The present paper deals with the most adopted technical
solutions for the enhancement of the lift force of a wing. In fact,
during several flight conditions (such as take off and landing), the
lift force needs to be dramatically enhanced. Both trailing edge
devices (such as flaps) and leading edge ones (such as slats) are
described. Finally, the most advanced aerodynamic solutions to avoid
the separation of the boundary layer from aircraft wings at high angles
of attack are reviewed.
[1] J. Roskam and C. T. Edward Lan, Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Performance,
DARcorporation (U.S.A.), 1997.
[2] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Wing lift coefficient increment at zero
angle of attack due to deployment of plain trailing-edge flaps at low
speeds, ESDU 97011, ISBN: 978 1 86246 011 9.
[3] D. Angland, X. Zhang, N. Molin and L. C. Chow, Measurements of flow
around a split flap configuration, Collection of Technical Papers - 45th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Vol. 4, pp. 2657-2674, 2007.
[4] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Increments in aerofoil lift coefficient at
zero angle of attack and in maximum lift coefficient due to deployment of
a trailing-edge split flap, with or without a leading-edge high-lift device,
at low speeds, ESDU 94029, ISBN: 978 0 85679 916 7.
[5] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Lift coefficient increment due to full-span
slotted flaps, ESDU Aero F.01.01.08, ISBN: 978 1 86246 424 7.
[6] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Increment in aerofoil profile drag
coefficient due to the deployment of a single-slotted flap, ESDU 87005,
ISBN: 978 0 85679 598 5.
[7] Y. Dong-Hee, K. Yasuaki, K. satoshi and K. Takuma, Improvement of
Aerodynamic Performance of the Aero-Train by Controlling Wing-Wing
Interaction Using Single-Slotted Flap, JSME International Journal, Series
B: Fluids and Thermal Engineering, Vol. 49 - No. 4, pp. 1118-1124, 2006.
[8] O. Kozlov, Design and Modeling of the Fowler Flap With Adaptive
Elements, ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress
and Exposition (IMECE2006), November 5 10, 2006 , Chicago, Illinois
(USA).
[9] B. Gunston, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press 2004, p. 331.
[10] B. Gunston, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press 2004, p. 270.
[11] K. Yee, W. Joo and D. Lee, Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a
Gurney Flap for Rotorcraft Application, Journal of Aircraft, Vol 44 - No.
3, pp. 1003-1014, May/June 2007.
[12] Y. Zhao, J. Wang, L. Zuo and D. Yu, Application of Gurney flap on
certain target drone, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Vol. 35 - No. 8, pp. 913-916, August 2009.
[13] Z. Shen and G. Yu, Experimental investigation of effect of gurney flap
on performance of horizontal-axis wind turbine, Acta Energiae Solaris
Sinica, Vol. 28 - No. 2, pp. 196-199, February 2007.
[14] A. L. Williams, New and less complex alternatives to the Handley Page
slat, Journal of Aircraft, Vol 23 No. 3 (1986), pp. 200-206.
[15] J. Bayandor, M. L. Scott and R. S. Thomson, Parametric optimisation
of composite shell structures for an aircraft Krueger flap, Composite
Structures, Vol. 57, Issues 1-4, pp. 415-423, July 2002.
[16] S. Chavez and C. Richard, Numerical Study of the Coanda effect,
Fluidics Quart, Vol. No. 4, pp. 40-48, 1970.
[17] B. E. Wake, J. S. Kearney, G. Tillman and S. S. Ochs, Control of High-
Reynolds-Number Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Using Counter-
Flow Fluid Injection, Collection of Technical Papers - 3rd AIAA Flow
Control Conference, 5-8 June, San Francisco, CA.
[18] T. Troia and M. Waters,A Propulsion Concept for Circulation Control
Wing Technology, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3192, 2005,
doi:10.4271/2005-01-3192.
[19] G. McGowan, C. Rumsey, H. Hassan and R. C. Swanson, A threedimensional
computational study of a circulation control wing, 3rd AIAA
Flow Control Conference, 5-8 June 2006, San Francisco, CA.
[20] D. R. Jenkins, T. Landis and J. Miller, AMERICAN X-VEHICLES An
Inventory X-1 to X-50, NASA, Monographs in Aerospace History, No.
31 SP-2003-4531, June 2003.
[21] L. A. Marshall, Boundary-Layer Transition Results From the F-16XL-2
Supersonic Laminar Flow. Control Experiment, NASA technical memorandum
209013, 1999.
[22] B. A. Smith, Laminar flow data evaluated, Aviation Week & Space
Technology 145, October 1996.
[23] J. Williams, S. F. J. Butler and M. N. Wood, The Aerodynamics of Jet
Flaps, Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda N. 3304,
1963.
[1] J. Roskam and C. T. Edward Lan, Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Performance,
DARcorporation (U.S.A.), 1997.
[2] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Wing lift coefficient increment at zero
angle of attack due to deployment of plain trailing-edge flaps at low
speeds, ESDU 97011, ISBN: 978 1 86246 011 9.
[3] D. Angland, X. Zhang, N. Molin and L. C. Chow, Measurements of flow
around a split flap configuration, Collection of Technical Papers - 45th
AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Vol. 4, pp. 2657-2674, 2007.
[4] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Increments in aerofoil lift coefficient at
zero angle of attack and in maximum lift coefficient due to deployment of
a trailing-edge split flap, with or without a leading-edge high-lift device,
at low speeds, ESDU 94029, ISBN: 978 0 85679 916 7.
[5] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Lift coefficient increment due to full-span
slotted flaps, ESDU Aero F.01.01.08, ISBN: 978 1 86246 424 7.
[6] Engineering Sciences Data Unit, Increment in aerofoil profile drag
coefficient due to the deployment of a single-slotted flap, ESDU 87005,
ISBN: 978 0 85679 598 5.
[7] Y. Dong-Hee, K. Yasuaki, K. satoshi and K. Takuma, Improvement of
Aerodynamic Performance of the Aero-Train by Controlling Wing-Wing
Interaction Using Single-Slotted Flap, JSME International Journal, Series
B: Fluids and Thermal Engineering, Vol. 49 - No. 4, pp. 1118-1124, 2006.
[8] O. Kozlov, Design and Modeling of the Fowler Flap With Adaptive
Elements, ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress
and Exposition (IMECE2006), November 5 10, 2006 , Chicago, Illinois
(USA).
[9] B. Gunston, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press 2004, p. 331.
[10] B. Gunston, The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press 2004, p. 270.
[11] K. Yee, W. Joo and D. Lee, Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of a
Gurney Flap for Rotorcraft Application, Journal of Aircraft, Vol 44 - No.
3, pp. 1003-1014, May/June 2007.
[12] Y. Zhao, J. Wang, L. Zuo and D. Yu, Application of Gurney flap on
certain target drone, Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, Vol. 35 - No. 8, pp. 913-916, August 2009.
[13] Z. Shen and G. Yu, Experimental investigation of effect of gurney flap
on performance of horizontal-axis wind turbine, Acta Energiae Solaris
Sinica, Vol. 28 - No. 2, pp. 196-199, February 2007.
[14] A. L. Williams, New and less complex alternatives to the Handley Page
slat, Journal of Aircraft, Vol 23 No. 3 (1986), pp. 200-206.
[15] J. Bayandor, M. L. Scott and R. S. Thomson, Parametric optimisation
of composite shell structures for an aircraft Krueger flap, Composite
Structures, Vol. 57, Issues 1-4, pp. 415-423, July 2002.
[16] S. Chavez and C. Richard, Numerical Study of the Coanda effect,
Fluidics Quart, Vol. No. 4, pp. 40-48, 1970.
[17] B. E. Wake, J. S. Kearney, G. Tillman and S. S. Ochs, Control of High-
Reynolds-Number Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Using Counter-
Flow Fluid Injection, Collection of Technical Papers - 3rd AIAA Flow
Control Conference, 5-8 June, San Francisco, CA.
[18] T. Troia and M. Waters,A Propulsion Concept for Circulation Control
Wing Technology, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3192, 2005,
doi:10.4271/2005-01-3192.
[19] G. McGowan, C. Rumsey, H. Hassan and R. C. Swanson, A threedimensional
computational study of a circulation control wing, 3rd AIAA
Flow Control Conference, 5-8 June 2006, San Francisco, CA.
[20] D. R. Jenkins, T. Landis and J. Miller, AMERICAN X-VEHICLES An
Inventory X-1 to X-50, NASA, Monographs in Aerospace History, No.
31 SP-2003-4531, June 2003.
[21] L. A. Marshall, Boundary-Layer Transition Results From the F-16XL-2
Supersonic Laminar Flow. Control Experiment, NASA technical memorandum
209013, 1999.
[22] B. A. Smith, Laminar flow data evaluated, Aviation Week & Space
Technology 145, October 1996.
[23] J. Williams, S. F. J. Butler and M. N. Wood, The Aerodynamics of Jet
Flaps, Aeronautical Research Council Reports and Memoranda N. 3304,
1963.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:63986", author = "Andrea Dal Monte and Marco Raciti Castelli and Ernesto Benini", title = "A Retrospective of High-Lift Device Technology", abstract = "The present paper deals with the most adopted technical
solutions for the enhancement of the lift force of a wing. In fact,
during several flight conditions (such as take off and landing), the
lift force needs to be dramatically enhanced. Both trailing edge
devices (such as flaps) and leading edge ones (such as slats) are
described. Finally, the most advanced aerodynamic solutions to avoid
the separation of the boundary layer from aircraft wings at high angles
of attack are reviewed.", keywords = "High lift devices, Trailing Edge devices, Leading Edge devices, Boundary Layer Control devices", volume = "6", number = "11", pages = "2587-6", }
