Spatial Distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in Groundwater at Rayong Province, Thailand
The objective of this study was to evaluate the
distribution patterns of Cd, Zn and Hg in groundwater by geospatial
interpolation. The study was performed at Rayong province in the
eastern part of Thailand, with high agricultural and industrial
activities. Groundwater samples were collected twice a year from 31
tubewells around this area. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic
Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) was used to measure the
concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Hg in groundwater samples. The
results demonstrated that concentrations of Cd, Zn and Hg range
from 0.000-0.297 mg/L (x = 0.021±0.033 mg/L), 0.022-33.236 mg/L
(x = 4.214±4.766 mg/L) and 0.000-0.289 mg/L (x = 0.023±0.034
mg/L), respectively. Most of the heavy metals concentrations were
exceeded groundwater quality standards as specified in the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. The trend
distribution of heavy metals were high concentrations at the
southeastern part of the area that especially vulnerable to heavy
metals and other contaminants.
[1] R. Petrus, and J.K. Warchol, "Heavy metal removal by clinoptilolite,"
Water Research, vol. 39, pp. 819-830, Mar. 2005.
[2] Y. Ouyang, J. Higman, J. Thompson, T. O. Toole, and D. Campbell,
"Characterization and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment
from Cedar and Ortega rivers subbasin," Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology, vol. 54, pp. 19-35, july 2002.
[3] A. Navarro, and M. Carbonell, "Evaluation of groundwater
comtamination beneath an urban environment: The Besos river basin
(Barcelona, Spain)," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 85, pp.
259-269, Jan. 2007.
[4] E. Merian, Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Germany:
VCH Verlaggesellschaft, 1991, pp. 1438.
[5] R. L. Calderon, "The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of
drinking water," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 38, pp. S13-S20,
Apr. 2000.
[6] K. P. Cantor, "Drinking water and cancer," Cancer Causes and Control,
vol. 8, pp. 292-308, May 1997.
[7] A. Kouras, I. Katsoyiannis, and D. Voutsa, "Distribution of arsenic in
groundwater in the area of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece," Journal of
Hazardous Materials, vol. 147, pp. 890-899, Aug. 2007.
[8] S. W. Al Rmalli, P. I. Haris, C. F. Harrington, and M. Ayub, "A survey
of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the United Kingdom and imported
from Bangladesh," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 337, pp. 23-
30, Jan. 2005.
[9] Department of groundwater resources, The Eastern Seaboard
Groundwater Management Project; to Assess Groundwater Potential,
Installation of Groundwater Contamination Monitor, and Development
of Remediation Plan in the Area of Rayong and Chonburi Provinces.
Ministry of natural resources and environment, Bangkok, Thailand,
2007.
[10] N. Cressie, "Fitting variogram models by weighted least squares,"
Mathematical Geosciences, vol. 17, pp. 563-586, July 1985.
[11] E. H. Isaaks, and R. M. Srivastava, An Introduction to Applied
Geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 278-322.
[12] J. D. Istok, and C. A. Rautman, "Probabilistic Assessment of Ground-
Water Contamination: 2. Results of Case Study," Ground Water, vol. 34,
pp. 1051-1064, Nov. 1996.
[13] A. B. McBratney, and R. Webster, "Optimal interpolation and isarithmic
mapping of soil properties. V; Co-regionalization and multiple sampling
strategy," Journal of Soil Science, vol. 34, pp. 137-162, Mar. 1983.
[14] S. Tao, "Kriging and mapping of copper, lead, and mercury contents in
surface soil in Shenzhen areas," Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 83,
pp. 161-172, July 1995.
[15] X. J. Wang, Y. Zheng, R. M. Liu, B. G. Li, J. Cao, and S. Tao, "Kriging
and PAH pollution assessment in the topsoil of Tianjin area," Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 71, pp. 189-195,
July 2003.
[16] Pollution control department, Groundwater Quality Standards. Ministry
of natural resources and environment, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004.
[17] C. Sutthirat, P. Charusiri, and G. Sinclair, "Chemistry and petrology of
gramitic rocks in Chonburi-Rayong area, eastern Thailand,"
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.
[18] P. C. Singer, Trace Metals and Metal-Organic Interactions in Natural
Waters. Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1974, pp. 89-
130.
[19] R. T. Mehrjardi, M. Z. Jahromi, Sh. Mahmodi, A. Heidari, "Spatial
distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (case study: Yazd-
Ardakan Plain)," World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 4, pp. 09-17,
2008.
[20] M. Al-Ahmari. Measuring groundwater contamination in agricultural
and urban areas using GIS. Faculty of the King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 2006.
[1] R. Petrus, and J.K. Warchol, "Heavy metal removal by clinoptilolite,"
Water Research, vol. 39, pp. 819-830, Mar. 2005.
[2] Y. Ouyang, J. Higman, J. Thompson, T. O. Toole, and D. Campbell,
"Characterization and spatial distribution of heavy metals in sediment
from Cedar and Ortega rivers subbasin," Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology, vol. 54, pp. 19-35, july 2002.
[3] A. Navarro, and M. Carbonell, "Evaluation of groundwater
comtamination beneath an urban environment: The Besos river basin
(Barcelona, Spain)," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 85, pp.
259-269, Jan. 2007.
[4] E. Merian, Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Germany:
VCH Verlaggesellschaft, 1991, pp. 1438.
[5] R. L. Calderon, "The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of
drinking water," Food and Chemical Toxicology, vol. 38, pp. S13-S20,
Apr. 2000.
[6] K. P. Cantor, "Drinking water and cancer," Cancer Causes and Control,
vol. 8, pp. 292-308, May 1997.
[7] A. Kouras, I. Katsoyiannis, and D. Voutsa, "Distribution of arsenic in
groundwater in the area of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece," Journal of
Hazardous Materials, vol. 147, pp. 890-899, Aug. 2007.
[8] S. W. Al Rmalli, P. I. Haris, C. F. Harrington, and M. Ayub, "A survey
of arsenic in foodstuffs on sale in the United Kingdom and imported
from Bangladesh," Science of The Total Environment, vol. 337, pp. 23-
30, Jan. 2005.
[9] Department of groundwater resources, The Eastern Seaboard
Groundwater Management Project; to Assess Groundwater Potential,
Installation of Groundwater Contamination Monitor, and Development
of Remediation Plan in the Area of Rayong and Chonburi Provinces.
Ministry of natural resources and environment, Bangkok, Thailand,
2007.
[10] N. Cressie, "Fitting variogram models by weighted least squares,"
Mathematical Geosciences, vol. 17, pp. 563-586, July 1985.
[11] E. H. Isaaks, and R. M. Srivastava, An Introduction to Applied
Geostatistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 278-322.
[12] J. D. Istok, and C. A. Rautman, "Probabilistic Assessment of Ground-
Water Contamination: 2. Results of Case Study," Ground Water, vol. 34,
pp. 1051-1064, Nov. 1996.
[13] A. B. McBratney, and R. Webster, "Optimal interpolation and isarithmic
mapping of soil properties. V; Co-regionalization and multiple sampling
strategy," Journal of Soil Science, vol. 34, pp. 137-162, Mar. 1983.
[14] S. Tao, "Kriging and mapping of copper, lead, and mercury contents in
surface soil in Shenzhen areas," Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 83,
pp. 161-172, July 1995.
[15] X. J. Wang, Y. Zheng, R. M. Liu, B. G. Li, J. Cao, and S. Tao, "Kriging
and PAH pollution assessment in the topsoil of Tianjin area," Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 71, pp. 189-195,
July 2003.
[16] Pollution control department, Groundwater Quality Standards. Ministry
of natural resources and environment, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004.
[17] C. Sutthirat, P. Charusiri, and G. Sinclair, "Chemistry and petrology of
gramitic rocks in Chonburi-Rayong area, eastern Thailand,"
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 2007.
[18] P. C. Singer, Trace Metals and Metal-Organic Interactions in Natural
Waters. Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1974, pp. 89-
130.
[19] R. T. Mehrjardi, M. Z. Jahromi, Sh. Mahmodi, A. Heidari, "Spatial
distribution of groundwater quality with geostatistics (case study: Yazd-
Ardakan Plain)," World Applied Sciences Journal, vol. 4, pp. 09-17,
2008.
[20] M. Al-Ahmari. Measuring groundwater contamination in agricultural
and urban areas using GIS. Faculty of the King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, 2006.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:50283", author = "T. Makkasap and T. Satapanajaru", title = "Spatial Distribution of Cd, Zn and Hg in Groundwater at Rayong Province, Thailand", abstract = "The objective of this study was to evaluate the
distribution patterns of Cd, Zn and Hg in groundwater by geospatial
interpolation. The study was performed at Rayong province in the
eastern part of Thailand, with high agricultural and industrial
activities. Groundwater samples were collected twice a year from 31
tubewells around this area. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic
Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) was used to measure the
concentrations of Cd, Zn, and Hg in groundwater samples. The
results demonstrated that concentrations of Cd, Zn and Hg range
from 0.000-0.297 mg/L (x = 0.021±0.033 mg/L), 0.022-33.236 mg/L
(x = 4.214±4.766 mg/L) and 0.000-0.289 mg/L (x = 0.023±0.034
mg/L), respectively. Most of the heavy metals concentrations were
exceeded groundwater quality standards as specified in the Ministry
of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand. The trend
distribution of heavy metals were high concentrations at the
southeastern part of the area that especially vulnerable to heavy
metals and other contaminants.", keywords = "Groundwater, Heavy metals, Kriging, Rayong,Spatial distribution.", volume = "4", number = "12", pages = "624-4", }
