Towards Better Understanding of the Concept of Tacit Knowledge – A Cognitive Approach
Tacit knowledge has been one of the most discussed
and contradictory concepts in the field of knowledge management
since the mid 1990s. The concept is used relatively vaguely to refer
to any type of information that is difficult to articulate, which has led
to discussions about the original meaning of the concept (adopted
from Polanyi-s philosophy) and the nature of tacit knowing. It is
proposed that the subject should be approached from the perspective
of cognitive science in order to connect tacit knowledge to
empirically studied cognitive phenomena. Some of the most
important examples of tacit knowing presented by Polanyi are
analyzed in order to trace the cognitive mechanisms of tacit knowing
and to promote better understanding of the nature of tacit knowledge.
The cognitive approach to Polanyi-s theory reveals that the
tacit/explicit typology of knowledge often presented in the
knowledge management literature is not only artificial but totally
opposite approach compared to Polanyi-s thinking.
[1] J. Spender, "Competitive Advantage from Tacit Knowledge?" In B.
Moingeon, A. Edmondson, (eds.). Organizational Learning and
Competitive Advantage. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1996, pp. 56-73
[2] M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge-Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
[3] I. Nonaka, R. Toyama, N. Konno, "SECI, ba and leadership: A unified
model of dynamic knowledge creation. In I. Nonaka and D. Teece (eds.),
Managing Industrial Knowledge: Creation, Transfer and Utilization.
London: Sage Publications, 2001.
[4] R. Herschel, H. Nemati, D. Steiger, "Tacit to explicit knowledge
conversion: knowledge exchange protocols". Journal of Knowledge
Management, vol. 5, pp. 107-116, 2001.
[5] C. Kikoski, D. Kikoski, The Inquiring Organization-Tacit Knowledge,
Conversation, and Knowledge Creation: Skills for 21st-Century
Organizations. Portsmouth: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
[6] K. Grant, "Tacit knowledge revisited-We can still learn from Polanyi",
The Electronic Journal of knowledge Management, vol. 5, pp. 173-180,
2007.
[7] T. Wilson, "The nonsense of ÔÇÿknowledge management-", Information
Research, vol. 5, 2002.
[8] I. Nonaka, H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge-Creating Company. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995.
[9] P. Baumard, Tacit Knowledge in Organizations. London: Sage
Publications, 1999.
[10] M. Hansen, N. Nohria, T. Tierney, "What-s your strategy for managing
knowledge?" Harward Business Review, March-April, pp. 106-116,
1999.
[11] V. Ambrosini, C. Bowman, "Tacit knowledge: some suggestions for
operationalization. Journal of Management Studies, vol. 38, pp. 811-
829, 2001.
[12] S. Gourlay, "'Tacit knowledge': the variety of meanings in empirical
research". In proc 5th European Conference on Organizational
Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities 2004, Innsbruck, Austria, 2004.
[13] E. Webb, Philosophers Of Consciousness, Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 1988.
[14] W. Gulick, "Polanyi-s scholary influence: A review article. Tradition &
Discovery, vol. 16, pp. 11-23, 2005.
[15] M. Polanyi, Science, Faith and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1964.
[16] M. Polanyi, Knowing and Being. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1969.
[17] J. Gill, The Tacit Mode-Michael Polanyi-s postmodern Philosophy.
Alabany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
[18] S. Jha, Reconsidering Michael Polanyi-s Philosophy. Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002.
[19] M. Polanyi, "Logic and psychology". American Psychologist, vol. 23,
pp. 27-43, 1968.
[20] M. Polanyi, Study of Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
[21] M. Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension. Garden City: Doubleday & Company,
1966.
[22] M. Polanyi, "On body and mind", The New Scholasticism, vol 43, pp.
195-204, 1969.
[23] M. Polanyi, "The logic of tacit inference", Philosophy: The Journal of
The royal Institute of Philosophy, vol. 41, pp. 1-19, 1966.
[24] H. Prosch, Michael Polanyi: A Critical Exposition. Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1986.
[25] R. Lazarus, R. McCleary, "Autonomic Discrimination without
Awareness: A Study of Subception". Psychological Review, vol. 58, pp.
113-122, 1951.
[26] M. Polanyi, "The structure of consciousness", Brain, vol. 88, pp. 799-
810, 1965.
[27] R. Sekuler, R. Blake, Perception (4th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill,
2002.
[28] B. Kolb, I. Whishaw, Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (6th
ed.), New York: Worth Publishers, 2009.
[29] M. Eysenck, T. Keane, Cognitive Psychology (5th ed.). New York:
Psychology Press, 2005.
[30] A. Paivio, Mind and Its Evolution-A Dual Coding Theoretical
Approach, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007.
[31] J. Ledoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are, New
York: Viking Peguin, 2002.
[32] P. Zimbardo, M. McDermott, J. Jansz, N. Metaal, Psychology: A
European Text, London: Longman, 1995.
[33] R. Atkinson, R. Atkinson, E. Smith, D. Bem, S. Nolen-Hoeksema,
Hilgard-s Introduction to Psychology (13th ed.), Orlando: Harcourt
Brace, 2000.
[34] V. Ramachandran, "Perception of shape from shading", Nature, vol.
331, pp. 163-166, 1988.
[35] D. Kersten, P. Mamassian, D. Knill, "Moving cast shadows induce
apparent motion in depth", Perception, vol. 26, pp. 171-192, 1997.
[36] W. Ittelson, "Size as a cue to distance: Static localization". American
Journal of Psychology, vol. 64, 54-67, 1951.
[37] I. Biederman, "Higher level vision". In D. Osherson, S. Kosslyn, J.
Hollerbach (eds.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science: Visual Cognition
and Action. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.
[38] M. Polanyi, "Tacit knowing: its bearing on some problems of
philosophy", Reviews on Modern Physics, vol. 34, pp. 601-616, 1962.
[39] J. Lacey, R. Smith, "Conditioning and generalization of unconscious
anxiety", Science, vol. 120, pp. 1045-1052, 1954.
[40] G. Razran, "The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in
current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic
conditioning, and the orienting reflex", Psychological Review vol. 68,
pp. 81-150, 1961
[41] R. Bornstein, "Source Amnesia, Misattribution, and the Power of
Unconscious Perceptions and Memories". Psychoanalytic Psychology,
vol. 16, pp. 155-178, 1999.
[42] P. Merikele, D. Smilek, D. Eastwood, "Perception without Awareness:
Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology". Cognition, vol. 79, pp. 115-
134, 2001.
[43] J. Bruner, "Another Look at New Look 1". American Psychologist, vol.
47, pp. 780-783, 1992.
[44] E. Phelps, "The interaction of emotion and cognition: the relation
between the human amygdala and cognitive awareness". In R. Hassin, J.
Uleman, J. Bargh (Eds.), The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2005.
[45] A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body Emotion in The
Making of Consciousness. San Diego: Harcourt, 1999.
[46] K. LaBar, C. Gatenby, J. Gore, E. Phelps, "Human amygdala activation
during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI
study". Neuron, vol. 20, pp. 937-945, 1998.
[47] H. Breiter, H. Etcoff, P. Whalen, W. Kennedy, S. Rauch, R. Buckner, M.
Straus, S. Hyman, B. Rosen, "Response and habituation of human
amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, vol. 17,
pp. 875-887, 1996.
[48] P. Whalen, S. Rauch, N. Etcoff, S. McInerney, M. Lee, M. Jenike,
"Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate
amygdala activity without explicit knowledge". Journal of
Neuroscience, vol. 18, pp. 411-418, 1998.
[49] A. Anderson, E. Phelps, "Lesions of the human amygdala impair
enhanced perception of emotionally salient events". Nature, vol. 411, pp.
305-309, 1999.
[50] A. Damasio, Descartes- Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain.
New York: Putnam Publishing, 1994.
[51] S. Carter, M. Smith Pasqualini, "Stronger autonomic response
accompanies better learning: A test of Damasio-s somatic marker
hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion, vol. 18, pp. 901-911, 2004.
[52] A. Bechara, D. Tranel, H. Damasio, "Characterization of the decisionmaking
deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions.
Brain, vol. 123, pp. 2189-2202, 2000.
[53] C. Frith, Making Up The Mind-How the Brain Creates Our Mental
World, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
[54] R. Poldrack, V. Prabakharan, C. Seger, J. Gabrieli, "Striatal activation
during cognitive skill learning". Neuropsychology, vol. 13, pp. 564-574,
1999.
[55] P. Graf, D. Schacter, "Implicit and explicit memory for new associations
in normal and amnestic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory and Cognition, vol. 11, pp. 501-518, 1985.
[56] C. Seger, "Implicit learning", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 115, pp. 163-
196, 1994.
[57] O. Hikosaka, K. Nakamura, K. Sakai, H. Nakahara, "Central
mechanisms of motor skill learning". Current Opinion in Neurobiology,
vol. 12, pp. 217-222, 2002.
[58] A. Graybiel, "The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it",
Current Opinion In Neurobiology, vol. 15, pp. 638-644, 2005.
[59] M. Graziano, "The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor
cortex", Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 29, pp. 105-134, 2006.
[60] K. Doya, "Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in
learning and motor control", Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 10,
pp. 732-739, 2000.
[61] R. Schmidt, C. Wrisberg, Motor Learning and Performance. (4th ed.)
Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2008.
[62] L. Ungerleider, J. Doyon, A. Karni, "Imaging brain plasticity during
motor skill learning". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol. 78,
pp. 553-564, 2002.
[63] T. Wheatley, D. Wenger, "Automacity of action", In N. Smelser, P.
Baltes, International Encyclopedia of Social & Behavioral Sciences,
Oxford: Elsevier, 2001.
[64] G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson, 1949.
[65] J. Pollock, J. Cruz, Contemporary Theories of Knowledge. Lanham:
Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1999.
[66] J. Kalat, Biological Psychology (7th ed.), Toronto: Wadsworth, 2001.
[67] P. Rozin, "The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive
unconscious", Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological
Psychology, vol. 6, pp. 245-280, 1976.
[68] A. Reber, Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993.
[69] F. Krick, K. Koch, The Astonishing Hypothesis-The Scientific Search
for the Soul. London: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
[70] P. Kitcher, "The naturalist return", The Philosophical Review, vol. 101,
pp. 53-114, 1992.
[71] A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
[72] R. McAdam, B. Mason, J. McCrory, "Exploring the dichotomies within
the tacit knowledge literature: towards a process of tacit knowing in
organizations", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 11, pp. 43-59,
2007.
[73] T. Haldin-Herrgard, "Mapping tacit knowledge with
Epitomes", Systèmes d'Information et Management, vol. 2, pp. 93-111,
2003.
[1] J. Spender, "Competitive Advantage from Tacit Knowledge?" In B.
Moingeon, A. Edmondson, (eds.). Organizational Learning and
Competitive Advantage. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1996, pp. 56-73
[2] M. Polanyi, Personal Knowledge-Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
[3] I. Nonaka, R. Toyama, N. Konno, "SECI, ba and leadership: A unified
model of dynamic knowledge creation. In I. Nonaka and D. Teece (eds.),
Managing Industrial Knowledge: Creation, Transfer and Utilization.
London: Sage Publications, 2001.
[4] R. Herschel, H. Nemati, D. Steiger, "Tacit to explicit knowledge
conversion: knowledge exchange protocols". Journal of Knowledge
Management, vol. 5, pp. 107-116, 2001.
[5] C. Kikoski, D. Kikoski, The Inquiring Organization-Tacit Knowledge,
Conversation, and Knowledge Creation: Skills for 21st-Century
Organizations. Portsmouth: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001.
[6] K. Grant, "Tacit knowledge revisited-We can still learn from Polanyi",
The Electronic Journal of knowledge Management, vol. 5, pp. 173-180,
2007.
[7] T. Wilson, "The nonsense of ÔÇÿknowledge management-", Information
Research, vol. 5, 2002.
[8] I. Nonaka, H. Takeuchi, The Knowledge-Creating Company. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995.
[9] P. Baumard, Tacit Knowledge in Organizations. London: Sage
Publications, 1999.
[10] M. Hansen, N. Nohria, T. Tierney, "What-s your strategy for managing
knowledge?" Harward Business Review, March-April, pp. 106-116,
1999.
[11] V. Ambrosini, C. Bowman, "Tacit knowledge: some suggestions for
operationalization. Journal of Management Studies, vol. 38, pp. 811-
829, 2001.
[12] S. Gourlay, "'Tacit knowledge': the variety of meanings in empirical
research". In proc 5th European Conference on Organizational
Knowledge, Learning and Capabilities 2004, Innsbruck, Austria, 2004.
[13] E. Webb, Philosophers Of Consciousness, Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 1988.
[14] W. Gulick, "Polanyi-s scholary influence: A review article. Tradition &
Discovery, vol. 16, pp. 11-23, 2005.
[15] M. Polanyi, Science, Faith and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1964.
[16] M. Polanyi, Knowing and Being. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,
1969.
[17] J. Gill, The Tacit Mode-Michael Polanyi-s postmodern Philosophy.
Alabany: State University of New York Press, 2000.
[18] S. Jha, Reconsidering Michael Polanyi-s Philosophy. Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 2002.
[19] M. Polanyi, "Logic and psychology". American Psychologist, vol. 23,
pp. 27-43, 1968.
[20] M. Polanyi, Study of Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
[21] M. Polanyi, The Tacit Dimension. Garden City: Doubleday & Company,
1966.
[22] M. Polanyi, "On body and mind", The New Scholasticism, vol 43, pp.
195-204, 1969.
[23] M. Polanyi, "The logic of tacit inference", Philosophy: The Journal of
The royal Institute of Philosophy, vol. 41, pp. 1-19, 1966.
[24] H. Prosch, Michael Polanyi: A Critical Exposition. Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1986.
[25] R. Lazarus, R. McCleary, "Autonomic Discrimination without
Awareness: A Study of Subception". Psychological Review, vol. 58, pp.
113-122, 1951.
[26] M. Polanyi, "The structure of consciousness", Brain, vol. 88, pp. 799-
810, 1965.
[27] R. Sekuler, R. Blake, Perception (4th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill,
2002.
[28] B. Kolb, I. Whishaw, Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology (6th
ed.), New York: Worth Publishers, 2009.
[29] M. Eysenck, T. Keane, Cognitive Psychology (5th ed.). New York:
Psychology Press, 2005.
[30] A. Paivio, Mind and Its Evolution-A Dual Coding Theoretical
Approach, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2007.
[31] J. Ledoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brains Become Who We Are, New
York: Viking Peguin, 2002.
[32] P. Zimbardo, M. McDermott, J. Jansz, N. Metaal, Psychology: A
European Text, London: Longman, 1995.
[33] R. Atkinson, R. Atkinson, E. Smith, D. Bem, S. Nolen-Hoeksema,
Hilgard-s Introduction to Psychology (13th ed.), Orlando: Harcourt
Brace, 2000.
[34] V. Ramachandran, "Perception of shape from shading", Nature, vol.
331, pp. 163-166, 1988.
[35] D. Kersten, P. Mamassian, D. Knill, "Moving cast shadows induce
apparent motion in depth", Perception, vol. 26, pp. 171-192, 1997.
[36] W. Ittelson, "Size as a cue to distance: Static localization". American
Journal of Psychology, vol. 64, 54-67, 1951.
[37] I. Biederman, "Higher level vision". In D. Osherson, S. Kosslyn, J.
Hollerbach (eds.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science: Visual Cognition
and Action. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.
[38] M. Polanyi, "Tacit knowing: its bearing on some problems of
philosophy", Reviews on Modern Physics, vol. 34, pp. 601-616, 1962.
[39] J. Lacey, R. Smith, "Conditioning and generalization of unconscious
anxiety", Science, vol. 120, pp. 1045-1052, 1954.
[40] G. Razran, "The observable unconscious and the inferable conscious in
current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic
conditioning, and the orienting reflex", Psychological Review vol. 68,
pp. 81-150, 1961
[41] R. Bornstein, "Source Amnesia, Misattribution, and the Power of
Unconscious Perceptions and Memories". Psychoanalytic Psychology,
vol. 16, pp. 155-178, 1999.
[42] P. Merikele, D. Smilek, D. Eastwood, "Perception without Awareness:
Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology". Cognition, vol. 79, pp. 115-
134, 2001.
[43] J. Bruner, "Another Look at New Look 1". American Psychologist, vol.
47, pp. 780-783, 1992.
[44] E. Phelps, "The interaction of emotion and cognition: the relation
between the human amygdala and cognitive awareness". In R. Hassin, J.
Uleman, J. Bargh (Eds.), The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2005.
[45] A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body Emotion in The
Making of Consciousness. San Diego: Harcourt, 1999.
[46] K. LaBar, C. Gatenby, J. Gore, E. Phelps, "Human amygdala activation
during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: A mixed-trial fMRI
study". Neuron, vol. 20, pp. 937-945, 1998.
[47] H. Breiter, H. Etcoff, P. Whalen, W. Kennedy, S. Rauch, R. Buckner, M.
Straus, S. Hyman, B. Rosen, "Response and habituation of human
amygdala during visual processing of facial expression. Neuron, vol. 17,
pp. 875-887, 1996.
[48] P. Whalen, S. Rauch, N. Etcoff, S. McInerney, M. Lee, M. Jenike,
"Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate
amygdala activity without explicit knowledge". Journal of
Neuroscience, vol. 18, pp. 411-418, 1998.
[49] A. Anderson, E. Phelps, "Lesions of the human amygdala impair
enhanced perception of emotionally salient events". Nature, vol. 411, pp.
305-309, 1999.
[50] A. Damasio, Descartes- Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain.
New York: Putnam Publishing, 1994.
[51] S. Carter, M. Smith Pasqualini, "Stronger autonomic response
accompanies better learning: A test of Damasio-s somatic marker
hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion, vol. 18, pp. 901-911, 2004.
[52] A. Bechara, D. Tranel, H. Damasio, "Characterization of the decisionmaking
deficit of patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions.
Brain, vol. 123, pp. 2189-2202, 2000.
[53] C. Frith, Making Up The Mind-How the Brain Creates Our Mental
World, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007.
[54] R. Poldrack, V. Prabakharan, C. Seger, J. Gabrieli, "Striatal activation
during cognitive skill learning". Neuropsychology, vol. 13, pp. 564-574,
1999.
[55] P. Graf, D. Schacter, "Implicit and explicit memory for new associations
in normal and amnestic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology:
Learning, Memory and Cognition, vol. 11, pp. 501-518, 1985.
[56] C. Seger, "Implicit learning", Psychological Bulletin, vol. 115, pp. 163-
196, 1994.
[57] O. Hikosaka, K. Nakamura, K. Sakai, H. Nakahara, "Central
mechanisms of motor skill learning". Current Opinion in Neurobiology,
vol. 12, pp. 217-222, 2002.
[58] A. Graybiel, "The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it",
Current Opinion In Neurobiology, vol. 15, pp. 638-644, 2005.
[59] M. Graziano, "The organization of behavioral repertoire in motor
cortex", Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 29, pp. 105-134, 2006.
[60] K. Doya, "Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in
learning and motor control", Current Opinion in Neurobiology, vol. 10,
pp. 732-739, 2000.
[61] R. Schmidt, C. Wrisberg, Motor Learning and Performance. (4th ed.)
Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2008.
[62] L. Ungerleider, J. Doyon, A. Karni, "Imaging brain plasticity during
motor skill learning". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol. 78,
pp. 553-564, 2002.
[63] T. Wheatley, D. Wenger, "Automacity of action", In N. Smelser, P.
Baltes, International Encyclopedia of Social & Behavioral Sciences,
Oxford: Elsevier, 2001.
[64] G. Ryle, The Concept of Mind, London: Hutchinson, 1949.
[65] J. Pollock, J. Cruz, Contemporary Theories of Knowledge. Lanham:
Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc., 1999.
[66] J. Kalat, Biological Psychology (7th ed.), Toronto: Wadsworth, 2001.
[67] P. Rozin, "The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive
unconscious", Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological
Psychology, vol. 6, pp. 245-280, 1976.
[68] A. Reber, Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1993.
[69] F. Krick, K. Koch, The Astonishing Hypothesis-The Scientific Search
for the Soul. London: Simon & Schuster, 1994.
[70] P. Kitcher, "The naturalist return", The Philosophical Review, vol. 101,
pp. 53-114, 1992.
[71] A. Goldman, Epistemology and Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1986.
[72] R. McAdam, B. Mason, J. McCrory, "Exploring the dichotomies within
the tacit knowledge literature: towards a process of tacit knowing in
organizations", Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 11, pp. 43-59,
2007.
[73] T. Haldin-Herrgard, "Mapping tacit knowledge with
Epitomes", Systèmes d'Information et Management, vol. 2, pp. 93-111,
2003.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:53170", author = "Ilkka J. Virtanen", title = "Towards Better Understanding of the Concept of Tacit Knowledge – A Cognitive Approach", abstract = "Tacit knowledge has been one of the most discussed
and contradictory concepts in the field of knowledge management
since the mid 1990s. The concept is used relatively vaguely to refer
to any type of information that is difficult to articulate, which has led
to discussions about the original meaning of the concept (adopted
from Polanyi-s philosophy) and the nature of tacit knowing. It is
proposed that the subject should be approached from the perspective
of cognitive science in order to connect tacit knowledge to
empirically studied cognitive phenomena. Some of the most
important examples of tacit knowing presented by Polanyi are
analyzed in order to trace the cognitive mechanisms of tacit knowing
and to promote better understanding of the nature of tacit knowledge.
The cognitive approach to Polanyi-s theory reveals that the
tacit/explicit typology of knowledge often presented in the
knowledge management literature is not only artificial but totally
opposite approach compared to Polanyi-s thinking.", keywords = "Cognitive science, explicit knowledge, knowledgemanagement, tacit knowledge.", volume = "4", number = "6", pages = "781-11", }
