Run-off Storage in Sand Reservoirs as an Alternative Source of Water Supply for Rura land Semi-arid areas of South Africa
Abstraction of water from the dry river sand-beds is
well-known as an alternative source of water during dry seasons.
Internally, because of the form of sand particles, voids are created
which can store water in the riverbeds. Large rivers are rare in South
Africa. Many rivers are sand river types and without water during the
prolonged dry periods. South Africa has not taken full advantage of
water storage in sand as a solution to the growing water scarcity both
in urban and rural areas. The paper reviews the benefits of run-off
storage in sand reservoirs gained from other arid areas and need for
adoption in rural areas of South Africa as an alternative water supply
where it is probable.
[1] L. Borst and S. De Haas, Hydrology of sand storage dams. A case study
in the Kiindu catchment, Kitui district Kenya, VU University
Amsterdam, 2006.
[2] J. J. Botha, J. J. Anderson, D. C. Gronenewald, N. Mdiben, M. N.
Baiphethi, N. N, Nhlabatsi, and T. B. Zere, On farm application of infield
rainwater techniques on small plots in the central region of South
Africa, Pretoria: Water Research Commission Report TT 313/07, 2007.
[3] J. C. Cripps, F. G, Bell, and M. G. Culshaw (eds.), Groundwater in
Engineering Geology. Geological Society Engineering Geology Special
Publication No.3. pp 1-23, 1986.
[4] CSS (Central Statistics Services), Census -96 preliminary estimates of
the size of the population of South Africa, Pretoria, SA, 1997.
[5] DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), National water
resources strategy first edition, Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry, RSA, 2004.
[6] S. Foster and A. Tuinhof. (2004, December). Brazil, Kenya: subsurface
dams to augment groundwater storage in basement terrain for human
subsistence[Online]. Available: http:// www.sistersairces.worldbank.org,
[7] G. Hanson and A. Nilson, Groundwater dams for rural water supplies in
developing countries. National Water Well Association. Groundwater:
Vol.24 No.4, 1986.
[8] A. M. Hassanli, A. E. Namegli, and S. Becham, Evaluation of the effect
of porous check dam location on fine sediment retention (a case study).
Environ Monit Assess 152: 319-326, 2009.
[9] R. Lasage, J. Aerts, G. C. M. Mutiso, and A. Vries, Potential for
community based adaptation to droughts: sand dams in Kitui, Kenya.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth vol. 33, 67-73, 2006.
[10] J. keay-Bright, and J. Bordman, Evidence from field-based studies of
rates of soil erosion on degraded land in the central Karoo, South Africa.
Geomorphology, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.011, to be published.
[11] T. E. Kleynhans, Environment module South Africa, Role of agriculture
project international conference. Agricultural and Development
Economics Division (ESA). FAO Rome, Italy, 2003.
[12] P. Mukheibir, and D. Sparks, Climate variability, climate change and
water resources strategies for small municipalities. Pretoria: Water
Research Commission Report 1500/1/06, 2006.
[13] V. Mutakwa and S. Kusangaya, Contribution of rainwater harvester
technologies to rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe: the case of Ngundu ward
in Chivi District. Water SA vol. 32 No. 3, 2006.
[14] R. O. Quilis, M. Hoogmoed, M. Ertsen, J. W. Foppen, R. Hut, and A.
Vries, Measuring and modelling hydrological process of sand-storage
dams on different spatial scales. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,
doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.057, to be published.
[15] M. Van Dijk and S. J. Van Vuuren, "Reduction of evaporation from
reservoirs", presented at the WISA The confluence of the water industry
Sun City, May 18-22, 2008, Paper 076.
[16] M. J. Webster, Effective demand for rural water supply in South Africa,
WEDC, Loughborough University UK, 1999.
[17] M. Wills, Artificial recharge gets real. The Water Wheel. Vol. 7 No. 4.
Pretoria: Water Research Commission, 2008
[18] A. Yair and S. Berkowicz (eds.),Arid and Semi arid environments.
Geomorpohlogical and Pedological Aspects. Catena pp 119-126, 1989.
[19] North West Province Environmental Outlook, 2008, A report on the
state of the environment. [Online]. Available:
http:\\www.nwpg.gov.za/Agriculture/NWENVIRONMENTAL_
OUTLOOK
[1] L. Borst and S. De Haas, Hydrology of sand storage dams. A case study
in the Kiindu catchment, Kitui district Kenya, VU University
Amsterdam, 2006.
[2] J. J. Botha, J. J. Anderson, D. C. Gronenewald, N. Mdiben, M. N.
Baiphethi, N. N, Nhlabatsi, and T. B. Zere, On farm application of infield
rainwater techniques on small plots in the central region of South
Africa, Pretoria: Water Research Commission Report TT 313/07, 2007.
[3] J. C. Cripps, F. G, Bell, and M. G. Culshaw (eds.), Groundwater in
Engineering Geology. Geological Society Engineering Geology Special
Publication No.3. pp 1-23, 1986.
[4] CSS (Central Statistics Services), Census -96 preliminary estimates of
the size of the population of South Africa, Pretoria, SA, 1997.
[5] DWAF (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry), National water
resources strategy first edition, Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry, RSA, 2004.
[6] S. Foster and A. Tuinhof. (2004, December). Brazil, Kenya: subsurface
dams to augment groundwater storage in basement terrain for human
subsistence[Online]. Available: http:// www.sistersairces.worldbank.org,
[7] G. Hanson and A. Nilson, Groundwater dams for rural water supplies in
developing countries. National Water Well Association. Groundwater:
Vol.24 No.4, 1986.
[8] A. M. Hassanli, A. E. Namegli, and S. Becham, Evaluation of the effect
of porous check dam location on fine sediment retention (a case study).
Environ Monit Assess 152: 319-326, 2009.
[9] R. Lasage, J. Aerts, G. C. M. Mutiso, and A. Vries, Potential for
community based adaptation to droughts: sand dams in Kitui, Kenya.
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth vol. 33, 67-73, 2006.
[10] J. keay-Bright, and J. Bordman, Evidence from field-based studies of
rates of soil erosion on degraded land in the central Karoo, South Africa.
Geomorphology, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.011, to be published.
[11] T. E. Kleynhans, Environment module South Africa, Role of agriculture
project international conference. Agricultural and Development
Economics Division (ESA). FAO Rome, Italy, 2003.
[12] P. Mukheibir, and D. Sparks, Climate variability, climate change and
water resources strategies for small municipalities. Pretoria: Water
Research Commission Report 1500/1/06, 2006.
[13] V. Mutakwa and S. Kusangaya, Contribution of rainwater harvester
technologies to rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe: the case of Ngundu ward
in Chivi District. Water SA vol. 32 No. 3, 2006.
[14] R. O. Quilis, M. Hoogmoed, M. Ertsen, J. W. Foppen, R. Hut, and A.
Vries, Measuring and modelling hydrological process of sand-storage
dams on different spatial scales. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,
doi:10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.057, to be published.
[15] M. Van Dijk and S. J. Van Vuuren, "Reduction of evaporation from
reservoirs", presented at the WISA The confluence of the water industry
Sun City, May 18-22, 2008, Paper 076.
[16] M. J. Webster, Effective demand for rural water supply in South Africa,
WEDC, Loughborough University UK, 1999.
[17] M. Wills, Artificial recharge gets real. The Water Wheel. Vol. 7 No. 4.
Pretoria: Water Research Commission, 2008
[18] A. Yair and S. Berkowicz (eds.),Arid and Semi arid environments.
Geomorpohlogical and Pedological Aspects. Catena pp 119-126, 1989.
[19] North West Province Environmental Outlook, 2008, A report on the
state of the environment. [Online]. Available:
http:\\www.nwpg.gov.za/Agriculture/NWENVIRONMENTAL_
OUTLOOK
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:51399", author = "Olufisayo A. Olufayo and Fred A. O. Otieno and George M. Ochieng", title = "Run-off Storage in Sand Reservoirs as an Alternative Source of Water Supply for Rura land Semi-arid areas of South Africa", abstract = "Abstraction of water from the dry river sand-beds is
well-known as an alternative source of water during dry seasons.
Internally, because of the form of sand particles, voids are created
which can store water in the riverbeds. Large rivers are rare in South
Africa. Many rivers are sand river types and without water during the
prolonged dry periods. South Africa has not taken full advantage of
water storage in sand as a solution to the growing water scarcity both
in urban and rural areas. The paper reviews the benefits of run-off
storage in sand reservoirs gained from other arid areas and need for
adoption in rural areas of South Africa as an alternative water supply
where it is probable.", keywords = "Groundwater, Perennial river, Run-off storage, Sandreservoir.", volume = "3", number = "8", pages = "222-4", }
