The Portuguese Press Portrait of “Environmental Refugees“
The migration-environment nexus has gained increased interest from the social research field over the last years. While straightly connected to human security issues, this theme has pervaded through the media to the public sphere. Therefore, it is important to observe how did the discussions over environmentally induced migrations develop from the scientific basis to the media attention, passing through some political voices, and in which ways might these messages be interpreted within the broader public discourses. To achieve this purpose, the analysis of the press entries between 2004 and 2010 in three of the main Portuguese newspapers shall be presented, specially reflecting upon the events, protagonists, topics, geographical attributions and terms/expressions used to define those who migrate due to environmental degradation or disasters.
[1] O. Holsti, "Content Analysis in Political Research", in Davis Bobrow
and Judah Schwartz (Eds.) Computers and the Policy-Making
Community, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968, pp. 111-153.
[2] I. Vieira, Migra├º├Áes e Ambiente. Imigrantes ambientais no contexto
europeu, Project Work - Master on Human Ecology and Contemporary
Social Problems, Lisbon: FCSH-UNL, 2010.
[3] W. Catton & R. Dunlap, "A new ecological paradigm for post-exuberant
society", American Behavioral Scientist, 24 (1), 1980, pp. 15-47.
[4] W. Catton, "Carrying capacity and the limits to freedom", paper
prepared for Social Ecology Session 1 - XI World Congress of
Sociology, New Delhi, 1986.
[5] R. Costanza, R. D-arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon,
K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R. O-Neill, J. Paruelo, R. Raskin, P. Sutton &
M. van den Belt: "The value of the world-s ecosystem services and
natural capital", Nature, 387, 1997, pp. 253-259.
[6] W. Rees & M. Wackernagel, "Ecological footprints and appropriated
carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the
human economy", in A. M. Jansson, M. Hammer, C. Folke & R.
Costanza (Eds.) Investing in natural capital: The ecological economics
approach to sustainability, Washington, Island Press, 1994,pp.362-390.
[7] H. Haberl, K.-H. Erb & F. Krausmann: "Global human appropriation of
net primary production (HANPP)", published at The Encyclopedia of
Earth, 2010, www.eoearth.org/article/Global_human_appropriation
_of_net_primary_production_(HANPP) (23/09/2011).
[8] H. Haberl, M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, H. Weisz & V.
Winiwarter, "Progress towards sustainability? What the conceptual
framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer",
Land Use Policy - Special Issue Land Use and Sustainability Indicators,
21 (3), 2004, pp. 199-213.
[9] J. Martinez-Alier, The Environmentalism of the Poor. A Study of
Ecological Conflicts and Valuation, Northampton/Massachusetts:
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002.
[10] J. Martinez-Alier, "Ecological distribution conflicts and indicators of
sustainability", International Journal of Political Economy, 34 (1),
2004, pp. 13-30.
[11] J. Rice, "Ecological unequal exchange: consumption, equity and
unsustainable structural relationships within the global economy",
International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48, 2007, pp. 43-72.
[12] W.R. Thompson & R. Reuveny, Limits to Globalization, North-South
divergence, Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2010.
[13] L. Baptista, "Cidades e arredores", in Vaz, Domingos (Org.) Cidade e
Território. Identidades, Urbanismos e Dinâmicas Transfronteiriças,
Lisbon: Celta, 2008.
[14] Castles, Lonergan & Lee in C. Boano, R. Zetter & T. Morris,
Environmentally displaced people - Understanding the linkages
between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration,
Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2008.
[15] A. Fernandes & J.P. Miguel (Eds.) Health and Migration in the
European Union: Better Health for All in an Inclusive Society, Lisbon:
Instituto Nacional de Sa├║de Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 2009.
[16] A. Holingshead, "Human Ecology and Human Society", Ecological
Monographs, Vol. 10 (3), Ecological Society of America, 1940.
[17] A. Hawley, Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure, New
York: Ronald Press, 1950.
[18] R. McLeman & B. Smit, "Migration as an adaptation to climate
change", Climatic Change, 76 (1-2), 2006, pp. 31-53.
[19] C. Gray & R. Bilsborrow, "Environmental Influences on Migration in
Rural Ecuador", Paper for the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America, http://paa2010.princeton.edu/download.
aspx?submissionId=101839 (14/02/2011).
[20] A. Oliver-Smith, "Disasters and forced migration in the 21st century",
published online in 2006 at Understanding Katrina - Perspectives from
the Social Sciences, SSRC - Main Social Science Research Council
Site, http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Oliver-Smith/ (31-08-2011).
[21] S. Yearley, Cultures of Environmentalism: Empirical Studies in
Environmental Sociology, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2009.
[22] In R. Stojanov, "Environmental Refugees - Introduction", Acta
Universitatis Palackianae Olomoucensis, Facultas Rerum Naturalium,
Geographica, 38, 2004, pp.77-84.
[23] N. Myers "Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st
Century", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B:
357, 2001, pp. 609-613.
[24] R. Black, Environmental Refugees: myth or reality?, Brighton:
University of Sussex, 2001.
[25] S. Castles Environmental Change and Forced Migration, Oxford:
Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001.
[26] Barnett in C. Raleigh, L. Jordan & I. Saleyhan, "Assessing the impact
of climate change on migration and conflict", Social Dimensions of
Climate Change, Washington DC, World Bank, 2008, p. 34.
[27] Homer Dixon in Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 34.
[28] Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 36.
[29] Unruh in Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 36.
[30] Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 37.
[31] E. Piguet, "Climate change and forced migration", New Issues in
Refugee Research - Research Paper 153, Geneva: UNHCR, 2008, p. 8.
[32] R. Reuveny "Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict",
Political Geography, 26, 2007, pp. 656-673.
[33] R. Reuveny, op. cit., p. 662.
[34] S. Curren, "Migration, Social Capital, and the Environment:
Considering Migrant Selectivity and Networks in Relation to Coastal
Ecosystems" in W. Lutz, A. Prskawetz & W. Sanderson (Eds.)
Population and Environment: Methods of Analysis, Population and
Development Review, a supplement to, 28, 2002, pp 89-125.
[35] R. King (Org.), The Atlas of Human Migration. Global Patterns of
People on the Move, London: Earthscan, 2010.
[36] K. Bruckmeier, "Interdisciplinary Conflict Analysis and Conflict
Mitigation in Local Resource Management", Ambio, 34 (2), 2005, pp.
65-73, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, p. 73.
[1] O. Holsti, "Content Analysis in Political Research", in Davis Bobrow
and Judah Schwartz (Eds.) Computers and the Policy-Making
Community, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968, pp. 111-153.
[2] I. Vieira, Migra├º├Áes e Ambiente. Imigrantes ambientais no contexto
europeu, Project Work - Master on Human Ecology and Contemporary
Social Problems, Lisbon: FCSH-UNL, 2010.
[3] W. Catton & R. Dunlap, "A new ecological paradigm for post-exuberant
society", American Behavioral Scientist, 24 (1), 1980, pp. 15-47.
[4] W. Catton, "Carrying capacity and the limits to freedom", paper
prepared for Social Ecology Session 1 - XI World Congress of
Sociology, New Delhi, 1986.
[5] R. Costanza, R. D-arge, R. de Groot, S. Farber, M. Grasso, B. Hannon,
K. Limburg, S. Naeem, R. O-Neill, J. Paruelo, R. Raskin, P. Sutton &
M. van den Belt: "The value of the world-s ecosystem services and
natural capital", Nature, 387, 1997, pp. 253-259.
[6] W. Rees & M. Wackernagel, "Ecological footprints and appropriated
carrying capacity: Measuring the natural capital requirements of the
human economy", in A. M. Jansson, M. Hammer, C. Folke & R.
Costanza (Eds.) Investing in natural capital: The ecological economics
approach to sustainability, Washington, Island Press, 1994,pp.362-390.
[7] H. Haberl, K.-H. Erb & F. Krausmann: "Global human appropriation of
net primary production (HANPP)", published at The Encyclopedia of
Earth, 2010, www.eoearth.org/article/Global_human_appropriation
_of_net_primary_production_(HANPP) (23/09/2011).
[8] H. Haberl, M. Fischer-Kowalski, F. Krausmann, H. Weisz & V.
Winiwarter, "Progress towards sustainability? What the conceptual
framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer",
Land Use Policy - Special Issue Land Use and Sustainability Indicators,
21 (3), 2004, pp. 199-213.
[9] J. Martinez-Alier, The Environmentalism of the Poor. A Study of
Ecological Conflicts and Valuation, Northampton/Massachusetts:
Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002.
[10] J. Martinez-Alier, "Ecological distribution conflicts and indicators of
sustainability", International Journal of Political Economy, 34 (1),
2004, pp. 13-30.
[11] J. Rice, "Ecological unequal exchange: consumption, equity and
unsustainable structural relationships within the global economy",
International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48, 2007, pp. 43-72.
[12] W.R. Thompson & R. Reuveny, Limits to Globalization, North-South
divergence, Oxon & New York: Routledge, 2010.
[13] L. Baptista, "Cidades e arredores", in Vaz, Domingos (Org.) Cidade e
Território. Identidades, Urbanismos e Dinâmicas Transfronteiriças,
Lisbon: Celta, 2008.
[14] Castles, Lonergan & Lee in C. Boano, R. Zetter & T. Morris,
Environmentally displaced people - Understanding the linkages
between environmental change, livelihoods and forced migration,
Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2008.
[15] A. Fernandes & J.P. Miguel (Eds.) Health and Migration in the
European Union: Better Health for All in an Inclusive Society, Lisbon:
Instituto Nacional de Sa├║de Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 2009.
[16] A. Holingshead, "Human Ecology and Human Society", Ecological
Monographs, Vol. 10 (3), Ecological Society of America, 1940.
[17] A. Hawley, Human Ecology: A Theory of Community Structure, New
York: Ronald Press, 1950.
[18] R. McLeman & B. Smit, "Migration as an adaptation to climate
change", Climatic Change, 76 (1-2), 2006, pp. 31-53.
[19] C. Gray & R. Bilsborrow, "Environmental Influences on Migration in
Rural Ecuador", Paper for the 2010 Annual Meeting of the Population
Association of America, http://paa2010.princeton.edu/download.
aspx?submissionId=101839 (14/02/2011).
[20] A. Oliver-Smith, "Disasters and forced migration in the 21st century",
published online in 2006 at Understanding Katrina - Perspectives from
the Social Sciences, SSRC - Main Social Science Research Council
Site, http://understandingkatrina.ssrc.org/Oliver-Smith/ (31-08-2011).
[21] S. Yearley, Cultures of Environmentalism: Empirical Studies in
Environmental Sociology, Hampshire: Palgrave, 2009.
[22] In R. Stojanov, "Environmental Refugees - Introduction", Acta
Universitatis Palackianae Olomoucensis, Facultas Rerum Naturalium,
Geographica, 38, 2004, pp.77-84.
[23] N. Myers "Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st
Century", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, B:
357, 2001, pp. 609-613.
[24] R. Black, Environmental Refugees: myth or reality?, Brighton:
University of Sussex, 2001.
[25] S. Castles Environmental Change and Forced Migration, Oxford:
Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001.
[26] Barnett in C. Raleigh, L. Jordan & I. Saleyhan, "Assessing the impact
of climate change on migration and conflict", Social Dimensions of
Climate Change, Washington DC, World Bank, 2008, p. 34.
[27] Homer Dixon in Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 34.
[28] Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 36.
[29] Unruh in Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 36.
[30] Raleigh et al., op. cit., p. 37.
[31] E. Piguet, "Climate change and forced migration", New Issues in
Refugee Research - Research Paper 153, Geneva: UNHCR, 2008, p. 8.
[32] R. Reuveny "Climate change-induced migration and violent conflict",
Political Geography, 26, 2007, pp. 656-673.
[33] R. Reuveny, op. cit., p. 662.
[34] S. Curren, "Migration, Social Capital, and the Environment:
Considering Migrant Selectivity and Networks in Relation to Coastal
Ecosystems" in W. Lutz, A. Prskawetz & W. Sanderson (Eds.)
Population and Environment: Methods of Analysis, Population and
Development Review, a supplement to, 28, 2002, pp 89-125.
[35] R. King (Org.), The Atlas of Human Migration. Global Patterns of
People on the Move, London: Earthscan, 2010.
[36] K. Bruckmeier, "Interdisciplinary Conflict Analysis and Conflict
Mitigation in Local Resource Management", Ambio, 34 (2), 2005, pp.
65-73, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, p. 73.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:50362", author = "Inês Vieira", title = "The Portuguese Press Portrait of “Environmental Refugees“", abstract = "The migration-environment nexus has gained increased interest from the social research field over the last years. While straightly connected to human security issues, this theme has pervaded through the media to the public sphere. Therefore, it is important to observe how did the discussions over environmentally induced migrations develop from the scientific basis to the media attention, passing through some political voices, and in which ways might these messages be interpreted within the broader public discourses. To achieve this purpose, the analysis of the press entries between 2004 and 2010 in three of the main Portuguese newspapers shall be presented, specially reflecting upon the events, protagonists, topics, geographical attributions and terms/expressions used to define those who migrate due to environmental degradation or disasters.
", keywords = "Climate refugees, environmental refugees,
environmentally induced migrations, Portuguese written press", volume = "6", number = "4", pages = "386-6", }
