The Weight of Corporate Social Responsibility Indicators in Measurement Procedure
The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) performance has garnered significant interest during the last two decades as numerous methodologies are proposed by Social Responsible Investment (SRI) indexes. The weight of each indicator is a crucial component of the CSR measurement procedures. Based on a previous study, the appropriate weight of each proposed indicator for the Greek telecommunication sector is specified using the rank reciprocal weighting. The Kendall-s Coefficient of Concordance and Spearman Correlation Coefficient non-parametric tests are adopted to determine the level of consensus among the experts concerning the importance rank of indicators. The results show that there is no consensus regarding the rank of indicators in most of stakeholders- domains. The equal weight for all indicators could be proposed as a solution for the lack of consensus among the experts. The study recommends three different equations concerning the adopted weight approach.
[1] A. B. Carroll, "Commentary and an Overview of Key Questions on
Corporate Social Performance Measurement," Business Society, vol. 39,
no. 4, pp. 466-478, 2000.
[2] A. B. Carroll, "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward
the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders," Business
Horizons, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 39-48, 1991.
[3] A. Chatterji and D. Levine, "Breaking Down The Wall Of Codes:
Evaluating Non-Financial Performance Measurement," California
Management Review, vol. 48, pp. 29-51, 2006.
[4] A. King and M. Lenox, "Does it really pay to be green?," J Ind Ecol,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 105-116, 2001.
[5] A. Kova─ìi─ì, "Sustainable Development and the Problems of Measuring,"
International journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2,
2007.
[6] A. P. Field, Kendall-s Coefficient of Concordance, Encyclopedia of
Statistics in Behavioral Science, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester,
2005, pp. 1010-1011.
[7] A. Pallis and T. Syriopoulos, "Port governance models: Financial
evaluation of Greek port restructuring," Transport Policy, vol. 14, no. 3,
pp. 232-246, 2007.
[8] Accountability Rating, "Greece - 2009 results," 2009. Available at:
http://www.accountabilityrating.com/Latest_results_Greece.asp
[9] Awareness & Social Behavior Index (A.S.B.I), "A.S.B.I.-2008".
Available at: http://www.vprc.gr/article.php?id=279
[10] B. Holmstrom and P. Milgrom, "Multitask principal-agent analyses:
Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design," Journal of Law,
Economics & Organization, vol. 7, pp. 24-52, 1991.
[11] B. Tsakarestou, "First Quantitative Survey on CSR in Greece. Issues &
Prospects," Athens, Greece: Hellenic Network for Corporate Social
Responsibility, 2001.
[12] B. Tsakarestou, Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005.
[13] C. Bichta, "Corporate Socially Responsible (Csr) Practices In The
Context Of Greek Industry," Corporate Social Responsibility and
Environmental Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12-24, 2003.
[14] C. Mills, C. Siriopoulos, R. N. Markellos and D. Harizanis, "Seasonality
in the Athens stock exchange," Applied Financial Economics, vol. 10,
no. 2, pp. 137-42, 2000.
[15] C. Schmidt, "Managing Delphi Surveys Using Nonparametric Statistical
Techniques," Decision Sciences, vol. 28, no. 3, pp.763-774, 1997.
[16] D. Dawkins and S. Lewis, "CSR in stakeholders expectations and their
implication strategy," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 44, no. 2-3, pp.
185-193, 2003.
[17] D. J. Dekle, D. H. Y. Leung and M. Zhu, "Testing Intergroup
Concordance in Ranking Experiments With Two Groups of Judges,"
Psychological Methods, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 58-71, 2008.
[18] D. J. Wood, "Corporate social performance revisited," Academy of
Management Review, vol.16, no. 4, pp. 691-718, 1991.
[19] D. Krajnc, and Glavi─ì, P. "A model for integrated assessment of
sustainable development," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol.
43, no. 2, pp. 189-208, 2005.
[20] D. Turker, "Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility: A Scale
Development Study," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 411-
427, 2009.
[21] D. Vogel, The Market For Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate
Social Responsibility, Brookings Institution Press, 2005.
[22] E. Drimbetas, N. Sariannidis and N. Porfiris, "The Effect of Derivatives
Trading on Volatility of the Underlying Asset: Evidence from the Greek
Stock Market," Applied Financial Economics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 139-
148, 2007.
[23] European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the
European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and
Social Committee. Implementing the partnership for growth and Jobs:
Making Europe a pole of excellence on Corporate Social Responsibility,
Brussels, 2006.
[24] G. Giannarakis and N. Litinas "The Challenges of Corporate Social
Responsibility Assessment Methodologies", International Conference on
Applied Business & Economics, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2008.
[25] JSE SRI Index. Available at: http://www.jse.co.za/sri
[26] G. Giannarakis, N. Litinas and I. Theotokas, "Characteristics of
Corporate Social Responsibility Indicators", International Conference on
Business, Economics, Management and Marketing, Paris, France, 2009.
[27] G. Giannarakis, N. Litinas, I. Theotokas and I. Lagoudis "Corporate
Social Responsibility indicators the case of Greek telecommunication
Sector", International Review of Applied Economic Research,
Forthcoming, to be published, 2010.
[28] G. Miller, "The development of indicators for sustainable tourism:
results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers," Tourism
Management, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 351-362, 2001.
[29] G. Rae and J. E. Spencer, "Average Spearman's Rho, Concordance, and
the Matching Problem: Some Relationships," The American Statistician,
vol. 45, no. 2, 1991.
[30] Global Reporting Initiative. Available at: www.globalreporting.org
[31] Hellenic Network for Corporate Social Responsibility. Available at:
www.csrhellas.org
[32] I. Fafaliou, M. Lekakou and I. Theotokas, "Is the European shipping
industry aware of corporate social responsibility? The case of the Greekowned
short sea shipping companies," Marine Policy, vol. 30, no. 4, pp.
412-419, 2006.
[33] I. Maignan and O. C. Ferrell, "Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two
Countries: The Case of the United States and France," Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 283-297, 2000.
[34] J. Ernult and A. Ashta, "How To Measure Global Sustainable
Performance In A Service Enterprise? A Case Study Of The Credibility
Of Vigeo-s Rating Of Caisse D-epargne", Journal of Services Research,
special edition, 2008.
[35] J. F. J. Vos, "Corporate Social Responsibility And The Identification Of
Stakeholders," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental
Management, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 141-152, 2003.
[36] J. Graafland, S. C. W. Eijffinger and H. Smid, "Benchmarking of
Corporate Social Responsibility: Methodological Problems and
Robustness," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 53, no. 1-2, pp. 137-152,
2004.
[37] J. Graafland, S. C. W. Eijffinger, N. C. G. M. Stoffele, H. Smid and A.
M. Coldeweijer, "Corporate social responsibility of Dutch companies:
Benchmarking and Transparency," 2003. Available at:
http://www.uvt.nl/faculteiten/fww/cmo.
[38] J. Igalens and J. P. Gond, "Measuring Corporate Social Performance in
France: A Critical and Empirical Analysis of ARESE data", Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 131-148. 2005.
[39] J. J. Griffin and J. F Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and
Corporate Financial Performance Debate. Twenty-Five Years of
Incomparable Research," Business & Society, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5-31,
1997.
[40] K. E. Goodpaster, "Some challenges of social screening," Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 239-46, 2003.
[41] K. Hino, "Corporate Social and Financial Performance: An Empirical
Study on a Japanese Company", IFSAM VIIIth World Congress,
September Berlin, Germany, 2006, pp. 28-30.
[42] M. B. Clarkson, "A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and
Evaluating Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management
Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 92-117, 1995.
[43] M. Hopkins, "Measurement of corporate social responsibility",
International Journal of Management and Decision Making, vol. 6, no.
3-4, pp. 213-231, 2005.
[44] M. J. Norusis, 1988. SPSS-X Introductory Statistics Guide for SPSS-X
Release 3. SPSS Inc.
[45] M. J. Sirgy, "Measuring Corporate Performance by Building on the
Stakeholders Model of Business Ethics," Journal of Business Ethics,
vol. 35, pp. 143-162, 2002.
[46] M. Raghavachari, Measures of Concordance for Assessing Agreement in
Ratings and Rank Order Data. In Advances in Ranking and Selection,
Multiple Comparisons, and Reliability (eds. Balakrishnan, N., et al.),
Birkhauser Press, Boston, USA, 2004, pp. 261.
[47] N. Jollands, "How to aggregate sustainable development indicators: a
proposed framework and its application", Int. J. Agricultural Resources,
Governance and Ecology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18-34, 2006.
[48] N. M. Winjberg, "Normative stakeholder theory and Aristoteles: the link
between ethics and politics," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 25, no. 4,
pp. 329-342, 2000.
[49] N. Sariannidis, E. Drimbetas and G. Konteos "Impact of International
Volatility, the Euro, and Derivatives on a Small Stock Market,"
International Review of Applied Economic Research, vol.1, pp. 1-22,
2006.
[50] P. Grzegorzewski, "The coefficient of concordance for vague data,"
Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 51, no.1, pp. 314-322,
2006.
[51] P. Kok, T. van der Wiele, R. McKenna and A. Brown "A Corporate
Social Responsibility Audit within a Quality Management Framework,"
Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 31, pp. 285-297, 2001.
[52] P. Sprent and N. C Smeeton, Applied nonparametric statistical methods,
Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2001.
[53] R. S. Kaplan and D. P. Norton, The Balanced Scorecard - Translating
Strategy into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA,
1996.
[54] R. Wolfe and K. Aupperle, (1991), "Introduction to Corporate Social
Performance: Methods for Evaluating an Elusive Construct", in J. E.
Post (ed), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, vol. 12
(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), pp. 265-268.
[55] S. A. Morris, K. A. Rehbein, J. C. Hosseini and R. L. Armacost,
"Building a current profile of socially responsive firms," International
Association for Business and Society Proceedings, 1990, pp. 297-303.
[56] S. N. Craig, "Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?,"
California Management Review, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 52-76, 2003.
[57] S. Siegel and N. Castellan, Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1998.
[58] T. Kippenberger, "Taking the stakeholder view," The Antidote, vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 14-15, 1996.
[59] T. Kitchin, "Corporate social responsibility: a brand explanation," Brand
Management, vol. 10, no. 4-5, pp. 312-326, 2002.
[60] T. Koellner, O. Weber, M. Fenchel and R. Scholz, "Principles for
Sustainability Rating of Investment Funds," Business Strategy and the
Environment, vol. 14, pp. 54-70, 2005.
[61] The Social and Economic Committee of Greece. The Corporate Social
Responsibility. Opinion of S.E.C. No. 95. Athens, Greece, 2003.
[62] W. N. Davidson and D. L. Worrell, "Research notes and
communications: The effect of product recall announcements on
shareholder wealth," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 13, pp. 467-
473, 1992.
[63] World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Corporate Social
Responsibility". WBCSB-s Journal, report 2003.
[64] Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI). Available at:
www.sustainability-index.com
[65] Jantzi Social Index. Available at: www.jantzisocialindex.com
[66] KLD. Available at: www.kld.com
[67] Calvert Index. Available at: www.calvert.com
[68] Advanced Sustainable Performance Indices (ASPI). Available at:
http://www.vigeo.com/csr-rating-agency/en/nos-produits-isr/indiceaspi/
indice-aspi.html
[69] Maala Index. Available at:
http://www.maala.org.il/eng/tools/index/01/default.asp?ContentID=338
[70] Ethibel Sustainable Index. Available at: www.ethibel.org
[71] FTSE4Good. Available at:
http://www.ftse.com/Indices/FTSE4Good_Index_Series/index.jsp
[72] D. Von Winterfeldt, and W. Edwards, Decision Analysis and
Behavioural Research. Cambridge University Press, 1986.
[73] G. P. Huber, "Multi-attribute models: a rview of field and field-like
studies," Management Research. Vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1393-1420.
[74] T. R. Collins, M. D. Rossetti and H. L. Natchtmann, "The use of multiattribute
utility theory to determine the overall best-in class performer in
a benchmarking study," Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol.
13, no. 4, pp. 431-446.
[75] Sustainable Business Institute. Available at: www.sustainableinvestment.
org
[76] W. Edwards and J. R. Newman, Multi-attribute Evaluation. Series:
Quantitative Applications in the Social Science, London: Sage, 1982.
[77] A. Samitas, D. Kenourgios and I. Tsakalos, (2008), "The impact of
corporate events on stock returns: Evidence from Athens Stock
Exchange", International Journal of Business Research, vol. 8, no. 1,
pp. 191-201.
[1] A. B. Carroll, "Commentary and an Overview of Key Questions on
Corporate Social Performance Measurement," Business Society, vol. 39,
no. 4, pp. 466-478, 2000.
[2] A. B. Carroll, "The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward
the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders," Business
Horizons, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 39-48, 1991.
[3] A. Chatterji and D. Levine, "Breaking Down The Wall Of Codes:
Evaluating Non-Financial Performance Measurement," California
Management Review, vol. 48, pp. 29-51, 2006.
[4] A. King and M. Lenox, "Does it really pay to be green?," J Ind Ecol,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 105-116, 2001.
[5] A. Kova─ìi─ì, "Sustainable Development and the Problems of Measuring,"
International journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 1, no. 2,
2007.
[6] A. P. Field, Kendall-s Coefficient of Concordance, Encyclopedia of
Statistics in Behavioral Science, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester,
2005, pp. 1010-1011.
[7] A. Pallis and T. Syriopoulos, "Port governance models: Financial
evaluation of Greek port restructuring," Transport Policy, vol. 14, no. 3,
pp. 232-246, 2007.
[8] Accountability Rating, "Greece - 2009 results," 2009. Available at:
http://www.accountabilityrating.com/Latest_results_Greece.asp
[9] Awareness & Social Behavior Index (A.S.B.I), "A.S.B.I.-2008".
Available at: http://www.vprc.gr/article.php?id=279
[10] B. Holmstrom and P. Milgrom, "Multitask principal-agent analyses:
Incentive contracts, asset ownership, and job design," Journal of Law,
Economics & Organization, vol. 7, pp. 24-52, 1991.
[11] B. Tsakarestou, "First Quantitative Survey on CSR in Greece. Issues &
Prospects," Athens, Greece: Hellenic Network for Corporate Social
Responsibility, 2001.
[12] B. Tsakarestou, Corporate Social Responsibility Across Europe,
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2005.
[13] C. Bichta, "Corporate Socially Responsible (Csr) Practices In The
Context Of Greek Industry," Corporate Social Responsibility and
Environmental Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 12-24, 2003.
[14] C. Mills, C. Siriopoulos, R. N. Markellos and D. Harizanis, "Seasonality
in the Athens stock exchange," Applied Financial Economics, vol. 10,
no. 2, pp. 137-42, 2000.
[15] C. Schmidt, "Managing Delphi Surveys Using Nonparametric Statistical
Techniques," Decision Sciences, vol. 28, no. 3, pp.763-774, 1997.
[16] D. Dawkins and S. Lewis, "CSR in stakeholders expectations and their
implication strategy," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 44, no. 2-3, pp.
185-193, 2003.
[17] D. J. Dekle, D. H. Y. Leung and M. Zhu, "Testing Intergroup
Concordance in Ranking Experiments With Two Groups of Judges,"
Psychological Methods, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 58-71, 2008.
[18] D. J. Wood, "Corporate social performance revisited," Academy of
Management Review, vol.16, no. 4, pp. 691-718, 1991.
[19] D. Krajnc, and Glavi─ì, P. "A model for integrated assessment of
sustainable development," Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol.
43, no. 2, pp. 189-208, 2005.
[20] D. Turker, "Measuring Corporate Social Responsibility: A Scale
Development Study," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 85, no. 4, pp. 411-
427, 2009.
[21] D. Vogel, The Market For Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate
Social Responsibility, Brookings Institution Press, 2005.
[22] E. Drimbetas, N. Sariannidis and N. Porfiris, "The Effect of Derivatives
Trading on Volatility of the Underlying Asset: Evidence from the Greek
Stock Market," Applied Financial Economics, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 139-
148, 2007.
[23] European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the
European Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and
Social Committee. Implementing the partnership for growth and Jobs:
Making Europe a pole of excellence on Corporate Social Responsibility,
Brussels, 2006.
[24] G. Giannarakis and N. Litinas "The Challenges of Corporate Social
Responsibility Assessment Methodologies", International Conference on
Applied Business & Economics, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2008.
[25] JSE SRI Index. Available at: http://www.jse.co.za/sri
[26] G. Giannarakis, N. Litinas and I. Theotokas, "Characteristics of
Corporate Social Responsibility Indicators", International Conference on
Business, Economics, Management and Marketing, Paris, France, 2009.
[27] G. Giannarakis, N. Litinas, I. Theotokas and I. Lagoudis "Corporate
Social Responsibility indicators the case of Greek telecommunication
Sector", International Review of Applied Economic Research,
Forthcoming, to be published, 2010.
[28] G. Miller, "The development of indicators for sustainable tourism:
results of a Delphi survey of tourism researchers," Tourism
Management, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 351-362, 2001.
[29] G. Rae and J. E. Spencer, "Average Spearman's Rho, Concordance, and
the Matching Problem: Some Relationships," The American Statistician,
vol. 45, no. 2, 1991.
[30] Global Reporting Initiative. Available at: www.globalreporting.org
[31] Hellenic Network for Corporate Social Responsibility. Available at:
www.csrhellas.org
[32] I. Fafaliou, M. Lekakou and I. Theotokas, "Is the European shipping
industry aware of corporate social responsibility? The case of the Greekowned
short sea shipping companies," Marine Policy, vol. 30, no. 4, pp.
412-419, 2006.
[33] I. Maignan and O. C. Ferrell, "Measuring Corporate Citizenship in Two
Countries: The Case of the United States and France," Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 283-297, 2000.
[34] J. Ernult and A. Ashta, "How To Measure Global Sustainable
Performance In A Service Enterprise? A Case Study Of The Credibility
Of Vigeo-s Rating Of Caisse D-epargne", Journal of Services Research,
special edition, 2008.
[35] J. F. J. Vos, "Corporate Social Responsibility And The Identification Of
Stakeholders," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental
Management, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 141-152, 2003.
[36] J. Graafland, S. C. W. Eijffinger and H. Smid, "Benchmarking of
Corporate Social Responsibility: Methodological Problems and
Robustness," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 53, no. 1-2, pp. 137-152,
2004.
[37] J. Graafland, S. C. W. Eijffinger, N. C. G. M. Stoffele, H. Smid and A.
M. Coldeweijer, "Corporate social responsibility of Dutch companies:
Benchmarking and Transparency," 2003. Available at:
http://www.uvt.nl/faculteiten/fww/cmo.
[38] J. Igalens and J. P. Gond, "Measuring Corporate Social Performance in
France: A Critical and Empirical Analysis of ARESE data", Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 131-148. 2005.
[39] J. J. Griffin and J. F Mahon, "The Corporate Social Performance and
Corporate Financial Performance Debate. Twenty-Five Years of
Incomparable Research," Business & Society, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5-31,
1997.
[40] K. E. Goodpaster, "Some challenges of social screening," Journal of
Business Ethics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 239-46, 2003.
[41] K. Hino, "Corporate Social and Financial Performance: An Empirical
Study on a Japanese Company", IFSAM VIIIth World Congress,
September Berlin, Germany, 2006, pp. 28-30.
[42] M. B. Clarkson, "A Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and
Evaluating Corporate Social Performance," Academy of Management
Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 92-117, 1995.
[43] M. Hopkins, "Measurement of corporate social responsibility",
International Journal of Management and Decision Making, vol. 6, no.
3-4, pp. 213-231, 2005.
[44] M. J. Norusis, 1988. SPSS-X Introductory Statistics Guide for SPSS-X
Release 3. SPSS Inc.
[45] M. J. Sirgy, "Measuring Corporate Performance by Building on the
Stakeholders Model of Business Ethics," Journal of Business Ethics,
vol. 35, pp. 143-162, 2002.
[46] M. Raghavachari, Measures of Concordance for Assessing Agreement in
Ratings and Rank Order Data. In Advances in Ranking and Selection,
Multiple Comparisons, and Reliability (eds. Balakrishnan, N., et al.),
Birkhauser Press, Boston, USA, 2004, pp. 261.
[47] N. Jollands, "How to aggregate sustainable development indicators: a
proposed framework and its application", Int. J. Agricultural Resources,
Governance and Ecology, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 18-34, 2006.
[48] N. M. Winjberg, "Normative stakeholder theory and Aristoteles: the link
between ethics and politics," Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 25, no. 4,
pp. 329-342, 2000.
[49] N. Sariannidis, E. Drimbetas and G. Konteos "Impact of International
Volatility, the Euro, and Derivatives on a Small Stock Market,"
International Review of Applied Economic Research, vol.1, pp. 1-22,
2006.
[50] P. Grzegorzewski, "The coefficient of concordance for vague data,"
Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol. 51, no.1, pp. 314-322,
2006.
[51] P. Kok, T. van der Wiele, R. McKenna and A. Brown "A Corporate
Social Responsibility Audit within a Quality Management Framework,"
Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 31, pp. 285-297, 2001.
[52] P. Sprent and N. C Smeeton, Applied nonparametric statistical methods,
Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2001.
[53] R. S. Kaplan and D. P. Norton, The Balanced Scorecard - Translating
Strategy into Action, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA,
1996.
[54] R. Wolfe and K. Aupperle, (1991), "Introduction to Corporate Social
Performance: Methods for Evaluating an Elusive Construct", in J. E.
Post (ed), Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, vol. 12
(JAI Press, Greenwich, CT), pp. 265-268.
[55] S. A. Morris, K. A. Rehbein, J. C. Hosseini and R. L. Armacost,
"Building a current profile of socially responsive firms," International
Association for Business and Society Proceedings, 1990, pp. 297-303.
[56] S. N. Craig, "Corporate Social Responsibility: Whether or How?,"
California Management Review, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 52-76, 2003.
[57] S. Siegel and N. Castellan, Non-parametric Statistics for the Behavioral
Sciences, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 1998.
[58] T. Kippenberger, "Taking the stakeholder view," The Antidote, vol. 1,
no. 1, pp. 14-15, 1996.
[59] T. Kitchin, "Corporate social responsibility: a brand explanation," Brand
Management, vol. 10, no. 4-5, pp. 312-326, 2002.
[60] T. Koellner, O. Weber, M. Fenchel and R. Scholz, "Principles for
Sustainability Rating of Investment Funds," Business Strategy and the
Environment, vol. 14, pp. 54-70, 2005.
[61] The Social and Economic Committee of Greece. The Corporate Social
Responsibility. Opinion of S.E.C. No. 95. Athens, Greece, 2003.
[62] W. N. Davidson and D. L. Worrell, "Research notes and
communications: The effect of product recall announcements on
shareholder wealth," Strategic Management Journal, vol. 13, pp. 467-
473, 1992.
[63] World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Corporate Social
Responsibility". WBCSB-s Journal, report 2003.
[64] Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI). Available at:
www.sustainability-index.com
[65] Jantzi Social Index. Available at: www.jantzisocialindex.com
[66] KLD. Available at: www.kld.com
[67] Calvert Index. Available at: www.calvert.com
[68] Advanced Sustainable Performance Indices (ASPI). Available at:
http://www.vigeo.com/csr-rating-agency/en/nos-produits-isr/indiceaspi/
indice-aspi.html
[69] Maala Index. Available at:
http://www.maala.org.il/eng/tools/index/01/default.asp?ContentID=338
[70] Ethibel Sustainable Index. Available at: www.ethibel.org
[71] FTSE4Good. Available at:
http://www.ftse.com/Indices/FTSE4Good_Index_Series/index.jsp
[72] D. Von Winterfeldt, and W. Edwards, Decision Analysis and
Behavioural Research. Cambridge University Press, 1986.
[73] G. P. Huber, "Multi-attribute models: a rview of field and field-like
studies," Management Research. Vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1393-1420.
[74] T. R. Collins, M. D. Rossetti and H. L. Natchtmann, "The use of multiattribute
utility theory to determine the overall best-in class performer in
a benchmarking study," Benchmarking: An International Journal, vol.
13, no. 4, pp. 431-446.
[75] Sustainable Business Institute. Available at: www.sustainableinvestment.
org
[76] W. Edwards and J. R. Newman, Multi-attribute Evaluation. Series:
Quantitative Applications in the Social Science, London: Sage, 1982.
[77] A. Samitas, D. Kenourgios and I. Tsakalos, (2008), "The impact of
corporate events on stock returns: Evidence from Athens Stock
Exchange", International Journal of Business Research, vol. 8, no. 1,
pp. 191-201.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:55510", author = "Grigoris Giannarakis and Despina Galani and Charitoudi Georgia and Nikolaos Litinas", title = "The Weight of Corporate Social Responsibility Indicators in Measurement Procedure", abstract = "The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) performance has garnered significant interest during the last two decades as numerous methodologies are proposed by Social Responsible Investment (SRI) indexes. The weight of each indicator is a crucial component of the CSR measurement procedures. Based on a previous study, the appropriate weight of each proposed indicator for the Greek telecommunication sector is specified using the rank reciprocal weighting. The Kendall-s Coefficient of Concordance and Spearman Correlation Coefficient non-parametric tests are adopted to determine the level of consensus among the experts concerning the importance rank of indicators. The results show that there is no consensus regarding the rank of indicators in most of stakeholders- domains. The equal weight for all indicators could be proposed as a solution for the lack of consensus among the experts. The study recommends three different equations concerning the adopted weight approach.
", keywords = "Corporate Social Responsibility, Indicator, Weight.", volume = "4", number = "6", pages = "897-9", }
