The Greek Version of the Southampton Nostalgia Scale: Psychometric Properties in Young Adults and Associations with Life Satisfaction, Positive and Negative Emotions, Time Perspective and Wellbeing
Nostalgia is characterized as a mental state of human’s emotional longing for the past that activates both positive and negative emotions. The bittersweet emotions that are activated by nostalgia aid psychological functions to humans and are depended on the type of stimuli that evoke nostalgia but also on the nostalgia activation context. In general, despite that nostalgia can be activated and experienced by all people; however, it differs both in terms of nostalgia experience but also nostalgia frequency. As a matter of fact, nostalgia experience along with nostalgia frequency differs according to the level of the nostalgia proneness. People with high nostalgia proneness tend to experience nostalgia more intensely and frequently than people with low nostalgia proneness. Nostalgia proneness is considered as a basic individual difference that affects the experience of nostalgia, and it can be measured by the Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS); a psychometric instrument that measures human’s nostalgia proneness consisting of seven questions that assess a person’s attitude towards nostalgia, the degree of experience or tendency to nostalgic feelings and the nostalgia frequency. In the current study, we translated, validated and calibrated the SNS in Greek population (N = 267). For the calibration process, we used several scales relevant to positive dimensions, such as life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions, time perspective and wellbeing. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed the factors that provide a good Southampton Nostalgia Proneness model fit for young adult Greek population.
[1] Anagnostopoulos, F. & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring Time Perspective in Greek Young Adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and Relationships with Mental Health Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1):41-59. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-011-9792-y
[2] Baldwin, M.W. (2011). Who I Am is Who I Was: Exploring the Identity - Maintenance Function of Nostalgia (MA disserta-tion). University of Kansas, Kansas. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b3f/2dcebc34109c3e641d966b88f4393bfae6f1.pdf
[3] Baldwin, M. & Landau, M. J. (2014). Exploring nostalgia’s influence on psychological growth. Self and Identity, 13, 162-177.https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.772320
[4] Barrett, F.S., Grimm, K.J., Robins, R.W., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Janata, P. (2010). Music-evoked nostalgia: Affect, memory, and personality. Emotion, 10(3), 390-403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019006
[5] Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
[6] Butler, J. & Kern, M.L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
[7] Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E.G., Arndt, J. & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1484-1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187
[8] Cheung, W.Y., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social- connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283- 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.028
[9] Cheung, W.Y., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2017). Nostalgia proneness and reduced prejudice. Personality and Individual differences, 109, 89- 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.045
[10] Cheung, W.Y., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Autobiographical memory functions of nostalgia in comparison to rumination: Similarity and uniqueness. Memory, 26, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1346129
[11] Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774441
[12] Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia, New York: D. Appleton and Company. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/60.2.636
[13] DeVellis, R. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications. Los Angeles: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662169101500413
[14] Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D, Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New Well-Being Measures:Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
[15] Holbrook, M. (1993). Nostalgia and consumption preferences: Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1086/209346
[16] Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1204_4
[17] Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
[18] Hubley, A. (2014). Discriminant validity. In A. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 1664-1667). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_751
[19] Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1984). LISREL-VI user’s guide (3rd ed.). Moorsville, IN: Scientific Software. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124190019001004
[20] Juhl, J., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2010). Fighting the future with the past: Nostalgia buffers existential threat. Journal of Research in Personality, 44 (3), 309- 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.006
[21] Juhl, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Diebel, T., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2017). Nostalgia proneness and empathy: Generality, underlying mechanism, and implications for prosocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 89- 97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12505
[22] Kline, R. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731509336986
[23] Kyriazos, T. A., Stalikas, A., Prassa, K., & Yotsidi, V. (2018b). A 3-Faced Construct Validation and a Bifactor Subjective Well-Being Model Using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Greek Version. Psychology, 9, 1143-1175. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.95071
[24] Kyriazos, T. (2017). Reliability of psychometric instruments. In M. Galanakis, C. Pezirkianidis, & A.
[25] Stalikas (Eds.), Basic Aspects of Psychometrics (pp. 85-121). Athens: Topos Publications.
[26] Madoglou, A., Gkinopoulos, T., Xanthopoulos, P. & Kalamaras, D. (2017), Representations of Autobiographical Nostalgic Memories: Generational Effect, Gender, Nostalgia Proneness and Communication of Nostalgic Experiences. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 7 (1), 60- 88.
[27] Patsiaouras A, Mouzakidis X, Pappas A & Xaritonidi M. (2003). The adaptation of satisfaction with life scale in the Greek language. 1st International Congress on Brain and Behaviour, 20-23 November 2003, Thessaloniki. Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, 2003 2 (Suppl I): 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2832-2-s1-s99
[28] Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., Lakioti, A., & Yotsidi, V. (2019). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in Greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the PERMA Profiler. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00236-7
[29] Piedmont, R. (2014). Inter-item Correlations. In A. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 3303-3304). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1493
[30] Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132- 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001
[31] Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C. & Juhl J. (2013), Nostalgia as a resource for psychological health and Well-being, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7 (11), 808-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12070
[32] Routledge, C. (2016), Nostalgia: a psychological resource, New York: Psychology Press Book. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315669311
[33] Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
[34] Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338
[35] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Baden, D. (2004). Nostalgia: conceptual issues and existential functions. In J. Greenberg, S. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 200–214). New York: Guilford.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020
[36] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Arndt, J., Routledge, C. (2008). Nostalgia: Past, Present and Future. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 304- 307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00595.x
[37] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015a). Nostalgia counteracts self-discontinuity and restores self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2073
[38] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015b). To nostalgize: Mixing memory with affect and desire. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 51 ,189 – 273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001
[39] Seehusen, J., Cordaro, F., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Blackhart, G. C., Epstude, K & Vingerhoets, A., J.J.M. (2013). Individual differences in Nostalgia Proneness: The integrating role of the need to belong. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 904- 908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.020
[40] Tucker, L., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291170
[41] Vandenberg, R. (2006). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105285506
[42] Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
[43] Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Arndt, J. & Cordaro, F. (2010), Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness: The role of attachment-related avoidance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 573-586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017597
[44] Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T. & Gao, D. (2008). Nostalgia Counteracting Loneliness: On the Restorative Function of Nostalgia. Association for Psychological Science, 19 (10), 1023- 1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
[45] Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
[1] Anagnostopoulos, F. & Griva, F. (2012). Exploring Time Perspective in Greek Young Adults: Validation of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and Relationships with Mental Health Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 106(1):41-59. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-011-9792-y
[2] Baldwin, M.W. (2011). Who I Am is Who I Was: Exploring the Identity - Maintenance Function of Nostalgia (MA disserta-tion). University of Kansas, Kansas. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9b3f/2dcebc34109c3e641d966b88f4393bfae6f1.pdf
[3] Baldwin, M. & Landau, M. J. (2014). Exploring nostalgia’s influence on psychological growth. Self and Identity, 13, 162-177.https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2013.772320
[4] Barrett, F.S., Grimm, K.J., Robins, R.W., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., & Janata, P. (2010). Music-evoked nostalgia: Affect, memory, and personality. Emotion, 10(3), 390-403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019006
[5] Bentler, P. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
[6] Butler, J. & Kern, M.L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
[7] Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E.G., Arndt, J. & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1484-1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187
[8] Cheung, W.Y., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2016). Induced nostalgia increases optimism (via social- connectedness and self-esteem) among individuals high, but not low, in trait nostalgia. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 283- 288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.028
[9] Cheung, W.Y., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2017). Nostalgia proneness and reduced prejudice. Personality and Individual differences, 109, 89- 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.045
[10] Cheung, W.Y., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Autobiographical memory functions of nostalgia in comparison to rumination: Similarity and uniqueness. Memory, 26, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1346129
[11] Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2002). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203774441
[12] Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia, New York: D. Appleton and Company. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/60.2.636
[13] DeVellis, R. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications. Los Angeles: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662169101500413
[14] Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D, Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New Well-Being Measures:Short Scales to Assess Flourishing and Positive and Negative Feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
[15] Holbrook, M. (1993). Nostalgia and consumption preferences: Some emerging patterns of consumer tastes. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 245-256. https://doi.org/10.1086/209346
[16] Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76-99). London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1204_4
[17] Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
[18] Hubley, A. (2014). Discriminant validity. In A. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 1664-1667). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_751
[19] Jöreskog, K., & Sörbom, D. (1984). LISREL-VI user’s guide (3rd ed.). Moorsville, IN: Scientific Software. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124190019001004
[20] Juhl, J., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2010). Fighting the future with the past: Nostalgia buffers existential threat. Journal of Research in Personality, 44 (3), 309- 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.006
[21] Juhl, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Diebel, T., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2017). Nostalgia proneness and empathy: Generality, underlying mechanism, and implications for prosocial behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 89- 97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12505
[22] Kline, R. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731509336986
[23] Kyriazos, T. A., Stalikas, A., Prassa, K., & Yotsidi, V. (2018b). A 3-Faced Construct Validation and a Bifactor Subjective Well-Being Model Using the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience, Greek Version. Psychology, 9, 1143-1175. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2018.95071
[24] Kyriazos, T. (2017). Reliability of psychometric instruments. In M. Galanakis, C. Pezirkianidis, & A.
[25] Stalikas (Eds.), Basic Aspects of Psychometrics (pp. 85-121). Athens: Topos Publications.
[26] Madoglou, A., Gkinopoulos, T., Xanthopoulos, P. & Kalamaras, D. (2017), Representations of Autobiographical Nostalgic Memories: Generational Effect, Gender, Nostalgia Proneness and Communication of Nostalgic Experiences. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 7 (1), 60- 88.
[27] Patsiaouras A, Mouzakidis X, Pappas A & Xaritonidi M. (2003). The adaptation of satisfaction with life scale in the Greek language. 1st International Congress on Brain and Behaviour, 20-23 November 2003, Thessaloniki. Annals of General Hospital Psychiatry, 2003 2 (Suppl I): 99. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2832-2-s1-s99
[28] Pezirkianidis, C., Stalikas, A., Lakioti, A., & Yotsidi, V. (2019). Validating a multidimensional measure of wellbeing in Greece: Translation, factor structure, and measurement invariance of the PERMA Profiler. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00236-7
[29] Piedmont, R. (2014). Inter-item Correlations. In A. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 3303-3304). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1493
[30] Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C. & Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 132- 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001
[31] Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C. & Juhl J. (2013), Nostalgia as a resource for psychological health and Well-being, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7 (11), 808-818. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12070
[32] Routledge, C. (2016), Nostalgia: a psychological resource, New York: Psychology Press Book. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315669311
[33] Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002004
[34] Schreiber, J. B., Nora, A., Stage, F. K., Barlow, E. A., & King, J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: A review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6), 323-338. https://doi.org/10.3200/joer.99.6.323-338
[35] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Baden, D. (2004). Nostalgia: conceptual issues and existential functions. In J. Greenberg, S. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 200–214). New York: Guilford.https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020
[36] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Arndt, J., Routledge, C. (2008). Nostalgia: Past, Present and Future. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 304- 307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00595.x
[37] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., & Arndt, J. (2015a). Nostalgia counteracts self-discontinuity and restores self-continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2073
[38] Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015b). To nostalgize: Mixing memory with affect and desire. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 51 ,189 – 273. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001
[39] Seehusen, J., Cordaro, F., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Blackhart, G. C., Epstude, K & Vingerhoets, A., J.J.M. (2013). Individual differences in Nostalgia Proneness: The integrating role of the need to belong. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 904- 908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.020
[40] Tucker, L., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02291170
[41] Vandenberg, R. (2006). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends. Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105285506
[42] Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 975–993. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975
[43] Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Arndt, J. & Cordaro, F. (2010), Nostalgia as a repository of social connectedness: The role of attachment-related avoidance, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 573-586. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017597
[44] Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T. & Gao, D. (2008). Nostalgia Counteracting Loneliness: On the Restorative Function of Nostalgia. Association for Psychological Science, 19 (10), 1023- 1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x
[45] Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:79902", author = "Eirini Petratou and Pezirkianidis Christos and Anastassios Stalikas", title = "The Greek Version of the Southampton Nostalgia Scale: Psychometric Properties in Young Adults and Associations with Life Satisfaction, Positive and Negative Emotions, Time Perspective and Wellbeing", abstract = "Nostalgia is characterized as a mental state of human’s emotional longing for the past that activates both positive and negative emotions. The bittersweet emotions that are activated by nostalgia aid psychological functions to humans and are depended on the type of stimuli that evoke nostalgia but also on the nostalgia activation context. In general, despite that nostalgia can be activated and experienced by all people; however, it differs both in terms of nostalgia experience but also nostalgia frequency. As a matter of fact, nostalgia experience along with nostalgia frequency differs according to the level of the nostalgia proneness. People with high nostalgia proneness tend to experience nostalgia more intensely and frequently than people with low nostalgia proneness. Nostalgia proneness is considered as a basic individual difference that affects the experience of nostalgia, and it can be measured by the Southampton Nostalgia Scale (SNS); a psychometric instrument that measures human’s nostalgia proneness consisting of seven questions that assess a person’s attitude towards nostalgia, the degree of experience or tendency to nostalgic feelings and the nostalgia frequency. In the current study, we translated, validated and calibrated the SNS in Greek population (N = 267). For the calibration process, we used several scales relevant to positive dimensions, such as life satisfaction, positive and negative emotions, time perspective and wellbeing. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed the factors that provide a good Southampton Nostalgia Proneness model fit for young adult Greek population.
", keywords = "Nostalgia proneness, nostalgia, psychometric instruments, positive emotions.", volume = "14", number = "10", pages = "988-7", }
