Unnoticeable Mumps Infection in India: Does MMR Vaccine Protect against Circulating Mumps Virus Genotype C?
MMR vaccine failure had been reported globally and
here we report that it occurs now in India. Samples were collected from clinically suspected mumps cases were subjected for anti
mumps antibodies, virus isolation, RT-PCR, sequencing and
phylogenetic tree analysis. 56 samples collected from men and women belonging to various age groups. 30 had been vaccinated and
the status of 26 patients was unknown. 28 out of 30 samples were
found to be symptomatic and positive for Mumps IgM, indicating
active mumps infection in 93.4% of the vaccinated population. A
phylogenetic tree comparison of the clinical isolate is shown to be genotype C which is distinct from vaccine strain. Our study clearly sending warning signs that MMR vaccine is a failure and it needs to be revamped for the human use by increasing its efficacy and efficiency.
[1] World Health Organization, "Mumps virus nomenclature update", Weekly epidemiological record., vol. 87, pp. 217-224, 2012.
[2] R.A. Lamb, G.D. Parks, "Paramyxoviridae", The Viruses and Their
Replication, In Knipe DM, et al. (ed), Fields virology, 5th ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1449-1469, 2007.
[3] L, Jin, Rima B, Brown D, Orvell C, Tecle T, Afzal M. "Proposal for
genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature", Arch. Virol., vol. 150, pp. 1903-
1909, 2005.
[4] World Health Organization, "Mumps reported cases", Last update,14-Jul
2012
[5] World Health Organization, "Immunization profile", India Last
update,14-Jul-2012.
[6] Jelena Ivancic, Dubravko Forcic, Tanja Kosutic Gulija, Renata Zgorelec,
Leonida Repalust, Marijana Baricevic, et.al, "Genetic characterization of
a mumps virus isolate during passaging in the amniotic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs", Virus Research, vol. 99, pp. 121-129, 2004.
[7] Koichiro Tamura, Daniel Peterson, Nicholas Peterson, Glen Stecher,
Masatoshi Nei, and Sudhir Kumar, "MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary
Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance,
and Maximum Parsimony Methods", Mol. Biol. Evol, vol. 28(10), pp. 2731-2739. 2011.
[8] Immunization Schedule, "Department of public health & preventive
medicine, Health and family welfare department", Government of
Tamilnadu, (http://www.tnhealth.org/dphis.htm).
[9] Li Jin, Stuart Beard, and David W. G. Brown, "Genetic Heterogeneity of
Mumps Virus in the United Kingdom: Identification of Two New Genotypes", The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 180: pp. 829-33, 1999.
[10] J.E. Echevarría, A. Castellanos, J.C. Sanz, M.V. Martínez de Aragón, I.
Pe├▒a Rey, M. Mosquera, et.al, "Mumps Virus Genotyping: Basis and
Known Circulating Genotypes", The Open Vaccine Journal, vol. 3, pp.
37-41, 2010.
[11] A. R. Stevenn, A.L. Malen, J. S. Christian, Z. Cheryl, N. Laurie, K. Bert,
et al, "Recent Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations: No
Evidence of Immune Escape", Journal of Virology, vol. 86, pp. 615-620, 2012.
[12] H. D. Gustavo, M. Patricia Quinlisk, A. P. Amy, E. Albert, L. H.
Meghan, M. Jennifer, H. Schwartz, et.al, "Recent Resurgence of Mumps
in the United States", N Engl J Med, vol. 358, pp.1580-9, 2008.
[13] S.T. Ghatage, M.K. Grish, "An Outbreak of Mumps
Meningoencephalitis in Sangli District", Indian Pediatrics, vol. 44, pp.
235, 2007.
[14] M.G. Geeta, P. Krishna Kumar, "Mumps-Need for Urgent Action",
Indian Pediatrics, vol. 41, pp. 1181-82, 2004.
[15] T. Jacob John, "An outbreak of Mumps in Thiruvananthapuram
District", Indian Pediatr, vol. 41, pp. 298-300, 2004.
[16] CDC Update, "International Task Force for Disease Eradication, 1990
and 1991", Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, vol. 41(03), pp. 40-42, 1992.
[17] K.R. Amritha, "Sharp rise in mumps cases in district" [cited Feb 03,
2012]. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sharp-rise-in-mumps-cases-indistrict/
226432-60-122.html.
[18] K.E. Vandana, G. Arunkumar, B. Indira, "Role of laboratory in rapid
diagnosis of atypical mumps", Braz J Infect Dis, vol. 14(2), pp. 201-202, 2010.
[19] A. Pearce, D. Elliman, C. Law, H. Bedford, "Does primary immunization status predict MMR uptake?" Arch Dis Child, vol. 94, pp.
49-51, 2009.
[20] L. Yan, S. Ma, L. Longding, Z. Hongling, W. Lichun, J. Li, et.al,
"Identification and development of a promising novel mumps vaccine
candidate strain", Microbes and Infection, vol. 12, pp. 1178-1187, 2010.
[1] World Health Organization, "Mumps virus nomenclature update", Weekly epidemiological record., vol. 87, pp. 217-224, 2012.
[2] R.A. Lamb, G.D. Parks, "Paramyxoviridae", The Viruses and Their
Replication, In Knipe DM, et al. (ed), Fields virology, 5th ed. Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1449-1469, 2007.
[3] L, Jin, Rima B, Brown D, Orvell C, Tecle T, Afzal M. "Proposal for
genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature", Arch. Virol., vol. 150, pp. 1903-
1909, 2005.
[4] World Health Organization, "Mumps reported cases", Last update,14-Jul
2012
[5] World Health Organization, "Immunization profile", India Last
update,14-Jul-2012.
[6] Jelena Ivancic, Dubravko Forcic, Tanja Kosutic Gulija, Renata Zgorelec,
Leonida Repalust, Marijana Baricevic, et.al, "Genetic characterization of
a mumps virus isolate during passaging in the amniotic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs", Virus Research, vol. 99, pp. 121-129, 2004.
[7] Koichiro Tamura, Daniel Peterson, Nicholas Peterson, Glen Stecher,
Masatoshi Nei, and Sudhir Kumar, "MEGA5: Molecular Evolutionary
Genetics Analysis Using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance,
and Maximum Parsimony Methods", Mol. Biol. Evol, vol. 28(10), pp. 2731-2739. 2011.
[8] Immunization Schedule, "Department of public health & preventive
medicine, Health and family welfare department", Government of
Tamilnadu, (http://www.tnhealth.org/dphis.htm).
[9] Li Jin, Stuart Beard, and David W. G. Brown, "Genetic Heterogeneity of
Mumps Virus in the United Kingdom: Identification of Two New Genotypes", The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 180: pp. 829-33, 1999.
[10] J.E. Echevarría, A. Castellanos, J.C. Sanz, M.V. Martínez de Aragón, I.
Pe├▒a Rey, M. Mosquera, et.al, "Mumps Virus Genotyping: Basis and
Known Circulating Genotypes", The Open Vaccine Journal, vol. 3, pp.
37-41, 2010.
[11] A. R. Stevenn, A.L. Malen, J. S. Christian, Z. Cheryl, N. Laurie, K. Bert,
et al, "Recent Mumps Outbreaks in Vaccinated Populations: No
Evidence of Immune Escape", Journal of Virology, vol. 86, pp. 615-620, 2012.
[12] H. D. Gustavo, M. Patricia Quinlisk, A. P. Amy, E. Albert, L. H.
Meghan, M. Jennifer, H. Schwartz, et.al, "Recent Resurgence of Mumps
in the United States", N Engl J Med, vol. 358, pp.1580-9, 2008.
[13] S.T. Ghatage, M.K. Grish, "An Outbreak of Mumps
Meningoencephalitis in Sangli District", Indian Pediatrics, vol. 44, pp.
235, 2007.
[14] M.G. Geeta, P. Krishna Kumar, "Mumps-Need for Urgent Action",
Indian Pediatrics, vol. 41, pp. 1181-82, 2004.
[15] T. Jacob John, "An outbreak of Mumps in Thiruvananthapuram
District", Indian Pediatr, vol. 41, pp. 298-300, 2004.
[16] CDC Update, "International Task Force for Disease Eradication, 1990
and 1991", Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, vol. 41(03), pp. 40-42, 1992.
[17] K.R. Amritha, "Sharp rise in mumps cases in district" [cited Feb 03,
2012]. http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sharp-rise-in-mumps-cases-indistrict/
226432-60-122.html.
[18] K.E. Vandana, G. Arunkumar, B. Indira, "Role of laboratory in rapid
diagnosis of atypical mumps", Braz J Infect Dis, vol. 14(2), pp. 201-202, 2010.
[19] A. Pearce, D. Elliman, C. Law, H. Bedford, "Does primary immunization status predict MMR uptake?" Arch Dis Child, vol. 94, pp.
49-51, 2009.
[20] L. Yan, S. Ma, L. Longding, Z. Hongling, W. Lichun, J. Li, et.al,
"Identification and development of a promising novel mumps vaccine
candidate strain", Microbes and Infection, vol. 12, pp. 1178-1187, 2010.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:50304", author = "Jeevan Malayan and Aparna Warrier and Padmasani Venkat Ramanan and Sanjeeva Reddy N and Elanchezhiyan Manickan", title = "Unnoticeable Mumps Infection in India: Does MMR Vaccine Protect against Circulating Mumps Virus Genotype C?", abstract = "MMR vaccine failure had been reported globally and
here we report that it occurs now in India. Samples were collected from clinically suspected mumps cases were subjected for anti
mumps antibodies, virus isolation, RT-PCR, sequencing and
phylogenetic tree analysis. 56 samples collected from men and women belonging to various age groups. 30 had been vaccinated and
the status of 26 patients was unknown. 28 out of 30 samples were
found to be symptomatic and positive for Mumps IgM, indicating
active mumps infection in 93.4% of the vaccinated population. A
phylogenetic tree comparison of the clinical isolate is shown to be genotype C which is distinct from vaccine strain. Our study clearly sending warning signs that MMR vaccine is a failure and it needs to be revamped for the human use by increasing its efficacy and efficiency.", keywords = "Genotype C, Mumps virus, MMR vaccine, Sero types.", volume = "6", number = "11", pages = "985-7", }
