The Effect of Different Levels of Seed and Extract of Harmal (Peganum harmala L.) on Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks
The present study was carried out to evaluate the
effect of different levels of dietary seed and extract of Harmal
(Peganum harmala L.) on immunity of broiler chicks. A total of 350
one-day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to
five dietary treatments with four replicates pen of 14 birds each.
Dietary treatments consisted of control, 1 and 2 g/kg Harmal seed in
diet, 100 and 200 mg/L Harmal seed extract in water. Broilers
received dietary treatments from 1 to 42 d. Two birds from each pen
were randomly weighed and sacrificed at 42 d of age, the relative
weight of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabercius and spleen) to live
weight were calculated. Antibody titers against Newcastle and
influenza viruses and sheep red blood cell were measured at 30 d of
age. Results showed that the relative weights of lymphoid organs
were not affected by dietary treatments. Furthermore, antibody titer
against Newcastle and influenza viruses as well as sheep red blood
cell antigen were significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by feeding Harmal
seed and extract. In conclusion, the results indicated that dietary
inclusion of Harmal seed and extract enhanced immunological
responses in broiler chicks.
[1] H.C. Wegener, F.M. Aarestrup, L.B. Jensen, A.M. Hammerum, F.
Bager, “The association between the use of antimicrobial growth
promoters and development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria towards
growth promoting and therapeutic antimicrobials,” J. Anim. Feed Sci.,
vol. 7, pp.7-1, 1998.
[2] I. Phillips, M. Casewell, T. Cox, B. De Groot, C. Friis, R. Jones, C.
Nightingale, R. Preston, J. Waddell, “Does the use of antibiotics in food
animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published
data” J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 53, pp. 28–52, 2004.
[3] M. K. Glynn, C. Bopp, W. Dewitt, P. Dabney, M. Mokhtar, F.J. Angulo,
“Emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype
typhimurium DT104 infections in the United States,” New England J.
Med., vol. 338, pp. 1333-1339, 1998.
[4] P. D. Fey, T. J. Safranek, M. E. Rupp, E.F. Dunne, E. Ribot,
“Cefriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from
cattle,” New England J. Med., vol. 432, pp. 1242-1249, 2000.
[5] H. J. D. Dorman, S. G. Deans, “Antimicrobial agents from plants:
antimicrobial activity of plant volatile oils,” J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 83,
pp. 308-316, 2000.
[6] B.C. Arldogan, H. Baydar, S. Kaya, M. Demirci, D. Ozbasar, E.Mumcu,
“Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential
oils,” Arch. Pharmacol. Res., Vol 25, pp. 860-864, 2002.
[7] I.M.K. Abaza, M.A. Asar, G.E. Elshaarrawi, M.F. Hassan, “Effect of
using nigella seeds,chamomile flowers, thyme flowers and harmal seeds
as feed additives on performance of broiler,” Egypt. J. Agric. Res., vol.
81, pp. 735-750, 2003.
[8] V.F. Samanidou, E.N. Evaggelopoulou, “Chromatographic analysis of
banned antibacterial growth promoters in animal feed,” J. Sep. Sci., vol.
31, pp. 2091-2112, 2008.
[9] M.M. Cowan, “Plant products as antimicrobial agents” Clinic.
Microbiol. Rev. vol.12,pp. 564-582, 1999.
[10] M. Charai, M. Mosaddak, M. Faid, “Chemical composition and
antimicrobial activities of two aromatic plants: Origanum majorana L.
and O. compactum Benth,” J. Essential Oil Res., vol. 8, pp. 657–664,
1996.
[11] N. A. Botsoglou, P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, D. J. Fletouris, A. B.
Spais, “Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of
chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and
abdominal fat tissues,” Brit. Poult. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 223-230, 2002.
[12] L. Korimova, J. Nagy, D. Mate, P. Korim, P. Turek, “Influence of
rosemary and ascorbic acid on stability of fats in, Cingovska salama,
stored in nonstandard conditions,” Slovenska Vet. J. vol. 28, pp. 35-36,
2003.
[13] K.H. Bang, D. W. Lee, H. M. Park, Y. H. Rhee, “Inhibition of fungal
cell wall synthesizing enzymes by trans-cinnamaldehyde,” Biosci.
Biotechnol. Biochem., vol 64,pp. 1061-1063, 2000.
[14] C. Bodinet, R. Mentel, U. Wegner, U. Lindequist, E. Teuscher, J.
Freudenstine, “Effect of oral application of an immunomodulating plant
extract on influenza type A infection in mice,” Planta Med., vol 68, pp.
896-900, 2002.
[15] K.R. Sharma, M. Agrawal, M.F. Marshall, “Heavy metals in vegetables
collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of
India,” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 47, pp. 583-591, 2009.
[16] P. Arumugam, N. Gayatri Priya, M. Subathra, A. Ramesh, “Antiinflammatory
activity of four solvent fractions of ethanol extract of
menthe spicata l. investigated on acute and chronic inflammation
induced rats,” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., Vol. 26, pp. 92-95, 2008.
[17] M. Toghyani, M. Toghyani, A. Gheisari, G. Ghalamkari, M.
Mohammadrezaei, “Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and
blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed
(Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita),” Livest. Sci., vol.
129, pp. 173-178, 2010.
[18] N. Landy, G. Ghalamkari, M. Toghyani, “Performance, carcass
characteristics, and immunity in broiler chickens fed dietary Neem
(Azadirachta indica) as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter,”
Livest. Sci., vol. 142, pp. 305-309, 2011.
[19] T. Herraiz, D. Gonzalez, C. Ancin-Apilicueta, V. J. Aran, H. Guillen,
“Beta-Carboline alkaloids in Pegannum harmala and inhibition of
human monoamine oxidase (MAO),” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 48, pp.
839-45, 2010.
[20] L. Farouk, A. Laroubl, R. Aboufatima, A. Benharref, A. Chait,
“Antinociceptive activity of various extracts of peganum harmala L. and
possible mechanism of action,” Iran. J. Pharmacol. Therapeutics, vol. 8,
pp. 29-35, 2008.
[21] G. Frison, D. Favretto, F. Zancanaro, G. Fazzin, S.D. Ferrara, “A case of
bcarboline alkaloid intoxication following ingestion of Peganum
harmala seed extract,” For. Sci. Int., vol. 179, pp. e37–e43, 2009.
[22] A.M. Soliman, S.R. Fahmy, “Protective and curative effects of the
15KD isolated protein from the Peganum harmala L.seeds against
carbon tetrachloride oxidative stress in brain, tests and erythrocytes of
rats,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 888-90, 2011.
[23] A.F. Abdel-Fattah, K. Matsumoto, H.A. Gammaz, H. Watanabe,
“Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of
serotonergic mechanism,” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., vol. 52, pp. 421
– 6, 1995.
[24] H.R. Monsef, A. Ghobadi, M. Iranshahi, A. Abdollahi, “Antinociceptive
effects of Peganum harmala L. alkaloid extract on mouse formalin test,”
J. Pharmaceut. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 221-222, 2004.
[25] S.M. Adams, “The antineoplastic effects of prunusarmeniaca and
Peganum harmala,” Dis. Abstr. Int. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 1052- 1055, 1983.
[26] A.R. Shahverdi, H. R. Monsef-Esfahani, B. Nickavar, L. Bitarafan, S.
Khodaee, N. Khoshakhlagh, “Antimicrobial activity and main chemical
composition of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds.
Z. Naturforsch,” Chinese J. Biosci., vol. 60, pp.707–710, 2005.
[27] K. Hamdan, H. Masmoudi, F. Ellouz, A. ElFeki, S. Carreau, “Protective
effects of Peganum harmala extracts on thiourea-induced diseases in
adult male rat” J. Env. Bio., vol. 29, pp. 73-77, 2008.
[28] S.Q. Walid, “The effect of low levels of dietary Peganum harmala L.
and Ballota undulata or their mixture on chicks,” J. Anim. Vet. Adv., vol.
8, 1535-1538, 2009.
[29] SAS Institute, “SAS User’s Guide,” Version 8.02 ed. SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC. 2001.
[30] H. Berrougui, M. Isabelle, M. Cloutier, M. Hmamouchi, A. Khalil,
“Protective effects of Peganum harmala L. extract, harmine and
harmaline against human low–desity lipoprotein oxidation,” J.
Pharmacy & Pharamacol., vol. 58, pp. 967-974, 2006. [31] J.C. Callaway, D.J. McKenna, C.S. Grob, G.S. Brito, L.P. Raymon,
R.E.Poland, E.N. Andrade, E.O. Andrade, D.C. Mash,
“Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans,” J.
Ethnopharmacol. vol. 65, pp. 243–256, 1999.
[32] D.J. McKenna, J.C. Callaway, C.S. Grob, “The sciencific investigation
of Ayahuasca: a review of past and current research,” Heffter Rev.
Psychedelic Res. Vol. 1, pp. 65–76, 1998.
[33] M.B.H. Youdim, D. Edmondson, K.F. Tipton, “The therapeutic potential
of monoamine oxidase inhibitors,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. Vol. 7, pp. 295–
309, 2006.
[34] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by
tobacco smoke: b-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible
inhibitors,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Vol. 326, pp. 378–386,
2005.
[35] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Analysis of monoamine oxidase enzymatic
activity by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and
inhibition by b-carboline alkaloids occurring in foods and plants,” J.
Chromatogr. Vol. 1120, pp. 237– 243, 2006a.
[36] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition
by coffee and b-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee,”
Life Sci. vol.78, pp. 795–802, 2006b.
[1] H.C. Wegener, F.M. Aarestrup, L.B. Jensen, A.M. Hammerum, F.
Bager, “The association between the use of antimicrobial growth
promoters and development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria towards
growth promoting and therapeutic antimicrobials,” J. Anim. Feed Sci.,
vol. 7, pp.7-1, 1998.
[2] I. Phillips, M. Casewell, T. Cox, B. De Groot, C. Friis, R. Jones, C.
Nightingale, R. Preston, J. Waddell, “Does the use of antibiotics in food
animals pose a risk to human health? A critical review of published
data” J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol. 53, pp. 28–52, 2004.
[3] M. K. Glynn, C. Bopp, W. Dewitt, P. Dabney, M. Mokhtar, F.J. Angulo,
“Emergence of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype
typhimurium DT104 infections in the United States,” New England J.
Med., vol. 338, pp. 1333-1339, 1998.
[4] P. D. Fey, T. J. Safranek, M. E. Rupp, E.F. Dunne, E. Ribot,
“Cefriaxone-resistant salmonella infection acquired by a child from
cattle,” New England J. Med., vol. 432, pp. 1242-1249, 2000.
[5] H. J. D. Dorman, S. G. Deans, “Antimicrobial agents from plants:
antimicrobial activity of plant volatile oils,” J. Appl. Microbiol., vol. 83,
pp. 308-316, 2000.
[6] B.C. Arldogan, H. Baydar, S. Kaya, M. Demirci, D. Ozbasar, E.Mumcu,
“Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of some essential
oils,” Arch. Pharmacol. Res., Vol 25, pp. 860-864, 2002.
[7] I.M.K. Abaza, M.A. Asar, G.E. Elshaarrawi, M.F. Hassan, “Effect of
using nigella seeds,chamomile flowers, thyme flowers and harmal seeds
as feed additives on performance of broiler,” Egypt. J. Agric. Res., vol.
81, pp. 735-750, 2003.
[8] V.F. Samanidou, E.N. Evaggelopoulou, “Chromatographic analysis of
banned antibacterial growth promoters in animal feed,” J. Sep. Sci., vol.
31, pp. 2091-2112, 2008.
[9] M.M. Cowan, “Plant products as antimicrobial agents” Clinic.
Microbiol. Rev. vol.12,pp. 564-582, 1999.
[10] M. Charai, M. Mosaddak, M. Faid, “Chemical composition and
antimicrobial activities of two aromatic plants: Origanum majorana L.
and O. compactum Benth,” J. Essential Oil Res., vol. 8, pp. 657–664,
1996.
[11] N. A. Botsoglou, P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, D. J. Fletouris, A. B.
Spais, “Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of
chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and
abdominal fat tissues,” Brit. Poult. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 223-230, 2002.
[12] L. Korimova, J. Nagy, D. Mate, P. Korim, P. Turek, “Influence of
rosemary and ascorbic acid on stability of fats in, Cingovska salama,
stored in nonstandard conditions,” Slovenska Vet. J. vol. 28, pp. 35-36,
2003.
[13] K.H. Bang, D. W. Lee, H. M. Park, Y. H. Rhee, “Inhibition of fungal
cell wall synthesizing enzymes by trans-cinnamaldehyde,” Biosci.
Biotechnol. Biochem., vol 64,pp. 1061-1063, 2000.
[14] C. Bodinet, R. Mentel, U. Wegner, U. Lindequist, E. Teuscher, J.
Freudenstine, “Effect of oral application of an immunomodulating plant
extract on influenza type A infection in mice,” Planta Med., vol 68, pp.
896-900, 2002.
[15] K.R. Sharma, M. Agrawal, M.F. Marshall, “Heavy metals in vegetables
collected from production and market sites of a tropical urban area of
India,” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 47, pp. 583-591, 2009.
[16] P. Arumugam, N. Gayatri Priya, M. Subathra, A. Ramesh, “Antiinflammatory
activity of four solvent fractions of ethanol extract of
menthe spicata l. investigated on acute and chronic inflammation
induced rats,” Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., Vol. 26, pp. 92-95, 2008.
[17] M. Toghyani, M. Toghyani, A. Gheisari, G. Ghalamkari, M.
Mohammadrezaei, “Growth performance, serum biochemistry, and
blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed
(Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita),” Livest. Sci., vol.
129, pp. 173-178, 2010.
[18] N. Landy, G. Ghalamkari, M. Toghyani, “Performance, carcass
characteristics, and immunity in broiler chickens fed dietary Neem
(Azadirachta indica) as alternative for an antibiotic growth promoter,”
Livest. Sci., vol. 142, pp. 305-309, 2011.
[19] T. Herraiz, D. Gonzalez, C. Ancin-Apilicueta, V. J. Aran, H. Guillen,
“Beta-Carboline alkaloids in Pegannum harmala and inhibition of
human monoamine oxidase (MAO),” Food Chem. Toxicol., vol. 48, pp.
839-45, 2010.
[20] L. Farouk, A. Laroubl, R. Aboufatima, A. Benharref, A. Chait,
“Antinociceptive activity of various extracts of peganum harmala L. and
possible mechanism of action,” Iran. J. Pharmacol. Therapeutics, vol. 8,
pp. 29-35, 2008.
[21] G. Frison, D. Favretto, F. Zancanaro, G. Fazzin, S.D. Ferrara, “A case of
bcarboline alkaloid intoxication following ingestion of Peganum
harmala seed extract,” For. Sci. Int., vol. 179, pp. e37–e43, 2009.
[22] A.M. Soliman, S.R. Fahmy, “Protective and curative effects of the
15KD isolated protein from the Peganum harmala L.seeds against
carbon tetrachloride oxidative stress in brain, tests and erythrocytes of
rats,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 888-90, 2011.
[23] A.F. Abdel-Fattah, K. Matsumoto, H.A. Gammaz, H. Watanabe,
“Hypothermic effect of harmala alkaloid in rats: involvement of
serotonergic mechanism,” Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., vol. 52, pp. 421
– 6, 1995.
[24] H.R. Monsef, A. Ghobadi, M. Iranshahi, A. Abdollahi, “Antinociceptive
effects of Peganum harmala L. alkaloid extract on mouse formalin test,”
J. Pharmaceut. Sci., vol. 19, pp. 221-222, 2004.
[25] S.M. Adams, “The antineoplastic effects of prunusarmeniaca and
Peganum harmala,” Dis. Abstr. Int. Sci., vol. 44, pp. 1052- 1055, 1983.
[26] A.R. Shahverdi, H. R. Monsef-Esfahani, B. Nickavar, L. Bitarafan, S.
Khodaee, N. Khoshakhlagh, “Antimicrobial activity and main chemical
composition of two smoke condensates from Peganum harmala seeds.
Z. Naturforsch,” Chinese J. Biosci., vol. 60, pp.707–710, 2005.
[27] K. Hamdan, H. Masmoudi, F. Ellouz, A. ElFeki, S. Carreau, “Protective
effects of Peganum harmala extracts on thiourea-induced diseases in
adult male rat” J. Env. Bio., vol. 29, pp. 73-77, 2008.
[28] S.Q. Walid, “The effect of low levels of dietary Peganum harmala L.
and Ballota undulata or their mixture on chicks,” J. Anim. Vet. Adv., vol.
8, 1535-1538, 2009.
[29] SAS Institute, “SAS User’s Guide,” Version 8.02 ed. SAS Institute Inc.,
Cary, NC. 2001.
[30] H. Berrougui, M. Isabelle, M. Cloutier, M. Hmamouchi, A. Khalil,
“Protective effects of Peganum harmala L. extract, harmine and
harmaline against human low–desity lipoprotein oxidation,” J.
Pharmacy & Pharamacol., vol. 58, pp. 967-974, 2006. [31] J.C. Callaway, D.J. McKenna, C.S. Grob, G.S. Brito, L.P. Raymon,
R.E.Poland, E.N. Andrade, E.O. Andrade, D.C. Mash,
“Pharmacokinetics of hoasca alkaloids in healthy humans,” J.
Ethnopharmacol. vol. 65, pp. 243–256, 1999.
[32] D.J. McKenna, J.C. Callaway, C.S. Grob, “The sciencific investigation
of Ayahuasca: a review of past and current research,” Heffter Rev.
Psychedelic Res. Vol. 1, pp. 65–76, 1998.
[33] M.B.H. Youdim, D. Edmondson, K.F. Tipton, “The therapeutic potential
of monoamine oxidase inhibitors,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci. Vol. 7, pp. 295–
309, 2006.
[34] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by
tobacco smoke: b-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible
inhibitors,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. Vol. 326, pp. 378–386,
2005.
[35] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Analysis of monoamine oxidase enzymatic
activity by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and
inhibition by b-carboline alkaloids occurring in foods and plants,” J.
Chromatogr. Vol. 1120, pp. 237– 243, 2006a.
[36] T. Herraiz, C. Chaparro, “Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition
by coffee and b-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee,”
Life Sci. vol.78, pp. 795–802, 2006b.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:68935", author = "M. Toghyani and A. Ghasemi and S. A. Tabeidian", title = "The Effect of Different Levels of Seed and Extract of Harmal (Peganum harmala L.) on Immune Responses of Broiler Chicks", abstract = "The present study was carried out to evaluate the
effect of different levels of dietary seed and extract of Harmal
(Peganum harmala L.) on immunity of broiler chicks. A total of 350
one-day old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to
five dietary treatments with four replicates pen of 14 birds each.
Dietary treatments consisted of control, 1 and 2 g/kg Harmal seed in
diet, 100 and 200 mg/L Harmal seed extract in water. Broilers
received dietary treatments from 1 to 42 d. Two birds from each pen
were randomly weighed and sacrificed at 42 d of age, the relative
weight of lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabercius and spleen) to live
weight were calculated. Antibody titers against Newcastle and
influenza viruses and sheep red blood cell were measured at 30 d of
age. Results showed that the relative weights of lymphoid organs
were not affected by dietary treatments. Furthermore, antibody titer
against Newcastle and influenza viruses as well as sheep red blood
cell antigen were significantly (P", keywords = "Broiler chicks, Harmal, immunity.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "51-4", }
