The Use of Scuba Diving Tourism for Marine Protected Area Management
Marine Protected Areas can benefit from nature based
tourism, monitoring environmental impacts and also become target
for human presence. From more than 3 million tourists visiting
Cozumel Island every year, an average of 2,8 million arrive by cruise
ship, and 41% are estimated to have motivation for water activities.
The destination is relying so much on the tourism activity, that scuba
diving and snorkeling in the National Park Reef of Cozumel sustain
the major economic activity. In order to achieve the sustainable
development indicator designed for regional environmental
development, the PNAC offers a training course to tourism providers
to access the protected area. This way, the update of the last 5 years
of such training is directed to diving staff, boat crew and
professionals, making them able to assist in managing the natural
resource. Moreover, the case study is an example to be used for
raising awareness among tourists visiting protected areas.
[1] The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012. United Nations, New
York, June 2012.
[2] C. Kuenzi, and J. McNeely, Nature-Based Tourism, in 2008 Global Risk
Governance, International Risk Governance Council Book series Vol. 1,
pp. 155-178.
[3] L. Dwyer, D. Edwards, and N. Mistilis, Megatrends Underpinning
Tourism to 2020: Analysis of key drivers for change. Gold Coast,
Queensland, Australia: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research
Centre‘s (CRC), 2008.
[4] Tourism 2020 Vision - Global Forecasts and Profiles of Market
Segments. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 2001, ch. 7.
[5] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Dive Tourism”, Canberra, Australia, May
2013.
[6] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Adventure market snapshot”, Canberra,
Australia, May 2013.
[7] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Special interest reports”, Canberra,
Australia, May 2013.
[8] R. Graham, “Global whale shark tourism: a “golden goose” of
sustainable and lucrative income”. Shark News, no. 16, pp. 8-9, 2004.
[9] G. Vianna, M. Meekan, and D. Pannell, Wanted Dead or Alive? The
relative value of reef sharks as a fishery and an ecotourism asset in
Palau. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth. 2010.
[10] A. Lindgren, J. Palmlund, and I. Wate “Environmental Management and
Education: The Case of PADI,”.in New Frontiers in Marine Tourism:
Diving Experiences, Sustainability, Management, B. Garrod and S.
Gőssling,, Ed. Oxford, Elsevier, 2008, pp. 115-136.
[11] J. Belknap, A Study of the Relationship Between Conservation
Education, and Scuba Diver Behaviour in the Flower Garden Banks
National Marine Sanctuary, Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M
University, private communication, December 2008.
[12] L. Mota, The Synergy between Scuba Diving and Household Behaviour:
Testing Plastic and Food Waste "The use of natural habitats for tourism
education", University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, private
communication, February 2014.
[13] M. Orams, “Using Interpretation to Manage Nature-Based Tourism,”
Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 81-94, 1996.
[14] G. Moscardo, and R. Saltzer, “ Understanding wildlife tourism markets,“
in Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning, K.
Higginbottom Ed., Altona, Common Ground Publishing Pty Ltd and
Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, 2004, pp. 167-
186.
[15] R. Ballantyne, J. Packer, and K. Hughes, “Conservation learning in
wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums,”
Environmental Education Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 367-383, 2007.
[16] B. Garrod, and S. Gőssling. New Frontiers in Marine Tourism: Diving
Experiences, Sustainability, Management. Oxford, Elsevier, 2008.
[17] L. Santander, and F. Propin, “Environmental impact of diving tourism
on coral reefs.” Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 24, 2009, pp. 275-279.
[18] L. Minnaert, “Social Tourism as Opportunity for Unplanned Learning
and Behavior Change,” Journal of travel research September, vol. 51,
no. 5, pp. 607-616, 2012.
[19] J. Falk, “Contextualizing Falk‘s Identity-Related Visitor Motivation
Model,” Visitor Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 141–157, 2011.
[20] J. Howard, “How do scuba diving operators in Vanuatu attempt to
minimize their impact on the environment?” Pacific Tourism Review,
no. 3, pp. 61–69, 1999.
[21] G. Musa, Sipadan: An over-exploited scuba-diving paradise? An
analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction, and management
priorities. In “Marine ecotourism: issues and experiences,” B. Garrod,
and J.C. Wilson Eds.. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications, 2003,
pp. 122–137.
[22] A. Rouphael, and M. Hanafy, “An alternative management framework to
limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism,” no. 15, pp. 91–103, 2007.
[23] C. Roberts, and J. Hawkins, Fully-protected marine reserves: A guide.
WWF. Endangered Seas Campaign, Washington DC and Environment
Department, University of York, 2000.
[24] D. Weaver, and M. Opperman, Tourism Managemen: Ecotourismt.
Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2000..
[25] Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel: Programa de Manejo Parque
Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel. SEMARNAP, México, 1998..
[26] SEDETUR, Secretaria de Turismo del Estado de Quintana Roo:
Indicadores Turísticos 2012. Cancun, Quintana Roo, México, April
2013.
[27] APIQROO, Administración Portuaria Integral de Quintana Roo,
Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, Mar 2013.
[28] ASUR, Aeropuertos del Sureste, México, Bosques de las Lomas, D.F.,
México, March 2013.
[29] INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática.
Indicadores de Cozumel. Aguascalientes, México, Mar 2013.
[30] O. Frausto, Sustainable Development Division of the University of
Quintana Roo, private communication, April 2014.
[31] J. Jimenéz, F. Jimenéz, and I. Hernández: Estudio de perfil y
segmentación de la población turista que visita el parque Nacional
Arrecifes de Cozumel. in “Desarrollo Sustentable: Turismo, costas y
educación,” O. Frausto, Ed. Universidad de Quintana Roo, México,
2005, pp. 47 – 60.
[32] M. García, C. Domínguez, Curso de Educación Ambiental para
Instructores, Guías de Buceo y Tripulación. Cozumel: SEMARNAP,
1999.
[33] O. Frausto, and G. Chale, “Educación ambiental a servidores turísticos
de Cozumel: Indicador ecológico de turismo sustentable para el Caribe y
Centroamérica,” in Advances from the I Congreso Internacional
Desarrollo Sustentable del Turismo, 2003, pp.53-74.
[34] L. Chávez, “Educación ambiental directa a servidores turísticos y
voluntarios del Parque Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel:
Indicador ecológico de turismo sustentable para el Caribe y Centro
América”, unpublished.
[1] The Millennium Development Goals Report 2012. United Nations, New
York, June 2012.
[2] C. Kuenzi, and J. McNeely, Nature-Based Tourism, in 2008 Global Risk
Governance, International Risk Governance Council Book series Vol. 1,
pp. 155-178.
[3] L. Dwyer, D. Edwards, and N. Mistilis, Megatrends Underpinning
Tourism to 2020: Analysis of key drivers for change. Gold Coast,
Queensland, Australia: Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research
Centre‘s (CRC), 2008.
[4] Tourism 2020 Vision - Global Forecasts and Profiles of Market
Segments. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, 2001, ch. 7.
[5] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Dive Tourism”, Canberra, Australia, May
2013.
[6] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Adventure market snapshot”, Canberra,
Australia, May 2013.
[7] National Visitor Survey and International Visitor Survey, Australian
Bureau of Tourism Research, “Special interest reports”, Canberra,
Australia, May 2013.
[8] R. Graham, “Global whale shark tourism: a “golden goose” of
sustainable and lucrative income”. Shark News, no. 16, pp. 8-9, 2004.
[9] G. Vianna, M. Meekan, and D. Pannell, Wanted Dead or Alive? The
relative value of reef sharks as a fishery and an ecotourism asset in
Palau. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth. 2010.
[10] A. Lindgren, J. Palmlund, and I. Wate “Environmental Management and
Education: The Case of PADI,”.in New Frontiers in Marine Tourism:
Diving Experiences, Sustainability, Management, B. Garrod and S.
Gőssling,, Ed. Oxford, Elsevier, 2008, pp. 115-136.
[11] J. Belknap, A Study of the Relationship Between Conservation
Education, and Scuba Diver Behaviour in the Flower Garden Banks
National Marine Sanctuary, Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M
University, private communication, December 2008.
[12] L. Mota, The Synergy between Scuba Diving and Household Behaviour:
Testing Plastic and Food Waste "The use of natural habitats for tourism
education", University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain, private
communication, February 2014.
[13] M. Orams, “Using Interpretation to Manage Nature-Based Tourism,”
Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 81-94, 1996.
[14] G. Moscardo, and R. Saltzer, “ Understanding wildlife tourism markets,“
in Wildlife tourism: Impacts, management and planning, K.
Higginbottom Ed., Altona, Common Ground Publishing Pty Ltd and
Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, 2004, pp. 167-
186.
[15] R. Ballantyne, J. Packer, and K. Hughes, “Conservation learning in
wildlife tourism settings: lessons from research in zoos and aquariums,”
Environmental Education Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 367-383, 2007.
[16] B. Garrod, and S. Gőssling. New Frontiers in Marine Tourism: Diving
Experiences, Sustainability, Management. Oxford, Elsevier, 2008.
[17] L. Santander, and F. Propin, “Environmental impact of diving tourism
on coral reefs.” Cuadernos de Turismo, no. 24, 2009, pp. 275-279.
[18] L. Minnaert, “Social Tourism as Opportunity for Unplanned Learning
and Behavior Change,” Journal of travel research September, vol. 51,
no. 5, pp. 607-616, 2012.
[19] J. Falk, “Contextualizing Falk‘s Identity-Related Visitor Motivation
Model,” Visitor Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 141–157, 2011.
[20] J. Howard, “How do scuba diving operators in Vanuatu attempt to
minimize their impact on the environment?” Pacific Tourism Review,
no. 3, pp. 61–69, 1999.
[21] G. Musa, Sipadan: An over-exploited scuba-diving paradise? An
analysis of tourism impact, diver satisfaction, and management
priorities. In “Marine ecotourism: issues and experiences,” B. Garrod,
and J.C. Wilson Eds.. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications, 2003,
pp. 122–137.
[22] A. Rouphael, and M. Hanafy, “An alternative management framework to
limit the impact of SCUBA divers on coral assemblages. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism,” no. 15, pp. 91–103, 2007.
[23] C. Roberts, and J. Hawkins, Fully-protected marine reserves: A guide.
WWF. Endangered Seas Campaign, Washington DC and Environment
Department, University of York, 2000.
[24] D. Weaver, and M. Opperman, Tourism Managemen: Ecotourismt.
Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, 2000..
[25] Parque Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel: Programa de Manejo Parque
Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel. SEMARNAP, México, 1998..
[26] SEDETUR, Secretaria de Turismo del Estado de Quintana Roo:
Indicadores Turísticos 2012. Cancun, Quintana Roo, México, April
2013.
[27] APIQROO, Administración Portuaria Integral de Quintana Roo,
Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México, Mar 2013.
[28] ASUR, Aeropuertos del Sureste, México, Bosques de las Lomas, D.F.,
México, March 2013.
[29] INEGI, Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática.
Indicadores de Cozumel. Aguascalientes, México, Mar 2013.
[30] O. Frausto, Sustainable Development Division of the University of
Quintana Roo, private communication, April 2014.
[31] J. Jimenéz, F. Jimenéz, and I. Hernández: Estudio de perfil y
segmentación de la población turista que visita el parque Nacional
Arrecifes de Cozumel. in “Desarrollo Sustentable: Turismo, costas y
educación,” O. Frausto, Ed. Universidad de Quintana Roo, México,
2005, pp. 47 – 60.
[32] M. García, C. Domínguez, Curso de Educación Ambiental para
Instructores, Guías de Buceo y Tripulación. Cozumel: SEMARNAP,
1999.
[33] O. Frausto, and G. Chale, “Educación ambiental a servidores turísticos
de Cozumel: Indicador ecológico de turismo sustentable para el Caribe y
Centroamérica,” in Advances from the I Congreso Internacional
Desarrollo Sustentable del Turismo, 2003, pp.53-74.
[34] L. Chávez, “Educación ambiental directa a servidores turísticos y
voluntarios del Parque Marino Nacional Arrecifes de Cozumel:
Indicador ecológico de turismo sustentable para el Caribe y Centro
América”, unpublished.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:68537", author = "L. Mota and O. Frausto", title = "The Use of Scuba Diving Tourism for Marine Protected Area Management", abstract = "Marine Protected Areas can benefit from nature based
tourism, monitoring environmental impacts and also become target
for human presence. From more than 3 million tourists visiting
Cozumel Island every year, an average of 2,8 million arrive by cruise
ship, and 41% are estimated to have motivation for water activities.
The destination is relying so much on the tourism activity, that scuba
diving and snorkeling in the National Park Reef of Cozumel sustain
the major economic activity. In order to achieve the sustainable
development indicator designed for regional environmental
development, the PNAC offers a training course to tourism providers
to access the protected area. This way, the update of the last 5 years
of such training is directed to diving staff, boat crew and
professionals, making them able to assist in managing the natural
resource. Moreover, the case study is an example to be used for
raising awareness among tourists visiting protected areas.
", keywords = "Education, Marine Protected Area, scuba diving,
sustainability, tourism.", volume = "8", number = "10", pages = "3362-6", }
