The Oxidative Stress and the Antioxidant Defense of the Lower Vegetables towards an Environmental Pollution
The use of bioindicators plants (lichens, bryophytes
and Sphagnum....) in monitoring pollution by heavy metals has been
the subject of several works. However, few studies have addressed
the impact of specific type-s pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides.) on
these organisms.
We propose in this work to make the highlighting effect of NPKs
(NPK: nitrogen-phosphate-potassium-sulfate (NP2O5K2O) (15,15,15),
at concentrations of 10, 20, 30 , 40 and 50mM/L) on the activity of
detoxification enzymes (GSH/GST, CAT, APX and MDA) of plant
bioindicators (mosses and lichens) after treatment for 3 and 7 days.
This study shows the important role of the defense system in the
accumulation and tolerance to chemical pollutants through the
activation of enzymatic (GST (glutathione-S-transferase, APX
(ascorbat peroxidase), CAT (catalase)) and nonenzymatic biomarkers
(GSH (glutathione), MDA (malondialdehyde)) against oxidative
stress generated by the NPKs.
[1] Laurent B et Ahmed B.(1991). La germination des semences en
conditions sèches. Sciences et changements planétaires/Sécheresse
2(4) :239-249.
[2] Chambers PA., Guy M., Roberts E., Charlton MN., Kent R., Gagnon C.,
Grove G. et Foster N. (2001). Les éléments nutritifs et leurs effets sur
l-environnement. Agriculture et Agroalimentaire, Environnement
Canada, P├¬ches et Océans Canada, Santé Canada et Ressources
naturelles Canada, Ottawa.
[3] Leclerc J.C. (1999). Ecophysiologie végétale. Publication de l-université
de Saint-Etienne :171-180pages.
[4] Garrec J-P et Van Haluwyn C. (2002) . Biosurveillance végétale de la
qualité de l-air : concepts , méthodes et applications. Paris, TEC & DOC
Eds.
[5] Khaldi F. (2003). Toxicité du nitrate d-ammonium NH4NO3 sur trois
modèles biologiques : les paramécies, les mousses et les lichens. Effet
sur leur métabolisme respiratoire. Mémoire de Magister en Biochimie
Appliquée. Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba : 86pages.
[6] Ozenda, P., 2000. Les végétaux, organisation et diversité biologique
2eme Edition: Masson: pp: 192.
[7] Jahns, H.M., 1989. Guide des fougères, Mousses et Lichens d-Europe.
Edition Delachaux et Nestlé.pp: 224.
[8] Bensoltane, S., F. Khaldi, H. Djebar and M.R. Djebar, 2005. Toxicity of
the ammonium nitrate NH NO on the respiratory metabolism of three
biological models: Parmeciums, mosses and lichens. Comm. Appl. Biol.
Sci. Ghent University,70/4: 1043-1051.
[9] Cakmak I et Horst W.J. (1991). Effect of aluminium on lipid
peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in
root tips of soybean (glycine max).Physiol.Plant 83:463-468.
[10] Nakano Y and Azada K. (1987). Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in
spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and
reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical.Plant Cell
Physiol.28:131-140.
[11] Weckberker G, and Cory G. (1988). Ribonucléotide reductase activity
abd growth of glutathione depleted mouse leukemial 1210 cells in vitro.
Cacer letters 40: 257-264.
[12] Habig W.H , Pabst M.J, Jakoby W.B. (1974). Glutathione Stransferases.
J. Biol.Chem. 249, 7130- 7139.
[13] Bradford M M. (1976 ). A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle
of protein-dye binding. Anal.Biochem.72:248-254.
[14] Alia, Prasad ,K.V.S.K.,Pardha Saradhi P.(1995). Effect of zinc on free
radical and proline in Brassica juncea and Cajanus cajan.
Phytochemestry 39,45-47.
[15] Dagnelie P.(1999).Statistiques théoriques et appliquées. Tome 2 :
références statistiques ├á une et ├á deux dimensions. Bruxelles. Univ De
BOECK et LARCIER, 659 p.
[16] Brunialti G. and Frati L. (2007). Biomonitoring of nine elements by the
lichen Xanthoria parietina in Adriatic Italy: a retrospective study over a
7-year time span, The Science of the Total Environment, 387,p :289-300.
[17] Smirnoff, N. (1998). Plant resistance to environmental stress. Curr.
Opin. Biotechnol.9: 214-219.
[18] Nimptsch J and Pflugmacher S. (2007). Ammonia triggers the promotion
of oxidative stress in the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum
mattogrossense.Chemosphere 66 :708-714.
[19] Asada K . and Takahashi M . (1987). Production and scavenging of
active oxygen in photosynthesis. In: Kyle DJ, Osmond CJ, Arntzen
CJ(Eds), Photo inhibition: topics in Photosynthesis .Elsevier ,
Amsterdam.:227-231.
[20] Zhu YL, Pilon-Smits E, Tarun AS, Jouanin L, Terry N .(1999). Overex
pression of glutathione synthetase in indian mustard enhances cadmium
accumulation and tolerance. Plant Physiology 119: 73-80.
[21] Cao X, Ma L.Q., Tu C.(2004). Antioxydative reponses to arsenic in the
arsenic hyperaccumulator Chinese brake fern environ.Pollut. 128, 317-
325.
[22] Freeman JL, Persans MW, Nieman K, Albrecht C, Peer W, Pickering I,
Salt DE .( 2004). Increased glutathione biosynthesis plays a role in
nickel tolerance in Thlaspi nickel hyperaccumulators. Plant Cell 16:
2176-2191.
[23] Gallego S.M, Benavides M.P and Tomaro M.L. (1996). Effect of heavy
Metal ion excess on sunflower leaves: evidence for involvement of an
oxidative stress.Plant Sci 121: 151- 159.
[24] Nagalakshmi N and Prasad M.N.V. (2001). Reponses of glutathione
cycle enzymes and glutathione metabolism to copper stress in
Scenedesmus bijugatus. Plant Sci 160: 291-299.
[25] Durcuix C, Junot C, Fiévert J.B ,Villiers F, Ezan E and Bourguignon J
.(2006).New insights into the régulation of phytochelation biosynthesis
in A.thaliana cells from metabolite profiling analyses. Biochimie
88 :1733-1742.
[26] Per┼íić A. (2004) . Modalités de contamination par les polluants
organiques persistants des réseaux trophiques lagunaires. Application de
la méthode des isotopes stables .Thèse de Doctorat. Université Paris XI.
p.159.
[27] Lagadic L, Caquet T, Amiard J.C. (1997). Biomarqueurs en
écotoxicologie.Aspects fondamentaux. Ed Masson 196p.
[28] Apel K and Hirt H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism,
oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55:
373-399.
[29] Modenesi P .(1993). An SEM study of injury symptoms in
Parmotremareticulatum treated with paraquat or growing in sulphur
dioxide-polluted air. Lichenologist 25 :423-433.
[30] Loewus F.A .(1998). Ascorbic acid and its metabolic products. In The
Biochemestry of plants, Vol.14(J.Preiss,ed.):85-107. Nrw
York:Academic Press.
[31] Farago E.M.(1994). Plant and Chemical Elements :
Biochemestry,Uptake,Tolerance and Toxicity Ed.VCH32-231.
[32] Mittler R,Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F.(2004).
Réactive oxygen gene network of plants. Tends Plant Sci 9 :490-498.
[33] Foyer CH, Descourvières P, Kunert KJ. (1994a). Protection against
oxygen radicals: an important defence mechanism studied in transgenic
plants. Plant Cell. Env. 17, p. 507-523.
[34] Sinha S, Saxena R and Singh S. (2005). Chromium induced lipid
peroxidation in the plants of Pistia stratiotes L.: role of antioxidants and
antioxidant enzymes.Chemosphere 58, 595-604.
[35] Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi R.D, Govindarajan R, Kuriakose S.V,
Prasad M.N.V. (2006a). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of
antioxidants during cadmium stress in Bacopa monnieri L. Plant Physiol.
Biochem. 44, 25-37.
[36] Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi R.D, Kumar R, Seth C.S, Gupta D.K.
(2006b). Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.)
involves induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant system in response
to its accumulation.Chemosphere 65, 1027-1039.
[37] Dazy M, Masfaraud J.F et Férard J.F. (2009). Induction of oxidative
stress biomarkers associated with heavy metal stress in Fontinalis
antipyretica Hedw.Elsevier. Chemosphere 75 : 297-302.
[38] Narbonne J.F, Garrigues P, Ribera D, Raoux C, Mathieu A, Lemaire
P,Salaun J.P, Lafaurie M. (1991). Mixed-function oxygenase enzymes as
tools for pollution monitoring : field studies on the French coast of the
Mediterranean sea.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100C, 37-42.
[39] Sairam RK , Srivastava GC. (2002). Changes in antioxidant activity in
sub-cellular fraction of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in
response to long term salt stress. Plant Sci. 162: 897-904.
[40] Xue T, Hartikaienen H, Piironen V. (2001). Antioxidative and growthpromoting
effect of selenium on senescing lettuce. Plant Oil 237, p. 55-
61.
[41] De Vos C.H.R, Bookum V.M.T, Vooijs R, Schat H and De Kok
L.J.(1993). Effect of copper on fatty acid composition and peroxidation
of lipids in roots of copper tolerant and sensitive Silene cucubalus.
Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 31(2): 151-158.
[42] Weckx J.E.J and Clijsters H.M.M. (1996). Oxidative damage and
defense mechanisms in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris as a result
of root assimilation of toxic amounts of copper. Physiologia Plantarum.
96 : 506-512.
[1] Laurent B et Ahmed B.(1991). La germination des semences en
conditions sèches. Sciences et changements planétaires/Sécheresse
2(4) :239-249.
[2] Chambers PA., Guy M., Roberts E., Charlton MN., Kent R., Gagnon C.,
Grove G. et Foster N. (2001). Les éléments nutritifs et leurs effets sur
l-environnement. Agriculture et Agroalimentaire, Environnement
Canada, P├¬ches et Océans Canada, Santé Canada et Ressources
naturelles Canada, Ottawa.
[3] Leclerc J.C. (1999). Ecophysiologie végétale. Publication de l-université
de Saint-Etienne :171-180pages.
[4] Garrec J-P et Van Haluwyn C. (2002) . Biosurveillance végétale de la
qualité de l-air : concepts , méthodes et applications. Paris, TEC & DOC
Eds.
[5] Khaldi F. (2003). Toxicité du nitrate d-ammonium NH4NO3 sur trois
modèles biologiques : les paramécies, les mousses et les lichens. Effet
sur leur métabolisme respiratoire. Mémoire de Magister en Biochimie
Appliquée. Université Badji Mokhtar, Annaba : 86pages.
[6] Ozenda, P., 2000. Les végétaux, organisation et diversité biologique
2eme Edition: Masson: pp: 192.
[7] Jahns, H.M., 1989. Guide des fougères, Mousses et Lichens d-Europe.
Edition Delachaux et Nestlé.pp: 224.
[8] Bensoltane, S., F. Khaldi, H. Djebar and M.R. Djebar, 2005. Toxicity of
the ammonium nitrate NH NO on the respiratory metabolism of three
biological models: Parmeciums, mosses and lichens. Comm. Appl. Biol.
Sci. Ghent University,70/4: 1043-1051.
[9] Cakmak I et Horst W.J. (1991). Effect of aluminium on lipid
peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in
root tips of soybean (glycine max).Physiol.Plant 83:463-468.
[10] Nakano Y and Azada K. (1987). Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in
spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and
reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical.Plant Cell
Physiol.28:131-140.
[11] Weckberker G, and Cory G. (1988). Ribonucléotide reductase activity
abd growth of glutathione depleted mouse leukemial 1210 cells in vitro.
Cacer letters 40: 257-264.
[12] Habig W.H , Pabst M.J, Jakoby W.B. (1974). Glutathione Stransferases.
J. Biol.Chem. 249, 7130- 7139.
[13] Bradford M M. (1976 ). A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle
of protein-dye binding. Anal.Biochem.72:248-254.
[14] Alia, Prasad ,K.V.S.K.,Pardha Saradhi P.(1995). Effect of zinc on free
radical and proline in Brassica juncea and Cajanus cajan.
Phytochemestry 39,45-47.
[15] Dagnelie P.(1999).Statistiques théoriques et appliquées. Tome 2 :
références statistiques ├á une et ├á deux dimensions. Bruxelles. Univ De
BOECK et LARCIER, 659 p.
[16] Brunialti G. and Frati L. (2007). Biomonitoring of nine elements by the
lichen Xanthoria parietina in Adriatic Italy: a retrospective study over a
7-year time span, The Science of the Total Environment, 387,p :289-300.
[17] Smirnoff, N. (1998). Plant resistance to environmental stress. Curr.
Opin. Biotechnol.9: 214-219.
[18] Nimptsch J and Pflugmacher S. (2007). Ammonia triggers the promotion
of oxidative stress in the aquatic macrophyte Myriophyllum
mattogrossense.Chemosphere 66 :708-714.
[19] Asada K . and Takahashi M . (1987). Production and scavenging of
active oxygen in photosynthesis. In: Kyle DJ, Osmond CJ, Arntzen
CJ(Eds), Photo inhibition: topics in Photosynthesis .Elsevier ,
Amsterdam.:227-231.
[20] Zhu YL, Pilon-Smits E, Tarun AS, Jouanin L, Terry N .(1999). Overex
pression of glutathione synthetase in indian mustard enhances cadmium
accumulation and tolerance. Plant Physiology 119: 73-80.
[21] Cao X, Ma L.Q., Tu C.(2004). Antioxydative reponses to arsenic in the
arsenic hyperaccumulator Chinese brake fern environ.Pollut. 128, 317-
325.
[22] Freeman JL, Persans MW, Nieman K, Albrecht C, Peer W, Pickering I,
Salt DE .( 2004). Increased glutathione biosynthesis plays a role in
nickel tolerance in Thlaspi nickel hyperaccumulators. Plant Cell 16:
2176-2191.
[23] Gallego S.M, Benavides M.P and Tomaro M.L. (1996). Effect of heavy
Metal ion excess on sunflower leaves: evidence for involvement of an
oxidative stress.Plant Sci 121: 151- 159.
[24] Nagalakshmi N and Prasad M.N.V. (2001). Reponses of glutathione
cycle enzymes and glutathione metabolism to copper stress in
Scenedesmus bijugatus. Plant Sci 160: 291-299.
[25] Durcuix C, Junot C, Fiévert J.B ,Villiers F, Ezan E and Bourguignon J
.(2006).New insights into the régulation of phytochelation biosynthesis
in A.thaliana cells from metabolite profiling analyses. Biochimie
88 :1733-1742.
[26] Per┼íić A. (2004) . Modalités de contamination par les polluants
organiques persistants des réseaux trophiques lagunaires. Application de
la méthode des isotopes stables .Thèse de Doctorat. Université Paris XI.
p.159.
[27] Lagadic L, Caquet T, Amiard J.C. (1997). Biomarqueurs en
écotoxicologie.Aspects fondamentaux. Ed Masson 196p.
[28] Apel K and Hirt H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism,
oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 55:
373-399.
[29] Modenesi P .(1993). An SEM study of injury symptoms in
Parmotremareticulatum treated with paraquat or growing in sulphur
dioxide-polluted air. Lichenologist 25 :423-433.
[30] Loewus F.A .(1998). Ascorbic acid and its metabolic products. In The
Biochemestry of plants, Vol.14(J.Preiss,ed.):85-107. Nrw
York:Academic Press.
[31] Farago E.M.(1994). Plant and Chemical Elements :
Biochemestry,Uptake,Tolerance and Toxicity Ed.VCH32-231.
[32] Mittler R,Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F.(2004).
Réactive oxygen gene network of plants. Tends Plant Sci 9 :490-498.
[33] Foyer CH, Descourvières P, Kunert KJ. (1994a). Protection against
oxygen radicals: an important defence mechanism studied in transgenic
plants. Plant Cell. Env. 17, p. 507-523.
[34] Sinha S, Saxena R and Singh S. (2005). Chromium induced lipid
peroxidation in the plants of Pistia stratiotes L.: role of antioxidants and
antioxidant enzymes.Chemosphere 58, 595-604.
[35] Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi R.D, Govindarajan R, Kuriakose S.V,
Prasad M.N.V. (2006a). Phytochelatin synthesis and response of
antioxidants during cadmium stress in Bacopa monnieri L. Plant Physiol.
Biochem. 44, 25-37.
[36] Mishra S, Srivastava S, Tripathi R.D, Kumar R, Seth C.S, Gupta D.K.
(2006b). Lead detoxification by coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.)
involves induction of phytochelatins and antioxidant system in response
to its accumulation.Chemosphere 65, 1027-1039.
[37] Dazy M, Masfaraud J.F et Férard J.F. (2009). Induction of oxidative
stress biomarkers associated with heavy metal stress in Fontinalis
antipyretica Hedw.Elsevier. Chemosphere 75 : 297-302.
[38] Narbonne J.F, Garrigues P, Ribera D, Raoux C, Mathieu A, Lemaire
P,Salaun J.P, Lafaurie M. (1991). Mixed-function oxygenase enzymes as
tools for pollution monitoring : field studies on the French coast of the
Mediterranean sea.Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 100C, 37-42.
[39] Sairam RK , Srivastava GC. (2002). Changes in antioxidant activity in
sub-cellular fraction of tolerant and susceptible wheat genotypes in
response to long term salt stress. Plant Sci. 162: 897-904.
[40] Xue T, Hartikaienen H, Piironen V. (2001). Antioxidative and growthpromoting
effect of selenium on senescing lettuce. Plant Oil 237, p. 55-
61.
[41] De Vos C.H.R, Bookum V.M.T, Vooijs R, Schat H and De Kok
L.J.(1993). Effect of copper on fatty acid composition and peroxidation
of lipids in roots of copper tolerant and sensitive Silene cucubalus.
Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 31(2): 151-158.
[42] Weckx J.E.J and Clijsters H.M.M. (1996). Oxidative damage and
defense mechanisms in primary leaves of phaseolus vulgaris as a result
of root assimilation of toxic amounts of copper. Physiologia Plantarum.
96 : 506-512.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:49932", author = "Fadila Khaldi and Nedjoud Grara and Houria Berrebbah and Mohamed Réda Djebar", title = "The Oxidative Stress and the Antioxidant Defense of the Lower Vegetables towards an Environmental Pollution", abstract = "The use of bioindicators plants (lichens, bryophytes
and Sphagnum....) in monitoring pollution by heavy metals has been
the subject of several works. However, few studies have addressed
the impact of specific type-s pollutants (fertilizers, pesticides.) on
these organisms.
We propose in this work to make the highlighting effect of NPKs
(NPK: nitrogen-phosphate-potassium-sulfate (NP2O5K2O) (15,15,15),
at concentrations of 10, 20, 30 , 40 and 50mM/L) on the activity of
detoxification enzymes (GSH/GST, CAT, APX and MDA) of plant
bioindicators (mosses and lichens) after treatment for 3 and 7 days.
This study shows the important role of the defense system in the
accumulation and tolerance to chemical pollutants through the
activation of enzymatic (GST (glutathione-S-transferase, APX
(ascorbat peroxidase), CAT (catalase)) and nonenzymatic biomarkers
(GSH (glutathione), MDA (malondialdehyde)) against oxidative
stress generated by the NPKs.", keywords = "NPKs, Bioindicators, lower plants, GSH / GST, CAT, APX and MDA.", volume = "7", number = "4", pages = "190-6", }
