Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey on Ultra-Low Power-Aware Design
Distributed wireless sensor network consist on several
scattered nodes in a knowledge area. Those sensors have as its only
power supplies a pair of batteries that must let them live up to five
years without substitution. That-s why it is necessary to develop
some power aware algorithms that could save battery lifetime as
much as possible. In this is document, a review of power aware
design for sensor nodes is presented. As example of implementations,
some resources and task management, communication, topology
control and routing protocols are named.
[1] E.e Shih, S. Cho, F. S. Lee, B. H. Calhoun, and A. Chandrakasan.
"Design considerations for energy-efficient radios in wireless
microsensor networks". Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems,
pages 77-94, 2004.
[2] M. Tubaishat and S. Madria. "Sensor networks: An overview". IEEE
Potentials, April 2003.
[3] K. Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi, and G. J. Pottie. Protocols for selforganization
of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal
Communications, October 2000.
[4] M. Engels. "Technology challenges in the development of wireless
personal area networks". Wireless Personal Communications: An
International Journal, pages 319-329, 2002.
[5] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser. "Wireless integrated network sensors".
Communications of the ACM, 43(5), May 2000.
[6] V. Kawadia and P. R. Kumar. "Principles and protocols for power
control in wireless ad hoc networks". IEEE Journal On Selected Areas
In Communications: Special Issues On Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, June
2004.
[7] A. Wang, S-H. Cho, C.G. Sodini, and A.P. Chandrakasan. "Energyefficient
modulation and MAC for asymmetric microsensor systems".
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics
and Design, ISLPED, pages 106-111, 2001.
[8] L. Doherty, E. Brewer, and B. Hohlt. "Flexible power scheduling for
sensor networks". Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor
Networks, IPSN, April 2004.
[9] D. Estrin, D. Culler, K. Pister, and G. Sukhatme. "Connecting the
physical world with pervasive networks". IEEE Pervasive Computing,
1(1), Jan-Mar 2002.
[10] L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, and G. de Micheli. "A survey of design
techniques for system-level dynamic power management". The Morgan
Kaufmann Systems On Silicon Series Readings in hardware/software codesign
Section: Analysis and estimation, pages 231-248, 2001.
[11] H. Muller and C. Randell. "An event-driven sensor architecture for low
power wearables". Workshop on Software Engineering for Wearable
and Pervasive Computing, June 2000.
[12] T. Šimunic, L. Benini, P. Glynn, and G. de Micheli. "Event-driven
power management". Proceedings of International Symposium on
System Synthesis, 1999.
[13] P. Pop, P. Eles, and Z. Peng. Analysis and Synthesis of Distributed Real-
Time Embedded Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
[14] H. Wu, B. Ravindran, E. D. Jensen, and P. Li. "Energy-efficient, utility
accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded
systems". Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on
Embedded Software, pages 64-73, 2004.
[15] H. Wu, B. Ravindran, E. D. Jensen, and P. Li. "CPU scheduling for
statistically-assured real-time performance and improved energy
efficiency". Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM/IFIP International
Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis,
pages 110-115, September 2004.
[16] F. Gruian and K. Kuchcinski. "Uncertainty-based scheduling: energyefficient
ordering for tasks with variable execution time". Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design,
ISLPED, pages 465-468, 2003.
[17] A. Dudani, F. Mueller, and Y. Zhu. "Energy-conserving feedback EDF
scheduling for embedded systems with real-time constraints".
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools
for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems,
pages 213-222, 2002.
[18] L. Niu and G. Quan. "Reducing both dynamic and leakage energy
consumption for hard real-time systems". Proceedings of the
International conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for
Embedded Systems, CASES, pages 140-148, 2004.
[19] W. Kim, D. Shin, H.-S. Yun, J. Kim, and S. Lyul Min. "Performance
comparison of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms for hard real-time
systems". Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded
Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS, page 219, 2002.
[20] J. Pouwelse, K. Langendoen, and H. Sips. "Dynamic voltage scaling on
a low-power microprocessor". Proceedings of the ACM International
Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom, pages
251-259, 2001.
[21] R. Jejurikar, C. Pereira, and R. Gupta. "Leakage aware dynamic voltage
scaling for real-time embedded systems". Proceedings of the annual
conference on Design Automation, pages 275-280, 2004.
[22] I. Brynjolfson and Z. Zilic. "Dynamic clock management for low power
applications in FPGAs". Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated
Circuits Conference, pages 139-142, 2000.
[23] S. P. Mohanty, N. Ranganathan, and V. Krishna. "Datapath scheduling
using dynamic frequency clocking". Proceedings of the IEEE Computer
Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, pages 65-70, April 2002.
[24] S. P. Mohanty, N. Ranganathan, and S. K. Chappidi. "Peak power
minimization through datapath scheduling". Proceedings of the IEEE
Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, pages 121-126, February
2003.
[25] W. Yuan and K. Nahrstedt. "Integration of dynamic voltage scaling and
soft real-time scheduling for open mobile systems". Proceedings of the
international workshop on Network and operating systems support for
digital audio and video, pages 105-114, 2002.
[26] M. Schmitz, B. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. "Energy-efficient mapping and
scheduling for DVS enabled distributed embedded systems".
Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test, page
514, 2002.
[27] A. Qadi, S. Goddard, and S. Farritor. "A dynamic voltage scaling
algorithm for sporadic tasks". Proceedings of the IEEE International
Real-Time Systems Symposium, RTSS, page 52, 2003.
[28] Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G. Shin. "Real-time dynamic voltage
scaling for low-power embedded operating systems". Proceedings of the
eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, pages 89-
102, 2001.
[29] R. Jejurikar and R. Gupta. "Dynamic voltage scaling for systemwide
energy minimization in real-time embedded systems". Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design,
ISLPED, pages 78-81, 2004.
[30] M. T. Schmitz and B. M. Al-Hashimi. "Considering power variations of
DVS processing elements for energy minimisation in distributed
systems". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Systems
Synthesis, ISSS, pages 250-255, 2001.
[31] W. Kim, J. Kim, and S. Lyul Min. "Preemption-aware dynamic voltage
scaling in hard real-time systems". Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, ISLPED, pages 393-
398, 2004.
[32] D. Brooks and M. Martonosi. "Dynamic thermal management for highperformance
microprocessors". Proceedings of the International
Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, January 2001
[33] A. Weissel and F. Bellosa. "Dynamic thermal management in distributed
systems". Proceedings of the First Workshop on Temperature-Aware
Computer Systems (TACS), June 2004.
[34] A. Cohen, L. Finkelstein, A. Mendelson, R. Ronen, and D. Rudoy. "On
estimating optimal performance of CPU dynamic thermal management".
Computer Architecture Letters, 2003.
[35] M. T. Schmitz, B. M. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. "Iterative schedule
optimization for voltage scalable distributed embedded systems". ACM
Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, TECS, pages 182-217,
2004.
[36] C. Schurgers, G. Kulkarni, and M. B. Srivastava. "Distributed ondemand
address assignment in wireless sensor networks". IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, TPDS, 2002.
[37] M. L. Sichitiu. « Cross-layer scheduling for power efficiency in wireless
sensor networks". Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer
Communications, INFOCOM, 2004.
[38] V. Tsiatsis, S. Zimbeck, and M. Srivastava. "Architectural strategies for
energy efficient packet forwarding in wireless sensor networks".
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics
and Design, ISLPED, pages 92-95, 2001.
[39] M. Abol, T. Wysocki, and E. Dutkiewicz. "A review of routing
protocols for mobile ad hoc networks". Ad Hoc Networks, 2(1), January
2004.
[40] J. G. Jetcheva and D. B. Johnson. "Adaptive demand-driven multicast
routing in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks". Proceedings of the ACM
International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and
Computing, MobiHoc, October 2001.
[41] R. Jain, R. Puri, and R. Sengupta. "Geographical routing using partial
information for wireless ad-hoc networks". IEEE Personal
Communications, February 2001.
[42] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estfin, J. Heidemann, and F. Silva.
"Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking". IEEE/ACM
Transactions On Networking, 1(1), February 2003.
[43] Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan. "Geographical and energy-aware
routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor
networks". UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,
UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[44] J. Y. Choi, H. S. Kim, I. Baek, and W. H. Kwon. "Cell based energy
density aware routing: a new protocol for improving the lifetime of
wireless sensor network". Computer Communications, COMCOM,
November 2004.
[45] Y. Xu, S. Bien, Y. Mori, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, and A. Cerpa.
"Topology control protocols to conserve energy in wireless ad hoc
networks". IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003.
[46] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris. "SPAN: An
energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad
hoc wireless networks". Proceedings of the ACM International
Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom, pages
85-96, 2001.
[47] S. D. Muruganathan, D. C. F. Ma, R. I. Bhasin, and A. O. Fapojuwo. "A
centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor
networks". IEEE Radio Communications, 43(3), March 2005.
[48] C. Schurgers, V. Tsiatsis, and M. Srivastava. "STEM: Topology
management for energy efficient sensor networks". IEEE Aerospace
Conference, 2002.
[49] C.-F. Chiasserini, I. Chlamtac, P. Monti, and A. Nucci. "Energy efficient
design of wireless ad hoc networks". Proceedings of Networking Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, LNCS, 2002.
[50] M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao. "Geographic ramdom forwarding (GeRaF) for
ad hoc and sensor networks: multihop performance". Proceedings of the
ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,
Mobicom, 2(4):349-364, October-December 2003.
[51] R. Ramanathan and R. Resales-Hain. "Topology control of multihop
wireless networks using transmit power adjustment". Proceedings of the
IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM, 2000.
[52] S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, and K. M. Sivalingam. "Data gathering
algorithms in sensor networks using energy metrics". IEEE Transactions
on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2002.
[53] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. "A
survey on sensor networks". IEEE Communications Magazine, August
2002.
[54] University of California at Berkeley. Mote in-network programming user
reference version 20030315, 2003.
http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/tinyos-1.x/doc/xnp.pdf. Crossbow
Technology, Inc., 2003.
[55] A. Chlipala, J. Hui, and G. Tolle. "Deluge: Data dissemination for
network reprogramming at scale". Class project, Berkeley, University of
California, Fall 2003.
[56] T. Stathopoulos, R. Kapur, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. "A remote code
update mechanism for wireless sensor networks". Technical report, censtr-
30, Center for Embedded Networked Computing, 2003.
[57] S. S. Kulkarni and L. Wang. "MNP: Multihop network reprogramming
service for sensor networks". Technical report, msu-cse-04-19, Michigan
State University, May 2004.
[58] S. S. Kulkarni and M. Arumugam. "Infuse: A TDMA based data
dissemination protocol for sensor networks". Second ACM Conference
on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys, November 2004.
[59] J. Jeong and D. Culler. "Incremental network programming for wireless
sensors". IEEE International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc
Communications and Networks, SECON, pages 25-33, October 2004.
[1] E.e Shih, S. Cho, F. S. Lee, B. H. Calhoun, and A. Chandrakasan.
"Design considerations for energy-efficient radios in wireless
microsensor networks". Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems,
pages 77-94, 2004.
[2] M. Tubaishat and S. Madria. "Sensor networks: An overview". IEEE
Potentials, April 2003.
[3] K. Sohrabi, J. Gao, V. Ailawadhi, and G. J. Pottie. Protocols for selforganization
of a wireless sensor network. IEEE Personal
Communications, October 2000.
[4] M. Engels. "Technology challenges in the development of wireless
personal area networks". Wireless Personal Communications: An
International Journal, pages 319-329, 2002.
[5] G. J. Pottie and W. J. Kaiser. "Wireless integrated network sensors".
Communications of the ACM, 43(5), May 2000.
[6] V. Kawadia and P. R. Kumar. "Principles and protocols for power
control in wireless ad hoc networks". IEEE Journal On Selected Areas
In Communications: Special Issues On Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, June
2004.
[7] A. Wang, S-H. Cho, C.G. Sodini, and A.P. Chandrakasan. "Energyefficient
modulation and MAC for asymmetric microsensor systems".
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics
and Design, ISLPED, pages 106-111, 2001.
[8] L. Doherty, E. Brewer, and B. Hohlt. "Flexible power scheduling for
sensor networks". Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor
Networks, IPSN, April 2004.
[9] D. Estrin, D. Culler, K. Pister, and G. Sukhatme. "Connecting the
physical world with pervasive networks". IEEE Pervasive Computing,
1(1), Jan-Mar 2002.
[10] L. Benini, A. Bogliolo, and G. de Micheli. "A survey of design
techniques for system-level dynamic power management". The Morgan
Kaufmann Systems On Silicon Series Readings in hardware/software codesign
Section: Analysis and estimation, pages 231-248, 2001.
[11] H. Muller and C. Randell. "An event-driven sensor architecture for low
power wearables". Workshop on Software Engineering for Wearable
and Pervasive Computing, June 2000.
[12] T. Šimunic, L. Benini, P. Glynn, and G. de Micheli. "Event-driven
power management". Proceedings of International Symposium on
System Synthesis, 1999.
[13] P. Pop, P. Eles, and Z. Peng. Analysis and Synthesis of Distributed Real-
Time Embedded Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.
[14] H. Wu, B. Ravindran, E. D. Jensen, and P. Li. "Energy-efficient, utility
accrual scheduling under resource constraints for mobile embedded
systems". Proceedings of the ACM International Conference on
Embedded Software, pages 64-73, 2004.
[15] H. Wu, B. Ravindran, E. D. Jensen, and P. Li. "CPU scheduling for
statistically-assured real-time performance and improved energy
efficiency". Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM/IFIP International
Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis,
pages 110-115, September 2004.
[16] F. Gruian and K. Kuchcinski. "Uncertainty-based scheduling: energyefficient
ordering for tasks with variable execution time". Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design,
ISLPED, pages 465-468, 2003.
[17] A. Dudani, F. Mueller, and Y. Zhu. "Energy-conserving feedback EDF
scheduling for embedded systems with real-time constraints".
Proceedings of the joint conference on Languages, compilers and tools
for embedded systems: software and compilers for embedded systems,
pages 213-222, 2002.
[18] L. Niu and G. Quan. "Reducing both dynamic and leakage energy
consumption for hard real-time systems". Proceedings of the
International conference on Compilers, Architecture, and Synthesis for
Embedded Systems, CASES, pages 140-148, 2004.
[19] W. Kim, D. Shin, H.-S. Yun, J. Kim, and S. Lyul Min. "Performance
comparison of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms for hard real-time
systems". Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded
Technology and Applications Symposium, RTAS, page 219, 2002.
[20] J. Pouwelse, K. Langendoen, and H. Sips. "Dynamic voltage scaling on
a low-power microprocessor". Proceedings of the ACM International
Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom, pages
251-259, 2001.
[21] R. Jejurikar, C. Pereira, and R. Gupta. "Leakage aware dynamic voltage
scaling for real-time embedded systems". Proceedings of the annual
conference on Design Automation, pages 275-280, 2004.
[22] I. Brynjolfson and Z. Zilic. "Dynamic clock management for low power
applications in FPGAs". Proceedings of the IEEE Custom Integrated
Circuits Conference, pages 139-142, 2000.
[23] S. P. Mohanty, N. Ranganathan, and V. Krishna. "Datapath scheduling
using dynamic frequency clocking". Proceedings of the IEEE Computer
Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, pages 65-70, April 2002.
[24] S. P. Mohanty, N. Ranganathan, and S. K. Chappidi. "Peak power
minimization through datapath scheduling". Proceedings of the IEEE
Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI, pages 121-126, February
2003.
[25] W. Yuan and K. Nahrstedt. "Integration of dynamic voltage scaling and
soft real-time scheduling for open mobile systems". Proceedings of the
international workshop on Network and operating systems support for
digital audio and video, pages 105-114, 2002.
[26] M. Schmitz, B. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. "Energy-efficient mapping and
scheduling for DVS enabled distributed embedded systems".
Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and Test, page
514, 2002.
[27] A. Qadi, S. Goddard, and S. Farritor. "A dynamic voltage scaling
algorithm for sporadic tasks". Proceedings of the IEEE International
Real-Time Systems Symposium, RTSS, page 52, 2003.
[28] Padmanabhan Pillai and Kang G. Shin. "Real-time dynamic voltage
scaling for low-power embedded operating systems". Proceedings of the
eighteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles, pages 89-
102, 2001.
[29] R. Jejurikar and R. Gupta. "Dynamic voltage scaling for systemwide
energy minimization in real-time embedded systems". Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design,
ISLPED, pages 78-81, 2004.
[30] M. T. Schmitz and B. M. Al-Hashimi. "Considering power variations of
DVS processing elements for energy minimisation in distributed
systems". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Systems
Synthesis, ISSS, pages 250-255, 2001.
[31] W. Kim, J. Kim, and S. Lyul Min. "Preemption-aware dynamic voltage
scaling in hard real-time systems". Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, ISLPED, pages 393-
398, 2004.
[32] D. Brooks and M. Martonosi. "Dynamic thermal management for highperformance
microprocessors". Proceedings of the International
Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture, January 2001
[33] A. Weissel and F. Bellosa. "Dynamic thermal management in distributed
systems". Proceedings of the First Workshop on Temperature-Aware
Computer Systems (TACS), June 2004.
[34] A. Cohen, L. Finkelstein, A. Mendelson, R. Ronen, and D. Rudoy. "On
estimating optimal performance of CPU dynamic thermal management".
Computer Architecture Letters, 2003.
[35] M. T. Schmitz, B. M. Al-Hashimi, and P. Eles. "Iterative schedule
optimization for voltage scalable distributed embedded systems". ACM
Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, TECS, pages 182-217,
2004.
[36] C. Schurgers, G. Kulkarni, and M. B. Srivastava. "Distributed ondemand
address assignment in wireless sensor networks". IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, TPDS, 2002.
[37] M. L. Sichitiu. « Cross-layer scheduling for power efficiency in wireless
sensor networks". Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer
Communications, INFOCOM, 2004.
[38] V. Tsiatsis, S. Zimbeck, and M. Srivastava. "Architectural strategies for
energy efficient packet forwarding in wireless sensor networks".
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics
and Design, ISLPED, pages 92-95, 2001.
[39] M. Abol, T. Wysocki, and E. Dutkiewicz. "A review of routing
protocols for mobile ad hoc networks". Ad Hoc Networks, 2(1), January
2004.
[40] J. G. Jetcheva and D. B. Johnson. "Adaptive demand-driven multicast
routing in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks". Proceedings of the ACM
International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and
Computing, MobiHoc, October 2001.
[41] R. Jain, R. Puri, and R. Sengupta. "Geographical routing using partial
information for wireless ad-hoc networks". IEEE Personal
Communications, February 2001.
[42] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estfin, J. Heidemann, and F. Silva.
"Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking". IEEE/ACM
Transactions On Networking, 1(1), February 2003.
[43] Y. Yu, D. Estrin, and R. Govindan. "Geographical and energy-aware
routing: A recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless sensor
networks". UCLA Computer Science Department Technical Report,
UCLA-CSD TR-01-0023, May 2001.
[44] J. Y. Choi, H. S. Kim, I. Baek, and W. H. Kwon. "Cell based energy
density aware routing: a new protocol for improving the lifetime of
wireless sensor network". Computer Communications, COMCOM,
November 2004.
[45] Y. Xu, S. Bien, Y. Mori, J. Heidemann, D. Estrin, and A. Cerpa.
"Topology control protocols to conserve energy in wireless ad hoc
networks". IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003.
[46] B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R. Morris. "SPAN: An
energy-efficient coordination algorithm for topology maintenance in ad
hoc wireless networks". Proceedings of the ACM International
Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom, pages
85-96, 2001.
[47] S. D. Muruganathan, D. C. F. Ma, R. I. Bhasin, and A. O. Fapojuwo. "A
centralized energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor
networks". IEEE Radio Communications, 43(3), March 2005.
[48] C. Schurgers, V. Tsiatsis, and M. Srivastava. "STEM: Topology
management for energy efficient sensor networks". IEEE Aerospace
Conference, 2002.
[49] C.-F. Chiasserini, I. Chlamtac, P. Monti, and A. Nucci. "Energy efficient
design of wireless ad hoc networks". Proceedings of Networking Lecture
Notes in Computer Science, LNCS, 2002.
[50] M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao. "Geographic ramdom forwarding (GeRaF) for
ad hoc and sensor networks: multihop performance". Proceedings of the
ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking,
Mobicom, 2(4):349-364, October-December 2003.
[51] R. Ramanathan and R. Resales-Hain. "Topology control of multihop
wireless networks using transmit power adjustment". Proceedings of the
IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, INFOCOM, 2000.
[52] S. Lindsey, C. Raghavendra, and K. M. Sivalingam. "Data gathering
algorithms in sensor networks using energy metrics". IEEE Transactions
on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2002.
[53] I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci. "A
survey on sensor networks". IEEE Communications Magazine, August
2002.
[54] University of California at Berkeley. Mote in-network programming user
reference version 20030315, 2003.
http://webs.cs.berkeley.edu/tos/tinyos-1.x/doc/xnp.pdf. Crossbow
Technology, Inc., 2003.
[55] A. Chlipala, J. Hui, and G. Tolle. "Deluge: Data dissemination for
network reprogramming at scale". Class project, Berkeley, University of
California, Fall 2003.
[56] T. Stathopoulos, R. Kapur, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. "A remote code
update mechanism for wireless sensor networks". Technical report, censtr-
30, Center for Embedded Networked Computing, 2003.
[57] S. S. Kulkarni and L. Wang. "MNP: Multihop network reprogramming
service for sensor networks". Technical report, msu-cse-04-19, Michigan
State University, May 2004.
[58] S. S. Kulkarni and M. Arumugam. "Infuse: A TDMA based data
dissemination protocol for sensor networks". Second ACM Conference
on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, SenSys, November 2004.
[59] J. Jeong and D. Culler. "Incremental network programming for wireless
sensors". IEEE International Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc
Communications and Networks, SECON, pages 25-33, October 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:53930", author = "Itziar Marín and Eduardo Arceredillo and Aitzol Zuloaga and Jagoba Arias", title = "Wireless Sensor Networks:A Survey on Ultra-Low Power-Aware Design", abstract = "Distributed wireless sensor network consist on several
scattered nodes in a knowledge area. Those sensors have as its only
power supplies a pair of batteries that must let them live up to five
years without substitution. That-s why it is necessary to develop
some power aware algorithms that could save battery lifetime as
much as possible. In this is document, a review of power aware
design for sensor nodes is presented. As example of implementations,
some resources and task management, communication, topology
control and routing protocols are named.", keywords = "Low Power Design, Power Awareness, RemoteSensing, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN).", volume = "1", number = "8", pages = "351-6", }
