The Effects of Adding External Mass and Localised Fatigue upon Static and Dynamic Balance
The influence of physical (external added weight) and
neurophysiological (fatigue) factors on static and dynamic balance in
sport related activities was typified statically by the Romberg test
(one foot flat, eyes open) and dynamically by jumping and hopping
in both horizontal and vertical directions. Twenty healthy males were
participated in this study. In Static condition, added weight increased
body-s inertia and therefore decreased body sway in AP direction
though not significantly. Dynamically, added weight significantly
increased body sway in both ML and AP directions, indicating
instability, and the use of the counter rotating segments mechanism to
maintain balance was demonstrated. Fatigue on the other hand
significantly increased body sway during static balance as a
neurophysiological adaptation primarily to the inverted pendulum
mechanism. Dynamically, fatigue significantly increased body sway
in both ML and AP directions again indicating instability but with a
greater use of counter rotating segments mechanism. Differential
adaptations for each of the two balance mechanisms (inverted
pendulum and counter rotating segments) were found between one
foot flat and two feet flat dynamic conditions, as participants relied
more heavily on the first in the one foot flat conditions and relied
more on the second in the two feet flat conditions.
[1] M.Woollacott,A, Shumway-Cook,Attention and the control of posture
and gait: a review of an emerging area of research, Gait and Posture, 16,
2002,1-14.
[2] J. Hamill and M. K. Knutzen. Biomechanical basis of humanmovement
(Book style), 2nd Ed, 2003, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 15-64.
[3] A. L. Hof, M. G. J. Gazendam, and W. E. Sinke. The condition for
dynamic stability, Journal of Biomechanics, 38, 2005, 1-8.
[4] T. Singh and M. Koh. Effects of backpack load position on
spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean, Gait and Posture, 29,
2009, pp. 49-53
[5] K. Grimmer, B. Dansie, S. Milanese, U. Pirunsan and P. Trott.
Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomized
controlled experimental study, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 3, 2002.
pp. 1-10.
[6] M. F., Heller, J. H Challis, and N. A Sharkey. Changes in postural sway
as a consequence of wearing a military backpack, Gait and Posture, 30,
2009.pp. 115-117.
[7] E. A. Wikstrom, M. E. Powers,and M. D. Tillman. Dynamic stabilization
time after isokinetic and functional fatigue, Journal Athletic Training,39,
2004, pp. 247-253.
[8] R. G. Miller, J. A. Kent-Braun. K. R. Sharma and M. W. Weiner,.
Mechanisms of human muscle fatigue: quantitating the contribution of
metabolic factors and activation impairment, Advances in Experimental
Medicine and Biology,384, 1995, pp. 195-210.
[9] M.Simoneau.F.Bégin. and N. Teasdale. The effects of moderate fatigue
on dynamic balance control and attentional demands, Journal of
Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 3, 2006. pp. 1-9.
[10] J. Vanrenterghem. A Lees. M. Lenoir. P Aerts andD. De Clercq.
Performing the vertical jump: Movement adaptations for submaximal
jumping Human Movement Science, Human Movement Science, 22,
2004. pp. 713-727.
[11] G. Borg, (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales(Book style).
Stockholm: Human Kinetics. pp. 55-84.
[12] D. A.Winter. Sagittal plane balance and posture in human walking,
IEEE, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 6, 1987. pp. 8-
11.
[13] E. A. Wikstrom. M. D. Tillman.A. N. Smithand P. A Borsa. A new forceplate
technology measure of dynamic postural stability: The Dynamic
Postural Stability Index, Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 2005. pp. 305-
309.
[14] X. Qu and M. A. Nussbaum. Effects of external loads on balance control
during upright stance: Experimental results and model-based predictions,
Gait and Posture, 29, 2009. pp. 23-30.
[15] C.J. Arellano.C.S. Layne.D.P. O'Connor, M. Scott-Pandorf and M. J.
Kurz. Does Load Carrying Influence Sagittal Plane Locomotive
Stability? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 2009 pp.
620-627.
[16] B. Lobb. Load carriage for fun: a survey of New Zealand trampers, their
activities and injuries, Applied Ergonomics, 35. 2004.pp. 541-547.
[17] K Cheung and Y Hong. The effect of load carriage on gait pattern and
trunk posture in school children, Hong Kong SAR, accessed on
26/09/2009http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/viewFile/2245/2101
[18] D. Abe, K. Yanagawab and S. Niihata. Effects of load carriage, load
position, and walking speed on energy cost of walking, Applied
Ergonomics, 35, 2004. pp. 329-335.
[19] N. Palumbo,B. George,A. Johnson and D. Cade, The effects of backpack
load carrying on dynamic balance as measured by limits of stability,
Work, 16.2001. pp.123-129.
[20] D. T. Ochsendorf, C. G. Mattacola and B. L. Arnold. Effect of orthotics
on postural sway after fatigue of the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors,
Journal of Athletic Training, 35. 2000. pp. 26-30.
[21] K. M. Ramsdell, C. G Mattacola, T. L. Uhl, J. L. McCroy and T. R.
Malone. Effects of two ankle fatigue models on the duration of postural
stability dysfunction, Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 2001. pp. 191-
194.
[22] P. A. Gribble and J. Hertel. Effect of lower-extremity muscle fatigue on
postural control, Archivesof Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85,
2004. pp. 589-592.
[23] B. S. Davidson, M. L. Madigan, M. A. Nussbaum. Effects of lumbar
extensor fatigue and fatigue rate on postural sway, European Journal of
Applied Physiology. 93, 2004. pp. 183-189.
[24] D. C. Dickin. Postural stability in altered and unaltered sensory
environments following fatiguing exercise of lower extremity joints,
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18. 2007. pp.
1-8.
[25] J. W Blaszczyk, J. Cieslinska-Swider, M. Plewa, B. Zahorska-
Markiewicz,. and A. Markiewicz. Effects of excessive body weight on
postural control, Journal of Biomechanics, 42, 2009. pp. 1295-1300.
[26] S. I. Ribas and E. Guirro. Analysis of plantar pressure and postural
balance during different phases of pregnancy, Revista Brasileira de
Fisioterapia, 11, 2007. pp. 391-396.
[27] B.E. Maki. A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in
an ambulatory and independent elderly population. Journal of
Gerontology, medical science, 49, 1994. pp. 72-84.
[1] M.Woollacott,A, Shumway-Cook,Attention and the control of posture
and gait: a review of an emerging area of research, Gait and Posture, 16,
2002,1-14.
[2] J. Hamill and M. K. Knutzen. Biomechanical basis of humanmovement
(Book style), 2nd Ed, 2003, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 15-64.
[3] A. L. Hof, M. G. J. Gazendam, and W. E. Sinke. The condition for
dynamic stability, Journal of Biomechanics, 38, 2005, 1-8.
[4] T. Singh and M. Koh. Effects of backpack load position on
spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean, Gait and Posture, 29,
2009, pp. 49-53
[5] K. Grimmer, B. Dansie, S. Milanese, U. Pirunsan and P. Trott.
Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomized
controlled experimental study, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 3, 2002.
pp. 1-10.
[6] M. F., Heller, J. H Challis, and N. A Sharkey. Changes in postural sway
as a consequence of wearing a military backpack, Gait and Posture, 30,
2009.pp. 115-117.
[7] E. A. Wikstrom, M. E. Powers,and M. D. Tillman. Dynamic stabilization
time after isokinetic and functional fatigue, Journal Athletic Training,39,
2004, pp. 247-253.
[8] R. G. Miller, J. A. Kent-Braun. K. R. Sharma and M. W. Weiner,.
Mechanisms of human muscle fatigue: quantitating the contribution of
metabolic factors and activation impairment, Advances in Experimental
Medicine and Biology,384, 1995, pp. 195-210.
[9] M.Simoneau.F.Bégin. and N. Teasdale. The effects of moderate fatigue
on dynamic balance control and attentional demands, Journal of
Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation. 3, 2006. pp. 1-9.
[10] J. Vanrenterghem. A Lees. M. Lenoir. P Aerts andD. De Clercq.
Performing the vertical jump: Movement adaptations for submaximal
jumping Human Movement Science, Human Movement Science, 22,
2004. pp. 713-727.
[11] G. Borg, (1998). Borg's perceived exertion and pain scales(Book style).
Stockholm: Human Kinetics. pp. 55-84.
[12] D. A.Winter. Sagittal plane balance and posture in human walking,
IEEE, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 6, 1987. pp. 8-
11.
[13] E. A. Wikstrom. M. D. Tillman.A. N. Smithand P. A Borsa. A new forceplate
technology measure of dynamic postural stability: The Dynamic
Postural Stability Index, Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 2005. pp. 305-
309.
[14] X. Qu and M. A. Nussbaum. Effects of external loads on balance control
during upright stance: Experimental results and model-based predictions,
Gait and Posture, 29, 2009. pp. 23-30.
[15] C.J. Arellano.C.S. Layne.D.P. O'Connor, M. Scott-Pandorf and M. J.
Kurz. Does Load Carrying Influence Sagittal Plane Locomotive
Stability? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41, 2009 pp.
620-627.
[16] B. Lobb. Load carriage for fun: a survey of New Zealand trampers, their
activities and injuries, Applied Ergonomics, 35. 2004.pp. 541-547.
[17] K Cheung and Y Hong. The effect of load carriage on gait pattern and
trunk posture in school children, Hong Kong SAR, accessed on
26/09/2009http://w4.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/viewFile/2245/2101
[18] D. Abe, K. Yanagawab and S. Niihata. Effects of load carriage, load
position, and walking speed on energy cost of walking, Applied
Ergonomics, 35, 2004. pp. 329-335.
[19] N. Palumbo,B. George,A. Johnson and D. Cade, The effects of backpack
load carrying on dynamic balance as measured by limits of stability,
Work, 16.2001. pp.123-129.
[20] D. T. Ochsendorf, C. G. Mattacola and B. L. Arnold. Effect of orthotics
on postural sway after fatigue of the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors,
Journal of Athletic Training, 35. 2000. pp. 26-30.
[21] K. M. Ramsdell, C. G Mattacola, T. L. Uhl, J. L. McCroy and T. R.
Malone. Effects of two ankle fatigue models on the duration of postural
stability dysfunction, Journal of Athletic Training, 40, 2001. pp. 191-
194.
[22] P. A. Gribble and J. Hertel. Effect of lower-extremity muscle fatigue on
postural control, Archivesof Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 85,
2004. pp. 589-592.
[23] B. S. Davidson, M. L. Madigan, M. A. Nussbaum. Effects of lumbar
extensor fatigue and fatigue rate on postural sway, European Journal of
Applied Physiology. 93, 2004. pp. 183-189.
[24] D. C. Dickin. Postural stability in altered and unaltered sensory
environments following fatiguing exercise of lower extremity joints,
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 18. 2007. pp.
1-8.
[25] J. W Blaszczyk, J. Cieslinska-Swider, M. Plewa, B. Zahorska-
Markiewicz,. and A. Markiewicz. Effects of excessive body weight on
postural control, Journal of Biomechanics, 42, 2009. pp. 1295-1300.
[26] S. I. Ribas and E. Guirro. Analysis of plantar pressure and postural
balance during different phases of pregnancy, Revista Brasileira de
Fisioterapia, 11, 2007. pp. 391-396.
[27] B.E. Maki. A prospective study of postural balance and risk of falling in
an ambulatory and independent elderly population. Journal of
Gerontology, medical science, 49, 1994. pp. 72-84.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:59451", author = "K. Abuzayan and H. Alabed and S. Ali", title = "The Effects of Adding External Mass and Localised Fatigue upon Static and Dynamic Balance", abstract = "The influence of physical (external added weight) and
neurophysiological (fatigue) factors on static and dynamic balance in
sport related activities was typified statically by the Romberg test
(one foot flat, eyes open) and dynamically by jumping and hopping
in both horizontal and vertical directions. Twenty healthy males were
participated in this study. In Static condition, added weight increased
body-s inertia and therefore decreased body sway in AP direction
though not significantly. Dynamically, added weight significantly
increased body sway in both ML and AP directions, indicating
instability, and the use of the counter rotating segments mechanism to
maintain balance was demonstrated. Fatigue on the other hand
significantly increased body sway during static balance as a
neurophysiological adaptation primarily to the inverted pendulum
mechanism. Dynamically, fatigue significantly increased body sway
in both ML and AP directions again indicating instability but with a
greater use of counter rotating segments mechanism. Differential
adaptations for each of the two balance mechanisms (inverted
pendulum and counter rotating segments) were found between one
foot flat and two feet flat dynamic conditions, as participants relied
more heavily on the first in the one foot flat conditions and relied
more on the second in the two feet flat conditions.", keywords = "Adding external mass, Dynamic balance, Localised fatigue, Static balance.", volume = "7", number = "5", pages = "197-13", }
