Numerical Evaluation of the Aerodynamic Efficiency of the Stevens and Jolly Vertical- Axis Windmill (1895)
This paper presents a numerical investigation of the
unsteady flow around an American 19th century vertical-axis
windmill: the Stevens & Jolly rotor, patented on April 16, 1895. The
computational approach used is based on solving the complete
transient Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (t-RANS) equations: a
full campaign of numerical simulation has been performed using the
k-ω SST turbulence model. Flow field characteristics have been
investigated for several values of tip speed ratio and for a constant
unperturbed free-stream wind velocity of 6 m/s, enabling the study of
some unsteady flow phenomena in the rotor wake. Finally, the global
power generated from the windmill has been determined for each
simulated angular velocity, allowing the calculation of the rotor
power-curve.
[1] L. White Jr., Medieval technology and social change, Oxford, 1962, p.
87.
[2] J. C. Vassberg, A. K. Gopinath and A. Jameson, "Revisiting the
Vertical-Axis Wind-Turbine Design using Advanced Computational
Fluid Dynamics", AIAA Paper 2005-0047, 43rd AIAA ASM, Reno, NV.
[3] M. Raciti Castelli, G. Ardizzon, L. Battisti, E. Benini, G. Pavesi,
"Modeling Strategy and Numerical Validation for a Darrieus Vertical
Axis Micro-Wind Turbine", ASME 2010 International Mechanical
Engineering Congress & Exposition, November 12-18, 2010,
Vancouver (British Columbia), IMECE2010-39548.
[4] C. J. Simao Ferreira, H. Bijl, G. van Bussel and G. van Kuik,
"Simulating Dynamic Stall in a 2D VAWT: Modeling Strategy,
Verification and Validation with Particle Image Velocimetry Data", The
Science of Making Torque from Wind, Journal of Physics: Conference
Series 75, 2007.
[5] C. Simao Ferreira, G. van Kuik, G. van Bussel and F. Scarano,
"Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine",
Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 97-108.
[6] V. Kumar, M. Paraschivoiu and I. Paraschivoiu, "Low Reynolds
Number Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Mars", Wind Engineering, Vol.
34, No. 4, June 2010.
[7] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, "Effect of Blade Inclination Angle on a
Darrieus Wind Turbine", ASME Turbo Expo 2010 Gas Turbine
Technical Conference, June 14-18, 2010, Glasgow (Scotland), GT2010-
23332
[8] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, "Effect of Blade Thickness on Darrieus
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Performance", CSSim 2011 - 2nd
International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, 5-7
September 2011, Brno (Czech Republic).
[9] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, Effect of Negative Pitch Angle on
Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Performance, World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, Issue 59-2011, pp. 3372-3376.
[10] J. H Stevens and J. L. Jolly, "Windmill", U.S. Patent No. 537,494,
issued on April 16, 1895.
[11] Fluent Inc., Fluent User-s Manual, pp. 52, 54, 59, 71, 143.
[12] R. M. Cummings, J. R. Forsythe, S. A. Morton and K. D. Squires,
"Computational Challenges in High Angle of Attack Flow Prediction",
2003, Progr. Aerosp. Sci. 39(5):369-384.
[13] J. L. Menet, "A double-step Savonius rotor for local production of
electricity: a design study", Renewable Energy, Volume 29, Issue 11,
September 2004, pp. 1843-1862.
[14] J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan and A. L. Rogers, Wind Energy
Explained: Theory, Design and Application, John Wiley and Sons,
2010, p. 146.
[1] L. White Jr., Medieval technology and social change, Oxford, 1962, p.
87.
[2] J. C. Vassberg, A. K. Gopinath and A. Jameson, "Revisiting the
Vertical-Axis Wind-Turbine Design using Advanced Computational
Fluid Dynamics", AIAA Paper 2005-0047, 43rd AIAA ASM, Reno, NV.
[3] M. Raciti Castelli, G. Ardizzon, L. Battisti, E. Benini, G. Pavesi,
"Modeling Strategy and Numerical Validation for a Darrieus Vertical
Axis Micro-Wind Turbine", ASME 2010 International Mechanical
Engineering Congress & Exposition, November 12-18, 2010,
Vancouver (British Columbia), IMECE2010-39548.
[4] C. J. Simao Ferreira, H. Bijl, G. van Bussel and G. van Kuik,
"Simulating Dynamic Stall in a 2D VAWT: Modeling Strategy,
Verification and Validation with Particle Image Velocimetry Data", The
Science of Making Torque from Wind, Journal of Physics: Conference
Series 75, 2007.
[5] C. Simao Ferreira, G. van Kuik, G. van Bussel and F. Scarano,
"Visualization by PIV of dynamic stall on a vertical axis wind turbine",
Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 97-108.
[6] V. Kumar, M. Paraschivoiu and I. Paraschivoiu, "Low Reynolds
Number Vertical Axis Wind Turbine for Mars", Wind Engineering, Vol.
34, No. 4, June 2010.
[7] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, "Effect of Blade Inclination Angle on a
Darrieus Wind Turbine", ASME Turbo Expo 2010 Gas Turbine
Technical Conference, June 14-18, 2010, Glasgow (Scotland), GT2010-
23332
[8] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, "Effect of Blade Thickness on Darrieus
Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Performance", CSSim 2011 - 2nd
International Conference on Computer Modelling and Simulation, 5-7
September 2011, Brno (Czech Republic).
[9] M. Raciti Castelli, E. Benini, Effect of Negative Pitch Angle on
Darrieus Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Performance, World Academy of
Science, Engineering and Technology, Issue 59-2011, pp. 3372-3376.
[10] J. H Stevens and J. L. Jolly, "Windmill", U.S. Patent No. 537,494,
issued on April 16, 1895.
[11] Fluent Inc., Fluent User-s Manual, pp. 52, 54, 59, 71, 143.
[12] R. M. Cummings, J. R. Forsythe, S. A. Morton and K. D. Squires,
"Computational Challenges in High Angle of Attack Flow Prediction",
2003, Progr. Aerosp. Sci. 39(5):369-384.
[13] J. L. Menet, "A double-step Savonius rotor for local production of
electricity: a design study", Renewable Energy, Volume 29, Issue 11,
September 2004, pp. 1843-1862.
[14] J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan and A. L. Rogers, Wind Energy
Explained: Theory, Design and Application, John Wiley and Sons,
2010, p. 146.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:54383", author = "M. Raciti Castelli and E. Benini", title = "Numerical Evaluation of the Aerodynamic Efficiency of the Stevens and Jolly Vertical- Axis Windmill (1895)", abstract = "This paper presents a numerical investigation of the
unsteady flow around an American 19th century vertical-axis
windmill: the Stevens & Jolly rotor, patented on April 16, 1895. The
computational approach used is based on solving the complete
transient Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (t-RANS) equations: a
full campaign of numerical simulation has been performed using the
k-ω SST turbulence model. Flow field characteristics have been
investigated for several values of tip speed ratio and for a constant
unperturbed free-stream wind velocity of 6 m/s, enabling the study of
some unsteady flow phenomena in the rotor wake. Finally, the global
power generated from the windmill has been determined for each
simulated angular velocity, allowing the calculation of the rotor
power-curve.", keywords = "CFD, vertical-axis rotor, windmill.", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "782-7", }