Synergy in Vertical Transformations of Expert Designers
Existing literature ondesign reasoning seems to give
either one sided accounts on expert design behaviour based on
internal processing. In the same way ecological theoriesseem to
focus one sidedly on external elementsthat result in a lack of unifying
design cognition theory. Although current extended design cognition
studies acknowledge the intellectual interaction between internal and
external resources, there still seems to be insufficient understanding
of the complexities involved in such interactive processes. As
such,this paper proposes a novelmulti-directional model for design
researchers tomap the complex and dynamic conduct controlling
behaviour in which both the computational and ecological
perspectives are integrated in a vertical manner. A clear distinction
between identified intentional and emerging physical drivers, and
relationships between them during the early phases of experts- design
process, is demonstrated by presenting a case study in which the
model was employed.
[1] R. Arnheim, "Sketching and the psychology of design," Design Issues,
vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 15-19, 1993.
[2] J.H Larkin and H.A. Simon, "Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten
thousand words,"Cognitive Science, vol. 11, pp. 65-99, 1987.
[3] K.A. Ericsson, and A.C. Lehmann, "Expert and exceptional
performance: Evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints,"
Annual Review Psychology, vol. 47, pp. 273-305,1996.
[4] A. Newell, and H.A. Simon, Human Problem Solving, Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972, ch. 2.
[5] D. Kirsh, "Problem solving and situation cognition," in The Cambridge
Handbook of Situated Cognition, P. Robbins and M. Aydede, Eds,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[6] N. Goodman, Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols.,
Indianapolis: Hackett, 2nd ed, 1976.
[7] L.A. Liikkanen, "Exploring Problem Decomposition in Conceptual
Design Among Novice Designers," Design Studies, vol. 30, no.1, p. 38
- 59, Jan. 2009.
[8] V. Goel, Sketches of Thought, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995, ch. 3.
[9] M.R. Dillon, "Dynamic design: Cognitive processes in design
sketching," Indiana Undergraduate Journal of Cognitive Science, no. 5,
pp. 28-43, 2010.
[10] G. Haupt, "The cognitive dynamics of socio-technological thinking in
the early phases of expert designers- design process," in Faculty of
Education, Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 2013. A. Basden, "A
Philosophical Underpinning for ISD," inProc. 10th European
Conference on Information Systems, Information Systems and the Future
of the DigitalEconomy, Gdansk, Poland, 2002, pp. 68 - 78.
[11] Basden, A. 2000. The Aspectual Framework of Meaning.
http://www.dooy.salford.ac.uk/contact.html
[12] G. Goldschmidt, "The dialectics of sketching," Creativity Research
Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 123 - 143, 1991.
[13] M.J. Suwa, Gero, and T. Purcell. "The Roles of Sketches in Early
Conceptual Design Processes," in Proc.20th Annu. Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum,
1998.
[14] I. Shani, "Making it mental: In search for the golden mean of the
extended cognition controversy," Phenomenology and the Cognitive
Sciences, submitted for publication.
[15] A. Clark, "Language, Embodiment, and the Cognitive Niche," Trends in
Cognitive Sciences, vol.1, no. 8, pp. 370 - 375, 2006.
[16] N. Cross, "Creativity in design: analyzing and modelling the creative
leap,"Dig.Leonardo, vol. 30, no.4, pp. 311 - 317, 1997.
[17] M.H. Kim, Y.S. Kim, H.S. Lee, and J.A. Park, "An Underlying
Cognitive Aspect of Design Creativity: Limited Commitment Mode
Control Strategy,"Design Studies, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 585 - 604, Nov.
2007.
[18] V. Goel, and P. Pirolli, "The structure of design problem spaces,"
Cognitive Science, vol. 16, no 3, pp. 395 - 429, Jul. 1992.
[19] L.A Liikkanen, "Design cognition for conceptual design, in School of
Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,"
University of Aalto: Espoo, Finland, 2010.
[20] M. Suwa, and B. Tversky, "How do designers shift their focus of
attention in their own sketches?" in Reasoning with Diagrammatic
Representations: AAAI SpringSymposium, 1997, pp. 102-108.
[21] B. Lawson, and K. Dorst, Design Expertise, Oxford: Architectural
Press, 2009, ch 3.
[22] M. Suwa, T. Purcell, and J. Gero, "Macroscopic Analysis of Design
Processes Based on a Scheme for Coding Designers' Cognitive Actions,"
Design Studies, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 455-483, Oct. 1998.
[23] G.C. Van Orden and J.G. Holden, "Intentional Contents and Self-
Control," Ecological Psychology, vol. 14, no. 1/2, pp. 87 - 109, 2002.
[24] K.A. Ericsson, "The search for general abilities and basic capacities.
Theoretical implications from the modifiability and complexity of
mechanisms mediating expert performance," in R.J. Sternberg and E.L.
Grigorenko, The Psychology of Abilities, Compentencies and Expertise,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93 - 125, 2003.
[25] S. Dewitte, T. Verguts and W. Lens, "Implementation Intentions Do Not
Enhance All Types of Goals: The Moderating Role of Goal
Difficulty,"Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality,
Society, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 73 - 89, Spring 2003.
[26] M. Suwa, and B. Tversky. "What Architects See in their Design
Sketches," Design Studies, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 385, 1996.
[1] R. Arnheim, "Sketching and the psychology of design," Design Issues,
vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 15-19, 1993.
[2] J.H Larkin and H.A. Simon, "Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten
thousand words,"Cognitive Science, vol. 11, pp. 65-99, 1987.
[3] K.A. Ericsson, and A.C. Lehmann, "Expert and exceptional
performance: Evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints,"
Annual Review Psychology, vol. 47, pp. 273-305,1996.
[4] A. Newell, and H.A. Simon, Human Problem Solving, Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972, ch. 2.
[5] D. Kirsh, "Problem solving and situation cognition," in The Cambridge
Handbook of Situated Cognition, P. Robbins and M. Aydede, Eds,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[6] N. Goodman, Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols.,
Indianapolis: Hackett, 2nd ed, 1976.
[7] L.A. Liikkanen, "Exploring Problem Decomposition in Conceptual
Design Among Novice Designers," Design Studies, vol. 30, no.1, p. 38
- 59, Jan. 2009.
[8] V. Goel, Sketches of Thought, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995, ch. 3.
[9] M.R. Dillon, "Dynamic design: Cognitive processes in design
sketching," Indiana Undergraduate Journal of Cognitive Science, no. 5,
pp. 28-43, 2010.
[10] G. Haupt, "The cognitive dynamics of socio-technological thinking in
the early phases of expert designers- design process," in Faculty of
Education, Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 2013. A. Basden, "A
Philosophical Underpinning for ISD," inProc. 10th European
Conference on Information Systems, Information Systems and the Future
of the DigitalEconomy, Gdansk, Poland, 2002, pp. 68 - 78.
[11] Basden, A. 2000. The Aspectual Framework of Meaning.
http://www.dooy.salford.ac.uk/contact.html
[12] G. Goldschmidt, "The dialectics of sketching," Creativity Research
Journal, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 123 - 143, 1991.
[13] M.J. Suwa, Gero, and T. Purcell. "The Roles of Sketches in Early
Conceptual Design Processes," in Proc.20th Annu. Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society, Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum,
1998.
[14] I. Shani, "Making it mental: In search for the golden mean of the
extended cognition controversy," Phenomenology and the Cognitive
Sciences, submitted for publication.
[15] A. Clark, "Language, Embodiment, and the Cognitive Niche," Trends in
Cognitive Sciences, vol.1, no. 8, pp. 370 - 375, 2006.
[16] N. Cross, "Creativity in design: analyzing and modelling the creative
leap,"Dig.Leonardo, vol. 30, no.4, pp. 311 - 317, 1997.
[17] M.H. Kim, Y.S. Kim, H.S. Lee, and J.A. Park, "An Underlying
Cognitive Aspect of Design Creativity: Limited Commitment Mode
Control Strategy,"Design Studies, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 585 - 604, Nov.
2007.
[18] V. Goel, and P. Pirolli, "The structure of design problem spaces,"
Cognitive Science, vol. 16, no 3, pp. 395 - 429, Jul. 1992.
[19] L.A Liikkanen, "Design cognition for conceptual design, in School of
Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture,"
University of Aalto: Espoo, Finland, 2010.
[20] M. Suwa, and B. Tversky, "How do designers shift their focus of
attention in their own sketches?" in Reasoning with Diagrammatic
Representations: AAAI SpringSymposium, 1997, pp. 102-108.
[21] B. Lawson, and K. Dorst, Design Expertise, Oxford: Architectural
Press, 2009, ch 3.
[22] M. Suwa, T. Purcell, and J. Gero, "Macroscopic Analysis of Design
Processes Based on a Scheme for Coding Designers' Cognitive Actions,"
Design Studies, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 455-483, Oct. 1998.
[23] G.C. Van Orden and J.G. Holden, "Intentional Contents and Self-
Control," Ecological Psychology, vol. 14, no. 1/2, pp. 87 - 109, 2002.
[24] K.A. Ericsson, "The search for general abilities and basic capacities.
Theoretical implications from the modifiability and complexity of
mechanisms mediating expert performance," in R.J. Sternberg and E.L.
Grigorenko, The Psychology of Abilities, Compentencies and Expertise,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93 - 125, 2003.
[25] S. Dewitte, T. Verguts and W. Lens, "Implementation Intentions Do Not
Enhance All Types of Goals: The Moderating Role of Goal
Difficulty,"Current Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality,
Society, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 73 - 89, Spring 2003.
[26] M. Suwa, and B. Tversky. "What Architects See in their Design
Sketches," Design Studies, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 385, 1996.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:56017", author = "G. Haupt", title = "Synergy in Vertical Transformations of Expert Designers", abstract = "Existing literature ondesign reasoning seems to give
either one sided accounts on expert design behaviour based on
internal processing. In the same way ecological theoriesseem to
focus one sidedly on external elementsthat result in a lack of unifying
design cognition theory. Although current extended design cognition
studies acknowledge the intellectual interaction between internal and
external resources, there still seems to be insufficient understanding
of the complexities involved in such interactive processes. As
such,this paper proposes a novelmulti-directional model for design
researchers tomap the complex and dynamic conduct controlling
behaviour in which both the computational and ecological
perspectives are integrated in a vertical manner. A clear distinction
between identified intentional and emerging physical drivers, and
relationships between them during the early phases of experts- design
process, is demonstrated by presenting a case study in which the
model was employed.", keywords = "External representation, early phases, extended design cognition, internal processes and external drivers, conduct controlling behaviour.", volume = "7", number = "6", pages = "1593-8", }
