Microstructural and In-Vitro Characterization of Glass-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites
Commercial hydroxyapatite (HA) was reinforced by
adding 2, 5, and 10 wt % of 28.5%CaO-28.5%P2O5-38%Na2 O-
5%CaF2 based glass and then sintered. Although HA shows good
biocompatibility with the human body, its applications are limited to
non load-bearing areas and coatings due to its poor mechanical
properties. These mechanical properties can be improved
substantially with addition of glass ceramics by sintering. In this
study, the effects of sintering hydroxyapatite with above specified
phosphate glass additions are quantified. Each composition was
sintered over a range of temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy
and x-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure and
phases of the composites. The density, microhardness, and
compressive strength were measured using Archimedes Principle,
Vickers Microhardness Tester (at 0.98 N), and Instron Universal
Testing Machine (cross speed of 0.5 mm/min) respectively. These
results were used to indicate which composition provided suitable
material for use in hard tissue replacement. Composites containing 10
wt % glass additions formed dense HA/TCP (tricalcium phosphate)
composite materials possessing good compressive strength and
hardness than HA. In-vitro bioactivity was assessed by evaluating
changes in pH and Ca2+ ion concentration of SBF-simulated body
fluid on immersion of these composites in it for two weeks.
[1] J. C. Knowles, "Development of a glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite
with enhanced mechanical properties - the effect of glass
composition on mechanical properties and its relationship to phase
changes," J Biomed Mater Res, 1993, vol. 27, pp. 1591-1598.
[2] G. Evans, J. Behiri, J. Currey, and W. Bonfield, "Microhardness and
Young's modulus in cortical bone exhibiting a wide-range of mineral
volume fractions and in a bone analog," J Mater Sci - Mater Med,
1990, vol. 1, pp. 38-43.
[3] H. Aoki, Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite,
Tokyo: Takayama Press System Centre, 1991.
[4] J. C. Knowles, "Development of hydroxyapatite with enhanced
mechanical properties - effect of high glass additions on mechanical
properties and phase stability of sintered hydroxyapatite," Br Ceram
Trans, 1994, vol. 93(3), pp. 100-103.
[5] J. C. Knowles, S. Talal, and J. D. Santos, "Sintering effects in a glass
reinforced hydroxyapatite," Biomaterials, 1996, vol. 17(14), pp.
1437-1442.
[6] M. A. Lopes, J. D. Santos, F. J. Monteiro, and J. C. Knowles, "Glassreinforced
hydroxyapatite: a comprehensive study of the effect of
glass composition on the crystallography of the composite, Biomed
Mater Res, 1998, vol. 39(2), pp. 244-251.
[7] C. Rey, M. Freche, M. Heughebaert, J. C. Heughebaert, J. L. Lacout,
and M. Vignoles, Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation,
shaping and biological behaviour, In: W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings, and
K. E. Tanner, editors. Bioceramics, vol. 4. London: Butterworth
Heinemann, 1991.
[8] R. Z. LeGeros, J. P. LeGeros, An introduction to bioceramics, In: L. L.
Hench, and J. Wilson editors, World Scientific: Singapore, 1993.
[9] J. D. Santos, F. J. Monteiro, and J. C. Knowles, "Liquid-phase sintering
of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions - structure
and properties of the composites," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 1995, vol.
6(6), pp. 348-52.
[10] C. Rey, "Calcium phosphate biomaterials and bone mineral. Difference
in composition, structure and properties," Biomaterials, 2000, vol. 11,
pp. 13-15.
[11] J. D. Santos, P. L. Silva, J. C. Knowles, S. Talal, and F. J. Monteiro,
"Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite by adding P2O5-CaO glasses with
Na2O, K2O and MgO," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 1996, vol. 7(3), pp.
187-189.
[12] S. R. Radin, and P. Ducheyne, "Effect of bioactive ceramic composition
and structure on in vitro behavior. III. Porous versus dense ceramics,"
Biomed Mater Res, 1994, vol. 28, pp. 1303-1309.
[13] F. Ye1, X. Lu1, B. Lu1, J. Wang, Y. Shi, L. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Li, and
H. Bu, "A long-term evaluation of osteoinductive HA/β-TCP ceramics
in vivo: 4.5 years study in pigs," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 2007, vol. 18,
pp. 2173-2178.
[14] N. Matsushita, H. Terai, T. Okada, K. Nozaki, H. Inoue, S. Miyamoto,
and K. Takaoka, "A new bone-inducing biodegradable porous BETA.-
tricalcium phosphate, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part
A, 2004, vol. 70, pp. 450-458.
[15] D. C. Moore, M. W. Chapman, and D. Manske, "The evaluation of a
biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for use in grafting long bone
diaphyseal defects," J Orthop Res, 1987, vol. 5, pp. 356-365.
[16] W. Cao, and L. L. Hench, "Bioactive materials," Ceramics
International, 1996, vol. 22, pp. 493 - 507.
[17] J. D. Santosa, Lakhan J. Jhab, and F. J. Monteiro, "Surface
modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites,"
Biomaterials, 1995, vol. 16, pp. 521-526.
[18] E. J. Lee, H. E. Kim, and H. W. Kim, "Production of
Hydroxyapatite/Bioactive Glass Biomedical Composites by the Hot-
Pressing Technique," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2006,
vol. 89, pp. 3593 - 3596.
[19] D. C. Tancred, A. J. Carr, and B. A. O. McCormack, "The sintering and
mechanical behavior of hydroxyapatite with bioglass additions," J
Mater Sci-Mater Med, 2001, vol. 12, pp. 81-93.
[20] M. Jarcho, "Calcium Phosphate ceramics as a hard tissue prosthetics,"
Biomaterials, 1981, vol. 12, pp. 157-168.
[21] Jae-Man Cho, "Formation and characterization of Hydroxyapatite
coating layer by electron beam deposition," Journal of Material
Research, 1999, vol. 14, pp. 145-158.
[22] C. J. Kirkpatrick, "A critical view of current and proposed
methodologies for biocompatibility testing: cytoxicity in vitro,"
Regulatory Affairs, 1992, vol. 4, pp. 13-32.
[1] J. C. Knowles, "Development of a glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite
with enhanced mechanical properties - the effect of glass
composition on mechanical properties and its relationship to phase
changes," J Biomed Mater Res, 1993, vol. 27, pp. 1591-1598.
[2] G. Evans, J. Behiri, J. Currey, and W. Bonfield, "Microhardness and
Young's modulus in cortical bone exhibiting a wide-range of mineral
volume fractions and in a bone analog," J Mater Sci - Mater Med,
1990, vol. 1, pp. 38-43.
[3] H. Aoki, Science and Medical Applications of Hydroxyapatite,
Tokyo: Takayama Press System Centre, 1991.
[4] J. C. Knowles, "Development of hydroxyapatite with enhanced
mechanical properties - effect of high glass additions on mechanical
properties and phase stability of sintered hydroxyapatite," Br Ceram
Trans, 1994, vol. 93(3), pp. 100-103.
[5] J. C. Knowles, S. Talal, and J. D. Santos, "Sintering effects in a glass
reinforced hydroxyapatite," Biomaterials, 1996, vol. 17(14), pp.
1437-1442.
[6] M. A. Lopes, J. D. Santos, F. J. Monteiro, and J. C. Knowles, "Glassreinforced
hydroxyapatite: a comprehensive study of the effect of
glass composition on the crystallography of the composite, Biomed
Mater Res, 1998, vol. 39(2), pp. 244-251.
[7] C. Rey, M. Freche, M. Heughebaert, J. C. Heughebaert, J. L. Lacout,
and M. Vignoles, Apatite chemistry in biomaterial preparation,
shaping and biological behaviour, In: W. Bonfield, G. W. Hastings, and
K. E. Tanner, editors. Bioceramics, vol. 4. London: Butterworth
Heinemann, 1991.
[8] R. Z. LeGeros, J. P. LeGeros, An introduction to bioceramics, In: L. L.
Hench, and J. Wilson editors, World Scientific: Singapore, 1993.
[9] J. D. Santos, F. J. Monteiro, and J. C. Knowles, "Liquid-phase sintering
of hydroxyapatite by phosphate and silicate glass additions - structure
and properties of the composites," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 1995, vol.
6(6), pp. 348-52.
[10] C. Rey, "Calcium phosphate biomaterials and bone mineral. Difference
in composition, structure and properties," Biomaterials, 2000, vol. 11,
pp. 13-15.
[11] J. D. Santos, P. L. Silva, J. C. Knowles, S. Talal, and F. J. Monteiro,
"Reinforcement of hydroxyapatite by adding P2O5-CaO glasses with
Na2O, K2O and MgO," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 1996, vol. 7(3), pp.
187-189.
[12] S. R. Radin, and P. Ducheyne, "Effect of bioactive ceramic composition
and structure on in vitro behavior. III. Porous versus dense ceramics,"
Biomed Mater Res, 1994, vol. 28, pp. 1303-1309.
[13] F. Ye1, X. Lu1, B. Lu1, J. Wang, Y. Shi, L. Zhang, J. Chen, Y. Li, and
H. Bu, "A long-term evaluation of osteoinductive HA/β-TCP ceramics
in vivo: 4.5 years study in pigs," J Mater Sci-Mater Med, 2007, vol. 18,
pp. 2173-2178.
[14] N. Matsushita, H. Terai, T. Okada, K. Nozaki, H. Inoue, S. Miyamoto,
and K. Takaoka, "A new bone-inducing biodegradable porous BETA.-
tricalcium phosphate, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research - Part
A, 2004, vol. 70, pp. 450-458.
[15] D. C. Moore, M. W. Chapman, and D. Manske, "The evaluation of a
biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for use in grafting long bone
diaphyseal defects," J Orthop Res, 1987, vol. 5, pp. 356-365.
[16] W. Cao, and L. L. Hench, "Bioactive materials," Ceramics
International, 1996, vol. 22, pp. 493 - 507.
[17] J. D. Santosa, Lakhan J. Jhab, and F. J. Monteiro, "Surface
modifications of glass-reinforced hydroxyapatite composites,"
Biomaterials, 1995, vol. 16, pp. 521-526.
[18] E. J. Lee, H. E. Kim, and H. W. Kim, "Production of
Hydroxyapatite/Bioactive Glass Biomedical Composites by the Hot-
Pressing Technique," Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2006,
vol. 89, pp. 3593 - 3596.
[19] D. C. Tancred, A. J. Carr, and B. A. O. McCormack, "The sintering and
mechanical behavior of hydroxyapatite with bioglass additions," J
Mater Sci-Mater Med, 2001, vol. 12, pp. 81-93.
[20] M. Jarcho, "Calcium Phosphate ceramics as a hard tissue prosthetics,"
Biomaterials, 1981, vol. 12, pp. 157-168.
[21] Jae-Man Cho, "Formation and characterization of Hydroxyapatite
coating layer by electron beam deposition," Journal of Material
Research, 1999, vol. 14, pp. 145-158.
[22] C. J. Kirkpatrick, "A critical view of current and proposed
methodologies for biocompatibility testing: cytoxicity in vitro,"
Regulatory Affairs, 1992, vol. 4, pp. 13-32.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:51874", author = "Uma Batra and Seema Kapoor", title = "Microstructural and In-Vitro Characterization of Glass-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite Composites", abstract = "Commercial hydroxyapatite (HA) was reinforced by
adding 2, 5, and 10 wt % of 28.5%CaO-28.5%P2O5-38%Na2 O-
5%CaF2 based glass and then sintered. Although HA shows good
biocompatibility with the human body, its applications are limited to
non load-bearing areas and coatings due to its poor mechanical
properties. These mechanical properties can be improved
substantially with addition of glass ceramics by sintering. In this
study, the effects of sintering hydroxyapatite with above specified
phosphate glass additions are quantified. Each composition was
sintered over a range of temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy
and x-ray diffraction were used to characterize the microstructure and
phases of the composites. The density, microhardness, and
compressive strength were measured using Archimedes Principle,
Vickers Microhardness Tester (at 0.98 N), and Instron Universal
Testing Machine (cross speed of 0.5 mm/min) respectively. These
results were used to indicate which composition provided suitable
material for use in hard tissue replacement. Composites containing 10
wt % glass additions formed dense HA/TCP (tricalcium phosphate)
composite materials possessing good compressive strength and
hardness than HA. In-vitro bioactivity was assessed by evaluating
changes in pH and Ca2+ ion concentration of SBF-simulated body
fluid on immersion of these composites in it for two weeks.", keywords = "Bioglass, Composite, Hydroxyapatite, Sintering.", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "23-6", }