A Retrospective of Wind Turbine Architectural Integration in the Built Environment
Since the European renewable energy directives set the
target for 22.1% of electricity generation to be supplied by 2010
[1], there has been increased interest in using green technologies
also within the urban enviroment. The most commonly considered
installations are solar thermal and solar photovoltaics. Nevertheless,
as observed by Bahaj et al. [2], small scale turbines can reduce the
built enviroment related CO2 emissions. Thus, in the last few years,
an increasing number of manufacturers have developed small wind
turbines specifically designed for the built enviroment. The present
work focuses on the integration into architectural systems of such
installations and presents a survey of successful case studies.
[1] Official Journal of the European Communites: Directive 2001/77/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council, L 283 p. 35 Article 3,
27/09/2001.
[2] A. S. Bahaj, L. Meyers, P. A. James, "Urban energy generation:
Influence of micro-wind turbine output on electricity consuptions in
buildings", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 39, Issue 2, February 2007, pp.
154-165.
[3] H. Chandler, (Editor), Wind Energy - The Facts - An analysis of wind
energy in the EU-25, EWEA, 2004.
[4] Quietrevolution, www.quietrevolution.com
[5] Windside, www.windside.com
[6] N. Campbell, S. Stankovic, M. Graham, P. Parkin, M. van Duijvendijk,
T. de Gruiter, S. Behling, J. Hieber, M. Blanch, "Wind Energy for the
Built Enviroment (Project WEB)", European Wind Energy Conference
& Exhibition, Copenhagen, 2-6 July 2001.
[7] Helix Wind, www.helixwind.com
[8] Greenway Self Park, www.greenwayselfpark.com
[9] Bahrain World Trade Center, www.bahrainwtc.com
[10] N. Campbell, S. Stankovic, "Wind Energy for the Built Enviroment
(Project WEB)", Assessment of Wind Energy Utilisation Potential
in Moderately Windy Built-up Areas, Publishable Final Report, 1st
September 1998 to 31st August 1999, Updated 06/07/01.
[11] S. Mertens, Wind Energy in the built enviroment, Multiscience
Publishing, 2006.
[12] G. J. W. van Bussel, S. M. Mertens, "Small wind turbines for the built
enviroment", EACWE4 - The Fourth European & African Conference
on wind Engineering, Prague, 11-15 July, 2005
[13] Manwell, J. F., McGowan J. G., Rogers A. L., Wind Energy Explained:
Theory, Design and Application, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 146.
[14] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, Comparison between Lift and Drag-Driven
VAWT Concepts on Low-Wind Site AEO, ICAMME 2012: International
Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Venice
(Italy), November 28-30, 2011 (in: World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, Issue 59, November 2011, pp. 1677-1682).
[15] Strata Tower of London, www.stratalondon.com
[16] Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China,
www.som.com/content.cfm/pearl river tower
[17] www.schoolofsustainability.asu.edu/
[18] AeroVironment, www.avinc.com/engineering/architecturalwind1
[19] Adobe-s Sustainability Council,
www.adobe.com/corporate-responsibility/environment.html
[20] Windspire, www.windspireenergy.com/
[21] Ramsgate Street Project, www.cma-planning.co.uk/Projects/RamsgateSt
[22] Aerotecture International, www.aerotecture.com
[1] Official Journal of the European Communites: Directive 2001/77/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council, L 283 p. 35 Article 3,
27/09/2001.
[2] A. S. Bahaj, L. Meyers, P. A. James, "Urban energy generation:
Influence of micro-wind turbine output on electricity consuptions in
buildings", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 39, Issue 2, February 2007, pp.
154-165.
[3] H. Chandler, (Editor), Wind Energy - The Facts - An analysis of wind
energy in the EU-25, EWEA, 2004.
[4] Quietrevolution, www.quietrevolution.com
[5] Windside, www.windside.com
[6] N. Campbell, S. Stankovic, M. Graham, P. Parkin, M. van Duijvendijk,
T. de Gruiter, S. Behling, J. Hieber, M. Blanch, "Wind Energy for the
Built Enviroment (Project WEB)", European Wind Energy Conference
& Exhibition, Copenhagen, 2-6 July 2001.
[7] Helix Wind, www.helixwind.com
[8] Greenway Self Park, www.greenwayselfpark.com
[9] Bahrain World Trade Center, www.bahrainwtc.com
[10] N. Campbell, S. Stankovic, "Wind Energy for the Built Enviroment
(Project WEB)", Assessment of Wind Energy Utilisation Potential
in Moderately Windy Built-up Areas, Publishable Final Report, 1st
September 1998 to 31st August 1999, Updated 06/07/01.
[11] S. Mertens, Wind Energy in the built enviroment, Multiscience
Publishing, 2006.
[12] G. J. W. van Bussel, S. M. Mertens, "Small wind turbines for the built
enviroment", EACWE4 - The Fourth European & African Conference
on wind Engineering, Prague, 11-15 July, 2005
[13] Manwell, J. F., McGowan J. G., Rogers A. L., Wind Energy Explained:
Theory, Design and Application, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 146.
[14] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, Comparison between Lift and Drag-Driven
VAWT Concepts on Low-Wind Site AEO, ICAMME 2012: International
Conference on Applied Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Venice
(Italy), November 28-30, 2011 (in: World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology, Issue 59, November 2011, pp. 1677-1682).
[15] Strata Tower of London, www.stratalondon.com
[16] Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China,
www.som.com/content.cfm/pearl river tower
[17] www.schoolofsustainability.asu.edu/
[18] AeroVironment, www.avinc.com/engineering/architecturalwind1
[19] Adobe-s Sustainability Council,
www.adobe.com/corporate-responsibility/environment.html
[20] Windspire, www.windspireenergy.com/
[21] Ramsgate Street Project, www.cma-planning.co.uk/Projects/RamsgateSt
[22] Aerotecture International, www.aerotecture.com
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:53890", author = "Stefano Degrassi and Marco Raciti Castelli and Ernesto Benini", title = "A Retrospective of Wind Turbine Architectural Integration in the Built Environment", abstract = "Since the European renewable energy directives set the
target for 22.1% of electricity generation to be supplied by 2010
[1], there has been increased interest in using green technologies
also within the urban enviroment. The most commonly considered
installations are solar thermal and solar photovoltaics. Nevertheless,
as observed by Bahaj et al. [2], small scale turbines can reduce the
built enviroment related CO2 emissions. Thus, in the last few years,
an increasing number of manufacturers have developed small wind
turbines specifically designed for the built enviroment. The present
work focuses on the integration into architectural systems of such
installations and presents a survey of successful case studies.", keywords = "Wind turbines, architectural integration, wind resources, urban areas, built enviroment, renewable technologies.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "444-5", }