-Sá, D. Nascimento, N. Teixeira, J. Pinto, F. Caldeira, H. Varum,
et al., Textile waste as an alternative thermal insulation building
material solution, Construction and Building Materials. 38 (2013) 155-
160.
[23] M. Matusiak, Investigation of the thermal insulation properties of
multilayer textiles, Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe. 14 (5) (2006)
98-102.
[24] S.B. Stanković, D. Popović, G.B. Poparić, Thermal properties of textile
fabrics made of natural and regenerated cellulose fibers, Polymer
Testing. 27 (1) (2008) 41-48.
[25] D. Bhattacharjee, V. Kothari, Heat transfer through woven textiles,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 52 (7) (2009) 2155-
2160.
[26] L.A. Pereira-de-Oliveira, J.P. Castro-Gomes, M.C. Nepomuceno, Effect
of acrylic fibres geometry on physical, mechanical and durability
properties of cement mortars, Construction and Building Materials. 27
(1) (2012) 189-196.
[27] R. Fangueiro, P. Marques, C.G. Pereira, Directionally oriented fibrous
structures for llghtweight concrete elements reinforcement, ICSA 2010.
(2010) 1462-1469.
[28] Peixoto, J. Vieira, A. Paiva, L. Fernandes, P. Tavares, J. Morais, et al.,
Argamassa de reboco reforçada com resíduos da indústria têxtil, Actas
do. 4 (2012).
[29] T. Vrána, K. Gudmundsson, Comparison of fibrous insulations–
Cellulose and stone wool in terms of moisture properties resulting from
condensation and ice formation, Construction and Building Materials. 24
(7) (2010) 1151-1157.
[30] F. Aspiras, J. Manalo, Utilization of textile waste cuttings as building
material, Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 48 (1) (1995)
379-384.
[31] H.M. Algin, P. Turgut, Cotton and limestone powder wastes as brick
material, Construction and Building Materials. 22 (6) (2008) 1074-1080.
[32] H. Binici, R. Gemci, A. Kucukonder, H.H. Solak, Investigating sound
insulation, thermal conductivity and radioactivity of chipboards
produced with cotton waste, fly ash and barite, Construction and
Building Materials. 30 (2012) 826-832.
[33] D. Rajput, S. Bhagade, S. Raut, R. Ralegaonkar, S.A. Mandavgane,
Reuse of cotton and recycle paper mill waste as building material,
Construction and Building Materials. 34 (2012) 470-475.
[34] United States Department of Energy, (2013), Saving Energy: Recycling
saves energy in Production of New Products , 2014 (January).
[35] S. Coventry, S. Hillier, Construction Industry Research and Information
Association., C. Woolveridge, The reclaimed and recycled construction
materials handbook,Construction Industry Research and Information
Association, London, 1999.
[36] [6] A. Pappu, M. Saxena, S.R. Asolekar, Solid wastes generation in
India and their recycling potential in building materials, Building and
Environment. 42 (6) (2007) 2311-2320.
[37] J. Bhattacharyya, A. Shekdar, S. Gaikwad, Recyclability of Some Major
Industrial Solid Waste, Journal of Indian Association for Environmental
Management. 31 (2004) 71-75.
[38] Shi, J. Qian, High performance cementing materials from industrial
slags—a review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 29 (3) (2000)
195-207.
[39] Shi, R. Day, Early strength development and hydration of alkaliactivated
blast furnace slag/fly ash blends, Advances in Cement
Research. 11 (4) (1999) 189-196.
[40] Y. Li, Y. Sun, Preliminary study on combined-alkali–slag paste
materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (6) (2000) 963-966.
[41] P. Shih, Z. Wu, H. Chiang, Characteristics of bricks made from waste
steel slag, Waste Management. 24 (10) (2004) 1043-1047.
[42] Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, D. Rodriguez, Studies on concrete
containing ground waste glass, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (1)
(2000) 91-100.
[43] P. Turgut, E. Yahlizade, Research into concrete blocks with waste glass,
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering. 1 (2009)
203-209.
[44] I.B. Topcu, M. Canbaz, Properties of concrete containing waste glass,
Cement and Concrete Research. 34 (2) (2004) 267-274.
[45] S.B. Park, B.C. Lee, J.H. Kim, Studies on mechanical properties of
concrete containing waste glass aggregate, Cement and Concrete
Research. 34 (12) (2004) 2181-2189.
[46] T.R. Naik, Z. Wu, Crushed post-consumer glass as partial replacement
of sand in concrete, ACI Special Publication. 200 (2001).
[47] Demir, Reuse of waste glass in building brick production, Waste
management & research: the journal of the International Solid Wastes
and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA. 27 (6) (2009) 572-577.
[48] Loryuenyong, T. Panyachai, K. Kaewsimork, C. Siritai, Effects of
recycled glass substitution on the physical and mechanical properties of
clay bricks, Waste Management. 29 (10) (2009) 2717-2721.
[49] S. Chidiac, L. Federico, Effects of waste glass additions on the
properties and durability of fired clay brick. This article is one of a
selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry. Canadian
Journal of Civil Engineering. 34 (11) (2007) 1458-1466.
[50] C. Baird, M. Cann, Environmental chemistry,Macmillan 2005.
[51] United states Environmental protection Agency, (US EPA), Municipal
solid waste generation, recycling, and disposal in the United States:
Facts and figures for 2012. , (2014).
[52] European Environment Agency (EEA), European Topic Centre on
Sustainable Consumption and Production. 2014 (January) (2013).
[53] Ashori, T. Tabarsa, I. Valizadeh, Fiber reinforced cement boards made
from recycled newsprint paper, Materials Science and Engineering: A.
528 (25) (2011) 7801-7804.
[54] Sujivorakul, C., Muhummud, T., Narmluk, M., and Yodnumkhum, W.,
Development of Cement Composite Plates Reinforced with Wastepaper
Fibers , (2006) 241-252.
[55] S. Masjuki, B. Mohammed, H. Al-Mattarneh, Hybrid Composite Wall
System by Using Local Waste: Panel of cement Bonded Wood In Filled
with Papercrete, 22 (4) (2008) 239-250.
[56] Gunarto A., Satyarno I., Tjokrodimuljo K., Newsprint Paper Waste
Exploiting for Papercrete Panel, (2008).
[57] B. Fuller, A. Fafitis, J. Santamaria, Structural Properties of a New
Material Made of Waste Paper, (2006) 1-16.
[58] G. Solberg, L. Solberg, Building with Papercrete and paper
adobe,Remedial Planet Communications 2000.
[59] D. Jegatheeswaran, R. Malathy, Comparative Study on Papercrete
Bricks with Conventional Bricks , ICI Journal,. 1 (04) (2011)
15-19.
[60] P. Soroushian, Z. Shah, J.P. Won, Optimization of wastepaper fibercement
composites, ACI Materials Journal. 92 (1) (1995).
[61] E.Y.A. Okino, M.A.E. Santana, M.R. de Souza, Utilization of
wastepaper to manufacture low density boards, Bioresource technology.
73 (1) (2000) 77-79.
[62] M.Y. Massijaya, M. Okuma, Development of boards made from waste
newspapers. I. Production and fundamental properties of wastenewspaper
boards, Mokuzai Gakkaishi. 42 (12) (1996) 1243-1249.
[63] Ashori, A. Nourbakhsh, Characteristics of wood–fiber plastic
composites made of recycled materials, Waste Management. 29 (4)
(2009) 1291-1295.
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@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:71612", author = "Oriyomi M. Okeyinka and David A. Oloke and Jamal M. Khatib", title = "A Review on Recycled Use of Solid Wastes in Building Materials", abstract = "Large quantities of solid wastes being generated
worldwide from sources such as household, domestic, industrial,
commercial and construction demolition activities, leads to
environmental concerns. Utilization of these wastes in making
building construction materials can reduce the magnitude of the
associated problems. When these waste products are used in place of
other conventional materials, natural resources and energy are
preserved and expensive and/or potentially harmful waste disposal is
avoided. Recycling which is regarded as the third most preferred waste
disposal option, with its numerous environmental benefits, stand as a
viable option to offset the environmental impact associated with the
construction industry. This paper reviews the results of laboratory tests and important
research findings, and the potential of using these wastes in building
construction materials with focus on sustainable development.
Research gaps, which includes; the need to develop standard mix
design for solid waste based building materials; the need to develop
energy efficient method of processing solid waste use in concrete; the
need to study the actual behavior or performance of such building
materials in practical application and the limited real life application
of such building materials have also been identified. A research is being proposed to develop an environmentally
friendly, lightweight building block from recycled waste paper,
without the use of cement, and with properties suitable for use as
walling unit. This proposed research intends to incorporate,
laboratory experimentation and modeling to address the identified
research gaps.", keywords = "Recycling, solid waste, construction, building
materials.", volume = "9", number = "12", pages = "1578-10", }
